微束等离子弧焊电弧温度场的数值模拟

建立了微束等离子弧三维有限元模型,考虑了阴极钨棒以及喷嘴的约束,采用ANSYS软件对微束等离子弧的温度场进行了数值模拟,比较了不同焊接电流以及不同阴极端面形状对电弧温度场的影响,并通过光谱检测计算对电弧端面温度场分布进行了试验验证。研究结果表明,在焊接电流为2 A,离子气体流量0.5 L/min的工艺条件下,微束等离子弧焊时在靠近阴极端部电弧的温度达到了15 000 K,电弧端面温度场的光谱检测计算结果与模拟结果一致;在电流较大以及阴极端面较小的情况下,微束等离子弧的最高温度得到了提高。     

气流再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧行为

电弧等离子体行为对焊接接头组织结构和性能具有决定性作用,开展气流再压缩等离子弧特性研究对于指导先进材料的气流再压缩等离子弧焊接工艺和提高焊接接头质量具有重要意义. 针对气流再压缩等离子弧焊接新工艺,基于流体动力学和电磁理论,建立气流再压缩等离子弧数值分析模型,采用ANYSYS Fluent软件,通过C语言进行二次开发,定量计算等离子弧温度分布、流场分布、电势分布,分析压缩气对等离子弧温度场、流场、电弧电压的影响规律. 模拟结果表明,压缩气对喷嘴内的等离子弧温度分布基本没有影响,压缩气对喷嘴外的等离子弧具有拘束压缩作用;压缩气对等离子弧流场分布基本没有影响;压缩气能够提高电弧电压. 相同电流条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,气流再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧穿透能力有望提高.     

基于多信号检测的等离子弧焊接平台构建

焊接过程的准确检测是实现高效优质焊接的基础。实现等离子弧焊接过程的多信号检测对于指导等离子弧焊接工艺具有重要意义。文中搭建了基于多信号检测的等离子弧焊接平台,该等离子弧焊接平台包括等离子弧焊机和焊枪系统、机械运动机构、视觉检测系统、焊接过程监测系统、计算机控制系统等;通过视觉检测系统拍摄了等离子弧焊接电弧形态,测量出了喷嘴出口处的电弧直径与工件上表面电弧直径比值为0. 64,证实了等离子弧焊接电弧挺度高,发散程度小;通过焊接过程监测系统,拍摄了焊缝温感扫描图,在线实时监测了等离子弧焊接焊缝成形,结果表明温感扫描图可以比较准确地反映等离子弧焊接的实际焊缝成形。     

基于FLUENT的等离子弧数值模拟

以磁流体动力学为理论依据建立了转移型等离子弧的数学模型,利用FLUENT软件耦合求解质量、动量、能量守恒方程以及麦克斯韦方程组,得出了等离子弧的温度场和速度场等分布。同时分析了不同电流、气流量对等离子弧能量及形态分布变化的影响。结果表明,阴极电流越大,等离子弧的温度越高,速度、电弧压力也越大,弧的高温区向阳极扩张;大的离子气流量加强了喷嘴对电弧的热压缩作用,电弧直径被迫缩小,因此能得到更高能量密度的等离子弧。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接工艺中的双弧现象

在铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊接工艺中，维弧电源对变极性电弧的稳定和工件受力状态有显著影响。在反极性时间内，部分主电流会通过维弧电源在喷嘴和工件之间形成自由电弧，产生双弧现象，增大喷嘴的烧损，同时，双弧的产生减小了反极性期间的等离子电弧力，使得电弧的穿透能力减小。     

等离子焊接电弧流场数值分析

以直流正极性等离子焊接电弧为对象,依据磁流体动力学理论构建电弧的数学模型,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS对二维稳态下轴对称等离子焊接电弧进行了数值分析,得到了焊接电弧的温度场、速度场的形态分布特征.从等离子弧电流密度及离子气流场角度揭示了等离子电弧高热特性的原因.分析了等离子电弧的电场特性、离子气和保护气的流场特性以及不同焊接电流、离子气流量对电弧特性的影响.分析结果表明,离子气流量与电弧力成线性关系,保护气流量的选择导致的涡流大小影响电弧稳定性.     

高气压环境等离子弧行为与工艺研究

等离子弧切割技术因其高效稳定的工艺优势被广泛应用于工业领域.文中以空气等离子弧为研究对象,通过COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了喷嘴结构的二维轴对称有限元数学模型,并对电弧磁流体模型进行了优化.基于磁流体动力学和电弧等离子体理论,选用等离子平衡放电多物理场接口,并确立了空气等离子电弧模型的控制方程和边界条件,实现对电弧模型的编译求解.仿真结果表明,在引弧电流一致的条件下,随着环境压力的增加,电弧在温度分布和速度分布上均呈现收缩的态势.基于3 MPa高压焊接试验舱,搭建了高压环境等离子弧切割实验系统,通过对气路和非高频引弧电路的优化设计,实现了环境压力为0.1～0.7 MPa的稳定起弧.并基于此开展了高压梯度下的等离子弧切割实验,并结合切割质量指标研究了环境压力对等离子弧电离行为的影响.     

