臭氧与2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸的直接反应动力学

随着现代农业的发展,农药大量研制及施用,农药污染日益严重,对农药污染的控制成为环境研究领域努力探索的课题．2,4-D（2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸）是使用较广的除草剂,具有非挥发性和可溶性,自然降解较慢,施用后易淋溶迁移导致地下水或地表水污染．2,4-D及其代谢产物如2,4-二氯苯酚等不仅有生物毒性,还能导致基因伤害,已对人类健康和自然环境构成了明显威胁．     

优化2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸合成的工艺研究

为了优化2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸合成的工艺,以氯乙酸和苯酚为原料,探讨先缩合后氯化合成过程中的最佳反应条件如pH值、温度、时间等条件.结果在制备苯氧乙酸过程中pH值为3、沸水浴时间为17 min,在制备对氯苯氧乙酸滴加H2O2前不需加热,这样得到的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸产率最高.以氯乙酸和苯酚为原料先缩合后氯化合成2,4-二...     

二维液相色谱测定绿豆芽中赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

在豆芽食品中对添加的植物生长调节剂的监控是十分重要的。在此基础上建立了绿豆芽抽提样品中赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸4种植物生长调节剂的二维液相色谱定量分析方法。实验中以ZB-10 C18(ODS-AP,10 mm×10 mm)为第一维色谱柱,V(甲酸)∶V(甲醇)∶V(水)=1∶10∶89溶液等度洗脱,实现绿豆芽样品的前处理净化;随后通过阀切换将分析物转移至第二维色谱柱(Supersil ODS 2. 5μm,4. 6 mm×150 mm),以甲醇-0. 1%甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,并以紫外254 nm为检测波长实现上述4种植物生长调节剂的分离分析。该方法中,赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的线性范围分别为0. 004~2、0. 000 1~0. 2、0. 005~2以及0. 008~2 mg/m L,检出限分别为1. 4、0. 03、1. 6、2. 4μg/m L;峰面积的RSD为2%~3%,回收率为95%~104%。实际样品的分析中,发现该绿豆芽样品中赤霉素和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的添加量为0. 018 mg/g和0. 006 mg/g,4-氯苯氧乙酸未检出。另外,还发现样品中由于存在干扰物而不能准确定量分析低浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤。研究表明,该方法可以应用于绿豆芽的直接抽提样品,对其中的赤霉素、4-氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸能准确进行定量分析,不需进一步的样品前处理。     

高效液相色谱测定环境水中2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸的方法研究

建立了以高效液相色谱法进行分离和检测环境水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的方法。环境水中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸用SPE C18小柱进行固相萃取。液相色谱的条件是：色谱柱：SPE C18 150mm×4．6mm;流动相：甲醇：水（9：1,V／V）;流速：3mL·min^-1;柱温：40℃;检测器：UV 282nm;进样量10μL。回收率〉98％,最低检测限为0．01mg·L^-1。本法具有良好的灵敏度和重现性。     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸合成方法的正交试验研究

改进2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)传统的合成工艺。主要反应不是采取先氯化的方法,而是先以苯酚和氯乙酸缩合后,再用次氯酸钠进行氯化的后氯化法,进而用正交试验,确定了新方法的最佳工艺条件:投料比为苯氧乙酸/g∶冰醋酸/mL=1∶9,次氯酸钠投入量为18mL(滴加),反应温度为冰水浴中进行,酸化至pH<1条件下,产品收率最高。测定了产品的mp IR和NMR,均与文献值相符。     

2,6-二氯苯氧乙酸甲酯合成新工艺

以2,6-二氯苯酚、甲醇钠甲醇溶液和氯乙酸甲酯为原料,合成了2,6-二氯苯氧乙酸甲酯。通过实验优化了反应条件,结果发现,当n（2,6-二氯苯酚）∶n（氯乙酸甲酯）=1∶1.3,在加入氯乙酸甲酯之后蒸出2/3甲醇,回流3.5 h即可完成反应,2,6-二氯苯氧乙酸甲酯的收率可达99%以上。用MS、1H NMR及IR对产物结构进行了表征。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵催化合成2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵催化氯乙酸和2,4-二氯苯酚合成2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵具有较高的催化活性,可以加快合成2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸.反应过程考察了2,4-二氯苯酚与氯乙酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对产率的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性能.反应的最佳条件为:在85℃下,2,4-二:氯苯酚和氯乙...     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸烃基二甲硅基甲酯的合成及其生物活性

