武汉火神山、雷神山医院污水处理工程设计

火神山、雷神山医院是为集中收治新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者而设立的传染病专科医院,其污水处理系统设计均采用"预消毒接触池+化粪池+提升泵站(含粉碎格栅)+调节池+MBBR生化池+混凝沉淀池+接触消毒池"处理工艺。MBBR工艺实现了低温下污水中污染物的高效去除,两级消毒工艺保障了病毒100%消灭,同时污水站地基下方按垃圾填埋场标准铺设HDPE膜,保障雨水污水全收集并进行消毒后排放,污泥经消毒脱水后按危险废物集中清运处理,废气统一收集经除臭消毒后排放,实现雨污水、污泥、废气的全收集和全处理。当前,火神山、雷神山医院污水处理系统运行稳定,相关出水指标均已达到设计要求,其中COD稳定低于50mg/L,氨氮稳定在2 mg/L以下,余氯稳定在13 mg/L附近,污染物去除与消毒效果均十分稳定。     

城市污水工程规划设计探讨

结合株洲市排水工程专项规划的编制工作,提出了污水量预测方法,分析了城市污水处理厂布局、处理工艺及出水水质,局部应用了污水分散处理方法,规划了污泥的处理工艺及处置方法,提出了污水管网及泵站的规划原则与方法,对于类似城市的污水工程规划设计具有重要意义。     

紫外线消毒在污水处理中的应用

为了保护好水环境，阐述了城市污水消毒的必要性和标准要求，分析比较了紫外线消毒与传统加氯消毒的优缺点．展示了紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用前景。     

小型乡镇医院污水处理浅析

分析了小型乡镇医院的污水特性,从污水预处理、二级处理及消毒处理等方面阐述了小型乡镇医院污水的处理,以解决乡镇医院的污水处理问题,更好地保证人类健康。     

姜堰市城区污水处理厂的设计与运行

详细介绍了姜堰市城区污水处理厂一期工程采用CAST污水脱氮除磷处理工艺的工艺流程,各处理单元的设计参数及主要处理构筑物、设备等,并分析了运行效果,提出建议,为相关水处理工程提供经验。     

某危废处置企业废水站技术改造实例

某危废处置企业因处置危废来料变化及生产工艺调整,车间生产废水与设计水质发生变化,导致废水站原有处理工艺无法满足实际需求。针对实际生产废水特点及处理要求,对废水站进行了技术改造,将前端物化预处理改造为针对高浓度废水的Fenton预处理,生化池末端的二沉池改造为好氧池与MBR池,将消毒池改为深度氧化池。实践表明,改造后运行效果稳定,出水水质达到设计出水要求。     

Organic contaminants in the aquatic environment II. Behaviour and fate in the hydrological cycle

The literature concerning the behaviour and fate of organic compounds in natural aquatic systems and in water and waste-water-treatment processes is reviewed. The factors governing the transport of organic compounds in water bodies are considered and the physical, chemical and biological processes which may bring about their transformation are also reviewed.The behaviour and removal of individual classes of organic micropollutants in conventional unit waste-water-treatment processes are assessed, together with an evaluation of the effectiveness of both tertiary and advanced waste-water-treatment procedures in the exclusion of organic contaminants from waste waters. Consideration is also given to the behaviour of organics in sewage-sludge treatment.The role of water-treatment processes in the removal of organic pollutants from raw and recycled waters and the production of potentially harmful organics during chlorination or other disinfection procedures is evaluated.The fate of organic micropollutants in the hydrological cycle and the effects of the disposal of sewage sludges contaminated with organic substances of concern are discussed.     