铝合金变极性等离子焊接电弧产热机理

从铝合金变极性等离子焊接电弧物理特性出发,研究了铝合金变极性等离子焊接电弧产热机理,分析了焊接参数对电弧热的影响规律。通过理论分析和试验研究,发现铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接时不对称电极特性对正、反极性期间电弧的产热具有很大的影响。反极性期间由于铝合金作为阴极,阴极压降大电弧产热量也增大。在变极性等离子弧焊接时正、反极性期间的焊接电流和持续时间等参数不同也是造成正、反极性等离子电弧产热不同的重要原因。     

变极性等离子电弧稳定性及其控制

以变极性等离子电弧稳定性机理及其控制方法为研究对象,自行研制了80C196KC单片机为控制核心,主电路为双逆变型电路拓扑结构的VPPA1型变极性等离子焊接电源.重点分析小电流过零再引燃机理及其在大规范焊接条件下变极性等离子弧焊接系统及其电弧的稳定性.分别提出了在小电流焊接时通过程序设定方法将变极性等离子电弧由正极性变反极性之前提高过零电流,而大规范焊接条件下则控制过零电流的新观点,对科学认识变极性等离子电弧特性及其焊接过程控制有重要的指导意义.     

捷克的水等离子切割设备

在等离子割矩中为了稳定电弧不论是使用气体,或者是使用水,其实两者均有相同的物理原理,由喷嘴壁和电弧稳定介质使弧柱强烈地冷却而压缩。当供给适当的电流,在介质正常流动及冷却的条件下,电流对弧芯进行强烈的加热,由于电弧温度的升高,促进介质强烈热离介,所以,离子增加,引起电子的集中。这样就产生了导电性能良好的高能(分解和离介的焓)高温等离子焰。在此稳定系统内产生的高温等离子焰能把大量的热能转移到工件表面。在现代的等离子切割装置中,在喷嘴出口处的热流量密度为4×10~5～8×10~5瓦/厘米~2。     

Influence of nozzle orifice diameter in keyhole plasma arc welding

Abstract

Keyhole welding with the plasma arc welding process occurs when the engineered nozzle and the plasma gas flowrate impart the arc pressure and heat distribution necessary for the formation of a keyhole weld pool. Experimental investigations were conducted to determine the influence of nozzle orifice diameter on weld width and weld stability for a range of substrate thicknesses in Ti-6Al-4V. The experimental results are compared with a semianalytical heat flow model. Both the experimental results and the semianalytical model show that the nozzle orifice diameter can significantly influence the top width and penetration for a given parameter set, particularly in relatively thin substrates.     

Spectroscopic temperature measurements in direct current arc plasma jets used in thermal spray processing of materials

An experimental study was conducted to determine the plasma temperature field and its parametric variation with respect to plasma operating conditions using emission spectroscopy. The focus of our study was the direct current (DC) arc plasma systems used in thermal spray processing of ceramic materials. A commercial plasma system (Metco 9M series) was operated with mixtures of argon and hydrogen in the power input range from 12 to 36 kW. Temperature measurements were based on the detection of emission line intensities from Ar-I neutral species. Spatially resolved measurements were obtained of the plasma temperatures in axisymmetric plasma jets using Abel deconvolution. The variation of plasma axial and radial temperature distributions was measured as a function of the plasma input power, the total gas flow rate, and the binary gas composition of argon and hydrogen. Time-averaged plasma gas temperatures were found to increase with increasing plasma input power, increasing hydrogen content of the plasma gas, and decreasing total gas flow rate. Plasma temperatures decrease progressively with increasing distance from the nozzle exit. The peak temperatures near the nozzle exit are in the range of 12,500 to 14,000 K. The radial temperature profiles show an approximately self-similar decay in the near field of these plasma jets. It was also determined from time resolved intensity measurements that there are significant fluctuations in the argon emission intensity with increasing hydrogen fraction in the mixture. These fluctuations with a typical frequency of 5.2 kHz are attributed to the arc root instabilities observed before. Finally, the measured plasma temperature field is empirically correlated in terms of radial and axial coordinates, plasma electrical input power, plasma efficiency, and gas composition. These temperature data can be used to validate numerical simulations as well as in choosing locations where different materials can be introduced into the plasma jets. This is particularly important for “nanostructured” materials, which loose their structure upon melting as a result of being exposed to high plasma temperatures.     