以三甲基氯硅烷、烃基溴化镁和２，４ 二氯苯氧乙酸为原料，经氯化、格氏反应、亲核取代和脱氯化钾等步骤，合成了一类新型植物生长调节剂———２，４ 二氯苯氧乙酸烃基二甲硅基甲酯和２，４ 二氯苯氧乙酸二乙基甲硅基甲酯，其结构经元素分析、ＩＲ和１ＨＮＭＲ表征。生物活化试验表明，与母体化合物２，４ 二氯苯氧乙酸相比，使柑桔产量提高７％。     

高纯度2,4—二氯苯氧乙酸的制备

高纯度２,４┐二氯苯氧乙酸的制备吕凤桐（中国进出口商品检验技术研究所,北京１０００２５）２,４－二氯苯氧乙酸（简称２,４－Ｄ）,是一种用途十分广泛的植物生长调节剂,同时也是有机元素Ｃ、Ｈ定量分析的重要标准［１］。为适应我国商检系统对农药残留检测用标准...     

Oxidation of herbicides by in situ synthesized hydrogen peroxide and fenton’s reagent in an electrochemical flow reactor: study of the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

This paper reports an investigation of H₂O₂ electrogeneration in a flow electrochemical reactor with RVC cathode, and the optimization of the O₂ reduction rate relative to cell potential. A study of the simultaneous oxidation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by the in situ electrogenerated H₂O₂ is also reported. Experiments were performed in 0.3 M K₂SO₄ at pH 10 and 2.5. Maximum hydrogen peroxide generation rate was reached at −1.6 V versus Pt for both acidic and alkaline solutions. Then, 100 mg L⁻¹ of 2,4-D was added to the solution. 2,4-D, its aromatic intermediates such as chlorophenols, chlororesorcinol and chlorinated quinone, as well as TOC were removed at different rates depending on pH, the use of UV radiation and addition of Fe(II). The acidic medium favored the hydroxylation reaction, and first order apparent rate constants for TOC removal ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. In the presence of UV and iron, more than 90% of TOC was removed. This value indicates that some of the intermediates derived from 2,4-D decomposition remained in solution, mainly as more biodegradable light aliphatic compounds.     

Chemical beneficiation of coal with aqueous hydrogen peroxide/sulphuric acid solutions

The removal of sulphur and ash from coal treated with aqueous hydrogen peroxide/sulphuric acid solutions has been studied at ambient temperature, under a variety of experimental conditions. Almost complete elimination of the sulphate and the pyritic sulphur was observed in most cases, as well as substantial reduction in the ash content. The other components of the organic coal matrix were not affected to a significant extent, indicating high selectivity of the $\text{H}{}_2\text{O}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{SO4}$ system towards sulphur oxidation. An optimal H₂SO₄ concentration was established, above which the acid was found to have an adverse effect on the oxidation of pyrite by hydrogen peroxide.     

Metronidazole photodegradation in aqueous solution by using photosensitizers and hydrogen peroxide

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of UV radiation on the indirect photodegradation of metronidazole (MNZ) conducting a kinetic study of the process in the presence of radical promoter (H₂O₂) and photosensitizer (Sens) promoters (duroquinone, tetrahydroxyquinone, tetrachloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 4‐carboxy‐benzophenone, 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone, 4‐hydroxybenzophenone, and 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone) was investigated. RESULTS: The electron‐donating groups of photosensitizers may favor MNZ photodegradation through electron transfer. However, the photosensitizers studied showed low effectiveness of MNZ photodegradation in aqueous phase. The presence of H₂O₂ substantially increased MNZ photodegradation rate, which was enhanced by increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the system. The contribution of direct photolysis of MNZ in the UV/H₂O₂ system was drastically decreased with increasing H₂O₂ concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The low effectiveness obtained with most of the Sens used demonstrates that metronidazole cannot be photoxidized by indirect photooxidation in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

电位滴定法测定过氧化氢溶液中的过氧化氢含量

利用自动电位滴定仪测定过氧化氢溶液中的过氧化氢含量,研究了仪器的最佳操作条件及方法的准确度和精密度.结果表明:采用电位滴定法,在自动电位滴定仪自动找终点、等量滴定及搅拌速率为8 r/s的条件下测定过氧化氢溶液中的过氧化氢含量,其相对误差为0.10％,相对标准偏差为0.39％,测定1个试样耗时为683 s左右;在电位滴定...     