Hydrogeological investigation of ground water arsenic contamination in south Calcutta

Typical clinical symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning have been detected in 1000 residents near a factory in P.N. Mitra Lane, Behala, South Calcutta, located in a thickly populated area manufacturing copper acetoarsenite (Paris-Green) an arsenical pesticide for the past 25 years. Soil around the effluent dumping point of the factory was exceptionally contaminated, with arsenic, copper and chromium concentrations of 20,100-35,500 mg kg-1, 33,900-51,100 mg kg-1 and 5300-5510 mg kg-1. Arsenic and copper concentrations in bore-hole soils collected up to a depth of 24.4 m at the effluent dumping point, decreased with depth. Arsenous acid, arsenic acid, methylarsonic acid (MA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were detected in bore-hole soils up to a depth of 1.37 m, after which only inorganic arsenical compounds were present. A positive correlation was established between arsenic and copper authenticated the Paris-Green waste disposal site as the source of contamination. Mechanism of ground water contamination from this disposal site had been probed by a systematic hydrogeological survey and the arsenic content of the tube-well waters in the surrounding areas. Hydraulic conductivity was maximum in the central part. The site for disposal of the effluent was a ditch located in the zone of discharge. Sparingly soluble Paris-Green cumulatively deposited in the waste disposal site is decomposed by micro-organisms to water-soluble forms and finally percolated to underground aquifers along with rain water through the discharge zone. The contaminant is currently moving towards WNW with ground water flow and the residents in the direction of encroaching contamination are insecure due to penetration of the contaminant.     

The Impact of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

During the last two years significant policy and legislative developments have taken place in the UK and in the EC in respect of sewage treatment and disposal and the dumping of sewage sludge at sea. Details of the UK Government's sewage-treatment initiative and its decision to stop the dumping of sewage sludge at sea by 1998 are described. An outline is given of the provisions of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, in particular those provisions concerned with sewage treatment, trade effluent discharges from prescribed industrial sectors, and the termination of dumping of sewage sludge at sea. The implications of these developments for Scottish sewerage authorities are summarized and provisional estimated costs of meeting these new obligations are given. The opportunities available to contractors and equipment manufacturers are highlighted.     

晋城市煤化工产业环境保护情况分析

介绍了无烟煤的特点及用途,归纳了目前晋城市煤化工产业的排污状况,从治理工业废水和生活污水两方面出发,提出了晋城市煤化工产业发展的几点建议,以期为该市环境安全和煤化工产业目标的实现奠定基础。     

Radioactivity Monitoring of the Water Cycle following the Chernobyl Accident

D etails are given of the radioactivity monitoring programme following the Chernobyl accident. Measurements of gross beta activity in samples of rainwater, raw water, treated water, waste products from water treatment plants, and sewage sludges, are tabulated.
On a limited sampling regime fallout in the Longdendale water catchment, three months after the accident, was investigated and shown to be mainly absorbed onto grass and soil. Water treatment processes were found to be effective in removing radioactive fallout from raw water, and concentrating it into the waste treatment products. The disposal of these waste products is discussed.     

ClO_2和Cl_2对城市污水再生水消毒效果的比较

采用Cl02和C12对西安市的城市污水再生水进行消毒,中试结果表明:当Cl02投加量>7.67mg/L时,经30min接触消毒后,出水中未检出总大肠菌群,以氯代有机物为代表的消毒副产物(DBPs)较进水没有明显增加,出水的COD和浊度分别平均降低了13.2%和17.9%,色度平均减少了5倍当Cl2投加量>6mg/L时,经30min接触消毒后,出水中未检出总大肠菌群,出水中的二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷浓度是进水中的2-3倍,三卤甲烷含量则达到进水的4-6倍,同时生成少量的二氯一溴甲烷,出水的COD和浊度分别平均降低了17.8%和8.75%,色度减少了5-10倍.     

Disinfection of Sewage, Stormwater and Final Effluent

This paper highlights the main disinfection options available for sewage, final effluents and stormwater, and is a review of the current research programme being carried out by staff of the Water Research Centre.
Disinfection is an increasing requirement, with particular emphasis on bathing and recreational water use. Laboratory and field trials are reviewed, and a wide range of disinfectants have been tested. These include peracetic acid and the Clariflow process for crude sewage; peracetic acid, ozone and UV irradiation for final effluent; and peracetic acid for stormwater.
The efficacy of the various disinfectants is evaluated and general costs are presented. Of special interest is the potential effect of sewage strength in reducing the disinfecting properties of the chemical. It is also apparent that there are wide variations in performance between processes and host organisms.     

污水源热泵技术的应用实例及可行性分析

以太原市杨家堡污水处理厂供热系统改造工程为例,对污水源热泵系统原理及设计进行了介绍,指出污水源热泵系统具有节水、节能、环保、运行费用低等优点,是利用城市污水进行供暖、制冷的空调新形式,值得推广使用。     

Potential for wastewater reuse in irrigation: case study from Aden (Yemen)

Wastewater treatment with waste stabilization ponds (WSP) is a very efficient, low cost and low maintenance operation. The treated wastewater from WSP should be considered as a valuable resource for reuse by water resources managers. Yemen’s water resources are currently experiencing a crisis, because all surface water and groundwater resources are exploited beyond the level of recharge. Promoting water reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation could mitigate this water crisis. This paper assesses the performance of a WSP in the city of Aden by examining the quality of treated sewage predominantly of domestic origin. A comparison with international guidelines reveals that it is possible to use the final effluent to a limited extent in irrigation. This paper includes an outline of the social, religious and political reasons for the water crisis, and explores the idea of reuse of effluent for different irrigation practices.     

Continuous Process anaerobic biogas production from poultry wastes

Energy demand in rural areas of developing countries has driven researchers towards harnessing energy sources available to them. One of those recognised sources available in rural areas is waste organic materials. This paper examines the continous process method of biogas production from poultry wastes at various conditions under anaerobic digestion. Biogas technology enables rural dwellers to obtain cheap, high-grade fuel as well as organic fertiliser through the resources available to them locally. A biogas programme helps to solve environmental problems arising from the disposal of organic waste materials. The treatment of sewage protects water supply. Biogas technology helps to conserve foreign exchange for energy importing countries. The test results show that gas production rates were higher at controlled elevated temperature compared to the production rates at ambient conditions. It indicates that bacteria are more active at high temperatures. The digested effluent sludge is a high quality organic fertiliser, which is richer than inorganic manure, and it fixes well in the soil.     

太原循环经济环卫产业园固体废物污水处理厂工艺设计

为解决太原循环经济环卫产业园内生活垃圾焚烧处理处置、餐厨垃圾处理处置及其他固废处理处置过程中产生的高浓度废水处理问题,拟新建一座污水处理厂。设计处理规模为1 200 t/d,主要包括750 t/d的焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液和450 t/d的餐厨沼液。渗滤液处理采用"气浮+调节池+内循环厌氧反应器+两级A/O-MBR"的核心工艺,餐厨沼液处理采用"气浮+调节池+两级A/O-MBR"的核心工艺。污泥处理采用"离心脱水+热干化"工艺,处理后污泥含水率≤30%,干化污泥采用密封车辆送至焚烧厂焚烧处理。试运行结果表明,出水水质稳定达到设计标准。污水处理厂总投资为1.3亿元,污水处理直接成本为23.5元/t。     

Characterization of medical waste from hospitals in Tabriz, Iran

Medical waste has not received enough attention in recent decades in Iran, as is the case in most economically developing countries. Medical waste is still handled and disposed of together with domestic waste, creating great health risks to health-care stuff, municipal workers, the public, and the environment. A fundamental prerequisite for the successful implementation of any medical waste management plan is the availability of sufficient and accurate information about the quantities and composition of the waste generated. The objectives of this study were to determine the quantity, generation rate, quality, and composition of medial waste generated in the major city northwest of Iran in Tabriz. Among the 25 active hospitals in the city, 10 hospitals of different size, specializations, and categories (i.e., governmental, educational, university, private, non-governmental organization (NGO), and military) were selected to participate in the survey. Each hospital was analyzed for a week to capture the daily variations of quantity and quality. The results indicated that the average (weighted mean) of total medical waste, hazardous-infectious waste, and general waste generation rates in Tabriz city is 3.48, 1.039 and, 2.439 kg/bed-day, respectively. In the hospital waste studied, 70.11% consisted of general waste, 29.44% of hazardous-infectious waste, and 0.45% of sharps waste (total hazardous-infectious waste 29.89%). Of the maximum average daily medical waste, hazardous-infectious waste, and general waste were associated with N.G.O and private hospitals, respectively. The average composition of hazardous-infectious waste was determined to be 35.72% plastics, 20.84% textiles, 16.70% liquids, 11.36% paper/cardboard, 7.17% glass, 1.35% sharps, and 6.86% others. The average composition of general waste was determined to be 46.87% food waste, 16.40% plastics, 13.33% paper/cardboard, 7.65% liquids, 6.05% textiles, 2.60% glass, 0.92% metals, and 6.18% others. The average bulk densities of total medical waste, hazardous-infectious waste, and general waste were determined to be 99.58, 96.16 and 101.26 kg/m³, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the medical waste characteristics of the hospitals studied here and those reported in other studies. In conclusion, the characteristics of generated medical waste, current environmental problems and strict budgets necessitate that the implementation of efficient management, training, and segregation program be top priorities if we are to minimize the treatment and disposal costs and reduce the risks of hazardous-infectious waste in Tabriz city.     

Monitoring of the antioxidant BHT and its metabolite BHT-CHO in German river water and ground water

The behavior of anthropogenic polar organic compounds in ground water during infiltration of river water to ground water was studied at the Oderbruch area on the eastern border of Germany. Additionally, waste water sewage treatment works (STWs) discharging their treated waste water into the Oder River and rain water precipitation from the Oderbruch area were investigated. The study was carried out from March 2000 to July 2001 to investigate seasonal variations of the target analytes. Samples were collected from four sites along the Oder River, from 24 ground water monitoring wells located close to the Oder, from one rain water collection station, from two roof runoffs, and from four STWs upstream of the Oderbruch. Results of the investigations of the antioxidant 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-toluene (BHT) and its degradation product 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (BHT-CHO) are presented. BHT and BHT-CHO were detected in all samples of the Oder River with mean concentrations of 178 and 102 ngl(-1), respectively. BHT and BHT-CHO were also detected in effluent waste water samples from municipal STWs at mean concentrations of 132 and 70 ngl(-1), respectively. Both compounds are discharged into river water directly via treated waste water. In the rain water sample, 308 ngl(-1) of BHT and 155 ngl(-1) of BHT-CHO were measured. Both compounds were detected in roof runoff with mean concentrations of 92 ngl(-1) for BHT and 138 ngl(-1) for BHT-CHO. The median values of BHT and BHT-CHO in ground water samples were 132 and 84 ngl(-1), respectively. The chemical composition of ground water from parts of the aquifer located less than 4.5 m distant from the river are greatly influenced by bank filtration. However, wet deposition followed by seepage of rain water into the aquifer is also a source of BHT and BHT-CHO in ground water.     

Biological treatment of waste water containing glycols from de-icing agents

Large amounts of de-icing agents consisting mainly of diethylene glycol and propylene glycol are used at many airports during the winter time. At modern airports a large proportion of the mixture of de-icing agents and meltwater is recycled and reused. Meltwater containing smaller amounts of de-icing agents is usually collected in retention basins and discharged into municipal sewage treatment plants. Extensive investigations have proved that waste water containing diethylene glycol may cause severe disturbances in sewage treatment. Only by avoiding shock loads and by maintaining an adapted activated sludge at the sewage treatment plant especially at a low waste water temperature can ensure that COD and BOD effluent values do not exceed critical limits.