低压条件下的等离子射流特性分析

低压等离子喷涂由于具有特殊的射流特性,以及可以沉积组织均匀的特殊结构涂层而备受关注.涂层的形成受到等离子射流特性的影响,比如焓值、温度、速度等.研究中利用热焓探针技术在环境压力为3 kPa的条件下,测量了Ar-H₂等离子体不同轴向位置射流中心的焓值和压力,并且进一步计算了射流的温度和速度,以及表征等离子体对粉体加热能力的努森数.结果表明,等离子射流在距离喷嘴出口12.5 mm处的温度为11 000 K;400 mm处降为7 000 K;等离子射流速度在喷嘴出口处25 mm左右达到最大值,约为2 000 m/s;喷嘴外部等离子射流的努森数处于过渡区,对粉体的加热能力较低.     

Three Dimensional Modeling of the Plasma Spray Process

Results of simulations of three-dimensional (3D) temperature and flow fields inside and outside of a DC arc plasma torch in steady state are presented with transverse particle and carrier gas injection into the plasma jet. The results show that an increase of the gas flow rate at constant current moves the anode arc root further downstream leading to higher enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch anode, and stronger mixing effects in the jet region. An increase of the arc current with constant gas flow rate shortens the arc, but increases the enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch nozzle, and leads to longer jets. 3D features of the plasma jet due to the 3D starting conditions at the torch exit and, in particular, due to the transverse carrier gas and particle injection, as well as 3D trajectories and heating histories of sprayed particles are also discussed.     

等离子电弧力的研究

从等离子电弧力的角度 ,探讨了等离子弧焊接工艺参数及其匹配的内在联系与规律性。在不同工艺条件下 (焊接电流、等离子气流量、电极内缩量以及喷嘴高度 )对等离子电弧轴向力进行了测量。并通过显著性分析 ,定量地认识和描述了各工艺参数对电弧轴向力的作用和影响。进而指出了获得稳定的小孔型等离子弧焊接过程的必要条件。本文的工作对于等离子弧焊接工艺参数的匹配及其过程的优化有重要的指导意义。     

Characteristics of a Plasma Torch Designed for Very Low Pressure Plasma Spraying

Unlike atmosphere plasma spraying (APS), very low pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) can only weakly heat the feed materials at the plasma-free region exit of the nozzle. Most current VLPPS methods have adopted a high power plasma gun, which operates at high arc currents up to 2500?A to remedy the lower heating ability, causing a series of problems for both the plasma torch and the associated facility. According to the Kundsen number and pressures distribution inside of the nozzle in a low-pressure environment, a plasma torch was designed with a separated anode and nozzle, and with the powder feed to the plasma jets inside the nozzle intake. In this study, the pressures in the plasma gas intake, in the nozzle intake and outside the plasma torch were measured using an enthalpy probe. For practice, SUS 316 stainless steel coatings were prepared at the plasma currents of 500-600?A, an arc voltage of 50?V and a chamber pressure of 1000?Pa; the results indicated that coatings with an equiaxed microstructure could be deposited?in proper conditions.     

Effect of welding speed and electrode extension on the approximate entropy of welding current in short-circuiting GMAW

Based on the phase space reconstruction of welding current in short-circuiting transfer arc welding under carbon dioxide, the approximate entropy of welding current and its standard deviation have been calculated and analyzed at different welding speeds and different electrode extensions respectively. The experimental and calculated results show that at a certain arc voltage, wire feeding rate and gas flow rate, welding speed and electrode extension have significant effects not only on the approximate entropy of welding current, but also on the stability of welding process. Further analysis proves that when the welding speed and electrode extension are in an appropriate range respectively, the welding current approximate entropy attains maximum and its standard deviation minimum. Just under such circumstances, the welding process is in the most stable state.     

铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊工艺的热源模型

选用包含面高斯热源和圆柱体热源模型的组合热源模型去模拟变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊工艺的温度场．通过大量的工艺试验,分析主要工艺参数对铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊成形的影响．借助有限元分析手段,在热源模型和实际工艺参数之间建立了联系,并通过线性回归分析的方法将这种联系用数学方式表达出来．结果表明,变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊除了电流和行走速度外,离子气流量、钨极内缩量和喷嘴末端到工件表面的距离都是十分重要的工艺参数,对焊缝形貌特征影响很大．     

Numerical simulation of influence of nozzle structure on arc characteristics of GPCA-TIG welding

This work mainly articulated the effects of nozzle structure on arc characteristics in gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG) welding process by using Fluent Software. Different models were set up to adapt the different torch structure during computer progress. The specific configuration of the welding torch made the gas flow in outer gas passage constrained. The nozzle structure has great influence on outer gas distribution because of the changing of coupling region between the outer active gas and molten pool surface. When the coupling degree is reduced or the outer gas passage become smaller,the oxygen in outer gas penetrates into the arc plasma and spreads to the arc region more easily. Owing to its cooling effects,the morphology of arc is contracted,and the arc temperature is increased. When the inner wall and the outer wall of outer gas passage are not parallel,the wide top and narrow bottom nozzle shape can bring more oxygen into the arc plasma,the arc is contracted and the peak temperature of arc rises a little more comparing to the narrow top and wide bottom one.