Baeyer–Villiger-oxidation of cyclopentanone with aqueous hydrogen peroxide by acid heterogeneous catalysis

Using aqueous hydrogen peroxide containing 30% H₂O₂, solid acid catalysts were compared in their performance as catalysts for the transformation of cyclopentanone to δ-valerolactone. It could be shown that organic ion exchange resins with sulphonic acid groups providing acid functionality are promising catalysts for this reaction. The variation of several reaction parameters was studied in more detail. The obtained results were compared to investigations of zeolites and Nafion^® composite materials.     

臭氧/超声联合降解水中对氨基苯酚的动力学

采用臭氧/超声联合降解含对氨基苯酚模拟废水.研究了对氨基苯酚降解的影响因素和动力学,考察了反应液初始pH 值、反应物初始浓度、臭氧投量、反应温度对臭氧/超声降解对氨基苯酚反应速率的影响.结果表明,对氨基苯酚初始浓度为1000 mg·L^-1时,pH 11.0,臭氧投量88 mg·min^-1,超声密度0.3 W·ml^-1,常温下反应30 min后对氨基苯酚去除率达99％以上.对氨基苯酚的臭氧/超声降解符合表观一级动力学,得到幂指数方程描述反应动力学.     

2，4-D臭氧化降解中间产物动力学

采用臭氧化高级氧化技术对2,4-D（2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸）污染物进行降解,2,4-D降解过程中会产生含氯芳香中间产物、无氯芳香中间产物和有机酸类中间产物,其中部分中间产物具有较高毒性,因此研究2,4-D臭氧化过程中间产物的动力学变化趋势是非常重要的。提出了3种降解路径：一是简单的链式路径,二是平行式路径,三是复杂的交叉式路径。对反应过程中主要中间产物类的浓度变化趋势分别采用三种路径进行推导,得到3种不同的中间产物降解动力学模型,由模型计算数据和实验数据的拟合分析结果可知交叉式路径模型数据和实验数据的吻合度最好,交叉式路径所描述的主要中间产物模型数据和实验数据的相关系数都大于0.94。     

Electroreduction of peroxycitric acid coexisting with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution

The electrochemical reduction of peroxycitric acid (PCA) coexisting with citric acid and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the equilibrium mixture was extensively studied at a gold electrode in acetate buffer solutions containing 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ (pH 2.0-6.0) using cyclic and hydrodynamic voltammetric, and hydrodynamic chronocoulometric measurements. The reduction of PCA was characterized to be an irreversible, diffusion-controlled process, and the cyclic voltammetric reduction peak potential () was found to be more positive by ca. 1.0 V than that of the coexisting H₂O₂, e.g., the values obtained at 0.1 V s⁻¹ for PCA and H₂O₂ were 0.35 and −0.35 V, respectively, vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl (sat.) at pH 3.3. The of PCA was found to depend on pH, i.e., at pH > 4.5, the plot of vs. pH gave the slope (−64 mV decade⁻¹) which is close to the theoretical value (−59 mV decade⁻¹) for an electrode process involving the equal number of electron and proton in the rate-determining step, while at pH < 4.5, the was almost independent of pH. The relevant electrochemical parameters, Tafel slope, number of electrons, formal potential (E⁰′), cathodic transfer coefficient and standard heterogeneous rate constant (k⁰′) for the reduction of PCA and the diffusion coefficient of PCA were determined to be ca. 100 mV decade⁻¹, 2, 1.53 V (at pH 2.6), 0.29, 1.2 × 10⁻¹² cm s⁻¹ and 0.29 × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹, respectively, and except for E⁰′, the obtained values were almost independent of the solution pH. The overall mechanism of the reduction of PCA was discussed.     

Manganese‐catalysed ozonation of glyoxalic acid in aqueous solutions

Manganese‐catalysed ozonation of glyoxalic acid in aqueous solutions has been investigated in the pH range 2.0–4.0. The addition of manganese ions (Mn(II) or Mn(IV)) to a glyoxalic acid–ozone system allows the substrate to be oxidized through a mechanism different from that reported for uncatalysed ozonation, as underlined by the formation of methanoic acid. The presence of solid MnO₂ results in a further increase in the system reactivity. High levels of mineralization are generally achieved during glyoxalic acid‐catalysed ozonation. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry