Effect of adsorption and solvent extraction process on the percentage of carotene extracted from crude palm oil

Palm carotene was successfully concentrated from crude palm oil (CPO) by a batch adsorption process using a synthetic (polymer) adsorbent followed by solvent extraction. Carotene was concentrated to about 20,000 ppm, or about 33.3 times the original concentration in CPO. Carotene recovery varied from 16 to 74% depending on the process conditions. Adsorption times, isopropanol (IPA) extraction times, temperatures of adsorption and solvent extraction process, effect of agitation during IPA extraction process, and adsorbent lifespan were evaluated to determine their effects on the percentage of carotene extracted and carotene concentration. The minimum adsorption time required was 0.5 h. However, an adsorption time of 1.5 h gave a significantly higher carotene concentration than adsorption times of 0.5, 1.0, and 0.2 h. The IPA extraction time was determined based on the final carotene concentration desired. The suitable temperature for adsorption and solvent extraction process was 40°C. There was no significant difference in the percentage of carotene extracted and carotene concentration between the IPA extraction process with and without agitation.     

Isopropyl Alcohol Extraction of De‐hulled Yellow Mustard Flour

Vegetable oils are typically extracted with hexane; however, health and environmental concerns over its use have prompted the search for alternative solvents. Mustard oil was extracted with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to produce an IPA‐oil miscella suitable for industrial applications. Single‐stage extraction resulted in 87.6 % oil yield at a 10:1 (v/w) IPA/flour ratio. Multiple‐stage extraction resulted in higher extraction efficiency with lower IPA use. Four‐stage cross‐current extraction at an IPA/flour ratio of 2:1 (v/w) per stage resulted in 93.7 % oil yield. At 45 °C, a 91.5 % oil yield was achieved with three‐stage extraction using a 2:1 (v/w) IPA/flour ratio. Any changes to the pH of the mixture resulted in reduced oil yield. Water also reduced the extraction efficiency. The azeotropic IPA solution containing 13 % water extracted ~40 % less oil than did dry IPA in both single and multiple‐stage extractions. Some polar compounds were also extracted, including sugars; however, protein extraction was negligible. The protein left in the extracted meal was not degraded or lost during the extraction. The results suggest that IPA is an excellent solvent for mustard oil, but water content exceeding 5 % in the solvent adversely affects the oil extraction and reuse of the IPA.     

Recovery and Recycling of Isopropyl Alcohol Used in Biodiesel Production From Yellow Mustard Oil

The recovery of solvents used during biodiesel synthesis is an important factor in the economic feasibility and sustainability of the entire process. In this study, we looked at the use of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for oil extraction and biodiesel production, as well as its potential for recovery and recycling. We found that multistage extraction improved oil recovery, with up to 86% oil yield using four stages of extraction at an IPA:mustard flour (volume:weight) ratio of 1.5:1 at room temperature. Using acid–base‐catalyzed transesterification, 99% of the mustard oil was converted to biodiesel. At the end of this process, IPA was recovered from the azeotrope by salting out using potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate. The solubility behavior of the components was evaluated by means of ternary‐phase diagrams of IPA/water/sodium carbonate and IPA/water/potassium carbonate, which determined their liquid–liquid–solid equilibrium constants at ambient pressure and at room temperature. Using 20% (w:w) potassium carbonate, 95% of the IPA was recovered at 99% purity from a starting mixture of IPA containing 13% water. Azeotropic distillation of the IPA–water azeotrope with 10% potassium carbonate resulted in the recovery of 99% of the IPA at 94% purity. These results suggest that IPA is not only a suitable solvent for mustard‐oil extraction but also for salt‐enhanced azeotropic distillation resulting in near‐complete recovery from aqueous solutions.     

Application of a Ternary Phase Diagram to the Phase Separation of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Using Isopropyl Alcohol

The oil-in-water emulsion formed during an aqueous extraction of yellow mustard seed flour was destabilized using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a four stage extraction process, with concurrent recovery of oil and water in separate phases. The emulsion was extracted using two different approaches: phase separation extraction (PSE) that used fresh IPA as the extraction solvent at each stage, and phase separation extraction with recycle (PSER) that reused the extracted water-rich phase, containing IPA, as the extraction solvent. Extraction processes by both approaches were modeled by the ternary liquid phase diagram of IPA, canola oil and water to characterize the extraction progress. PSER resulted in improved oil–water separation and IPA usage efficiency than PSE, but achieved only 84.0?% oil recovery, compared to 92.3?% by PSE. The ternary diagram of IPA, canola oil and water offered good approximation of the oil and water separation behavior of PSE and PSER by closely predicting the compositions of the separated phases; however, the weight ratio of the separated phases were not as closely predicted.     

Performance of Green Solvents in the Extraction of Sunflower Oil from Enzyme-Treated Collets

The main goal of this work is to evaluate the extraction of sunflower oil from enzyme-treated collets using ethanol and isopropanol (IPA) as solvents. The sunflower collets are pretreated with the multienzyme complex Viscozyme L prior to solvent extraction by the Soxhlet method. The influence of the moisture content of the collets, pretreatment, processing time, and solvent type on the amount of total extracted material and the oil extraction efficiency is studied. Some quality parameters such as phospholipid content of the oil and chlorogenic acid content of the residual meal are also analyzed. At low moisture content (7%) the solvents exhibit similar oil extraction ability (98–99%), but with increasing moisture the extraction efficiency of ethanol decreases to about 85%, while no significant differences are observed for IPA. The enzymatic treatment increases the extraction efficiency for all times, especially for ethanol. It is observed that IPA is more efficient in the extraction compared to ethanol, and the amount of nonlipid material is reduced by ≈70%. In addition, the oil extracted with IPA have lower phospholipid content and the residual meal presents a higher chlorogenic acid content. Practical Applications:This work would contribute toward the use of green solvents in the extraction of sunflower oil from collets. Ethanol and isopropanol, used as solvents, present attractive advantages, including low toxicity, good operational security, as well as being obtained from a renewable source. The obtained data provide up-to-date information on the use of these alcohols in the extraction of sunflower oil from collets and the influence of operating conditions, such as moisture content, enzymatic pretreatment of the collets, and the extraction time. Information about oil and meal quality is also reported.     

Oil extraction from microalga Nannochloropsis sp. with isopropyl alcohol

An efficient process for fractioning microalgae oil and non-lipid biomass was developed. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was used to extract oil from Nannochloropsis sp. at 80?°C, leaving the majority of non-lipid biomass in the solid fraction. The effectiveness of extraction with or without a dewatering pretreatment (DW) was compared. Effects of dewatering time and solvent ratio, IPA concentration, IPA refluxing time, and sonication pretreatment on the oil and biomass yields were studied. The dewatering conditions with a high water-to-alcohol ratio (W/A?=?2:1) and mild mixing (1?min gentle shaking) had 14?% less oil loss in the DW fraction than that with a low water-to-alcohol ratio (W/A?=?1:1) and vigorous mixing (30?min and 300?rpm mixing). Sonication resulted in 14–26?% more oil loss in the DW fraction when compared to intact cell treatment. Without dewatering, 85?% of the total oil from intact cells was extracted by a single extraction using 70?% (wt) IPA aqueous solution. The 88 and 95?% IPA treatments extracted similar percentages of oil to that of the 70?% IPA, but used two- and fivefold more solvent. The amount of oil extracted from broken cells increased with increasing IPA concentrations. An effective extraction can be completed in 30?min. On a 100-g (wet matter) scale, the 70?% IPA achieved 92?% oil yield and 93?% non-lipid biomass yield.     

Production of Isopropyl and Methyl Esters from Yellow Mustard Oil/IPA Miscellas

Using an isopropyl alcohol (IPA):flour [volume:weight (ml:g)] ratio of 1.5:1 per stage of extraction resulted in an oil yield of 86.3%. The combined miscella (IPA + oil), which contained 90.6 wt% IPA, 9.8 wt% oil, and 2.1 wt% water, was used as a feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification. Transesterification of the IPA/oil miscella dehydrated using adsorption on 4Å molecular sieves with 1.2 wt% (based on oil) potassium hydroxide for 2 h at 72 °C converted only 29% of the feed to esters. The addition of methanol (MeOH) resulted in an ester yield of 87%, consisting of 79% methyl ester and 7% isopropyl ester when starting with an IPA:oil:MeOH molar ratio of 146:1:30. By increasing the KOH catalyst to 3 wt%, the ester yield increased to 94%. To increase the ester yield, the miscella was pretreated with sulfuric acid. This resulted in a reduction of the IPA content, the removal of other impurities such as phospholipids, and reduction of the water mass fraction to less than 1%. When IPA was used as a cosolvent with methanol in the transesterification process, a very high ester conversion (>99%) was achieved. The biodiesel produced was compliant with ASTM standards, showing that IPA can be used as a solvent for oil extraction from yellow mustard flour.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed with co-solvents

Extraction of cottonseed lipids with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was conducted with and without a cosolvent, ethanol or 2-propanol (IPA). At 7000 psi and 80°C, the reduced pressure, temperature and density of SC-CO₂ was at 6.5, 1.17 and 1.85, respectively; the specific gravity was 0.87. Under these conditions, CO₂ is denser than most liquid extraction agents such as hexane, ethanol and IPA. The extraction of cottonseed with SC-CO₂ gave a yield of more than 30% (moisture-free basis). This is comparable to yields obtained by the more commonly used solvent, hexane. The crude cottonseed oil extracted by SC-CO₂ was visually lighter than refined cottonseed oil. This was substantiated by colorimetric measurements. No gossypol was detected in the crude oil. However, crude oil extracted by SC-CO₂, to which less than 5% of ethanol or IPA as co-solvent was added, containedca. 200 ppm of gossypol, resulting in the typical dark color of cottonseed crude oil with gossypol. CO₂ extracted a small amount of cottonseed phosphatides, about one-third of that extracted by pure ethanol, IPA or hexane. A second extraction with 100% ethanol or IPA after the initial SC-CO₂ extraction produced a water-soluble lipid fraction that contained a significant amount of gossypol, ranging between 1500 and 5000 ppm. Because pure gossypol is practically insoluble in water, this fraction is believed to be made up of gossypol complexed with polysaccharides and phosphatides. Partially presented at the AOCS 1993 Annual Meeting & Expo in Anaheim, California.     

Comparison of Lipid Extraction from Microalgae and Soybeans with Aqueous Isopropanol

The extraction efficiency of microalgae lipids with aqueous isopropanol (IPA) was investigated and compared with the extraction of oil from full-fat soy flour. The effects of the type of microalgae (Scenedesmus sp. and Schizochytrium limacinum), cell rupture, and IPA concentration on the yield of oil and non-lipid biomass were determined. The oil yield from intact cells of Scenedesmus was 86–93 % with 70, 88, or 95 % (by wt) IPA. Ultrasonic cell rupture prior to oil extraction decreased the oil yield of Scenedesmus to 74 % when extracting with 70 % IPA. The oil yield from intact cells of S. limacinum was <23 % regardless of the IPA concentration, but ruptured cells gave a 94–96 % oil yield with 88 or 95 % IPA. The different response of the two microalgae to extraction with IPA is possibly caused by differences in the cell wall structure and type and amount of polar lipids. The oil yield from soy flour with 88 and 95 % IPA was 93–95 %, which was significantly greater than yields with 50 and 70 % IPA. Cell rupture had no effect on soy flour extraction. In general, the oil yield from the ruptured cells of both microalgae and soy flour increased with increasing IPA concentration.     

溶剂抽提法分离印尼油砂的实验研究

利用溶剂抽提法对印尼油砂进行萃取分离实验,综合考察了剂砂比、抽提温度、抽提时间、抽提次数等操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,确定较佳的油砂分离条件。结果表明,印尼油砂更适合采用溶剂抽提法分离,从油砂沥青提取率、操作成本和环保多角度考虑,在超声波的作用下,剂砂比为2．5,抽提温度40℃,抽提时间30min,抽提3次的条件下,油砂沥青的提取率较高,达到20．31％。     

Destabilization of Yellow Mustard Emulsion Using Organic Solvents

An aqueous extraction process was developed consisting of aqueous contact with dehulled yellow mustard flour to recover protein followed by dissolution of the released emulsion in dimethylformamide (DMF) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to recover the released oil in the form of single-phase oil–solvent miscellae suitable for industrial applications. Only some 38 ± 3 % of the oil in the yellow mustard emulsion was extracted using DMF even at high weight ratios since DMF is widely miscible with water, preventing separation of the oil from the emulsion. A ternary phase diagram of DMF/oil/water was prepared and confirmed the limited solubility of the oil in DMF in the presence of water. The use of 31:1 IPA:oil weight ratio could effectively recover over 94 % of the oil in the emulsion; however, multiple-stage treatment of the emulsion was proven to be more efficient with lower volumes of IPA required to achieve high oil extraction yields. The results suggest that the optimal conditions for multiple-stage process were four stages using 2:1 IPA:oil weight ratio, with 96 ± 1 % oil recovery from the emulsion.     

Cottonseed extraction with a new solvent system: Isohexane and alcohol mixtures

A solvent system, consisting of isohexane and 5 to 25% alcohol, either ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA), was tested for extracting gossypol and oil from cottonseed. The test results indicate that this new solvent system not only is effective in removing free and total gossypol but also is as efficient as n-hexane when extracting oil. The amino acid analysis of cottonseed meal, produced by the new solvent system, is similar to that produced by commercial n-hexane. Present commercial cottonseed extraction and downstream processing of cottonseed oil refining may need little change to adopt this new solvent system. This new solvent system may lead to a solution to the gossypol problem of cottonseed extraction.     

Extraction conditions for removal of oxidized sulfur compounds in gas oil

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds from gas oil. Solvents used for this purpose included acetone, acetonitrile, methanol and propanol. The effect of solvent concentration, solvent to gas oil ratio, temperature, time and number of stages was studied. To select the best solvent and conditions for extraction, two criteria were considered: high desulfurization and more hydrocarbon recovery. Results showed that extraction time and temperature have no significant effect. Methanol for low ability of extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds and propanol for low hydrocarbon recovery were excluded from further experiments. After the tests, the optimum conditions for extraction were determined to be 85% acetone, solvent/feed ratio of 1, two stages extraction in ambient temperature and enough time for mixing. In this condition 85% of sulfur compounds of gas oil containing 1,670 ppmw S were separated and 95% of gas oil was recovered.     

A method of predicting effective solvent extraction parameters for recycling of used lubricating oils

Solvent extraction technique is one of the cheapest and most efficient processes experienced in recycling of used lubricating oils. In this paper, the performance of three extracting solvents (2-propanol, 1-butanol, and methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) in recycling used oil was evaluated experimentally. The effect of the most critical parameters (type of solvent, solvent to oil ratio, and extraction temperature) was investigated. The results show that MEK achieved the best performance with the lowest percent oil losses, followed by 2-propanol and 1-butanol, and as the extraction temperature increases the percent oil losses decreases. The anti-solvency energy (E_s), which originates from the solubility parameters difference between the solvent and oil was related to the solvent to oil ratio. It was found that the critical clarifying ratio predicted from such relations for the three solvents reasonably agrees with that measured experimentally. Relations between E_s and solvent to oil ratio give a proper guideline for preliminary evaluation of the extracting solvent. It also can be used to predict the optimum solvent:oil ratio and extraction temperature based on the solvent ability to dissolve the base oil in used motor oil.     

高粘度润滑油馏分油溶剂精制小试对比

针对某炼厂高粘度润滑油馏分油进行了糠醛溶剂的单级抽提试验,并借助数学手段,确定了糠醛精制的最优操作条件.在此基础之上,进行了糠醛精制假三段抽提试验,确定了其适宜的操作条件,并与NMP精制进行了对比.试验结果表明,糠醛单级抽提适宜操作条件为:抽提温度115℃,剂油比1.8(V/V);在该操作条件下,精制油60℃折光率为1.462 8,油收率为83％;糠醛假三段试验适宜操作条件为:上段温度115℃、中段温度100℃、下段温度85℃,剂油比1.8(V/V).在该操作条件下,精制油60℃的折光率为1.460 9,油收率为84％;馏分油糠醛抽提与NMP抽提相比,在精制效果相当的情况下,无论单级还是假三段抽提,NMP精制的温度下降25℃,剂油比下降30％,油收率提高至少3个百分点,说明NMP作为抽提溶剂要优于糠醛.     

FCC汽油萃取脱硫过程萃取剂筛选

分别考察了4种萃取剂在单一或复配条件下,对3种模拟汽油中单一含硫化合物及FCC汽油70～160 ℃切割馏分的萃取脱硫效果,效果皆佳的萃取剂为环丁砜。考察了操作温度、剂油比、环丁砜和四甘醇复配对脱硫率的影响。结果表明：温度对萃取脱硫率的影响较小。适宜的萃取条件为温度35 ℃,剂油比3∶1。环丁砜单一溶剂萃取脱硫效果较优。     

加拿大油砂溶剂抽提分离工艺的研究

对加拿大油砂进行了溶剂抽提分离试验,考察了石油醚、石脑油、甲苯、环己烷以及重整汽油对提取效果的影响,确定重整汽油为最佳抽提溶剂.综合考察了提取温度、溶剂与油砂体积比、提取时间以及搅拌速度等工艺操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,结果表明,在提取温度500℃,溶剂和油砂的体积比为1∶1,提取时间60 min,搅拌速度为80 r/min的条件下,油砂沥青提取率达到92.57%.     

克拉玛依油砂溶剂萃取分离实验研究

以克拉玛依油砂为实验对象,考察石油醚、环己烷、正戊烷、正庚烷、甲苯、CS2及复合溶剂EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青的效果,确定EOSA为最佳萃取溶剂。研究了温度、溶剂用量、时间对EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青收率的影响。结果表明,在萃取温度30℃、剂砂比2 mL/g条件下萃取30 min,油砂沥青的收率可达95%以上。再生实验结果表明,在60~80℃条件下,溶剂回收率超过99%。该工艺具有无水参与、零排放、低能耗、高收率等优点。     

食用油提取番茄中番茄红素的研究

番茄红素是一种脂溶性的天然色素，具有较强的抗氧化和防癌、抗癌作用。文章采用自溶法利用植物油脂将番茄中的番茄红索提取出来，提取效率是传统提取方法4倍。并通过实验研究了时间、料液比、浸提次数、搅拌等因素对番茄红素提取效果的影响，确定了最佳的提取工艺条件。用豆油作溶剂，在pH为8的条件下，反应温度35℃，料液比1：1，在0i断搅拌下，浚捉3h，分次进行浸提、过滤、合并浸提液，且进行2级浸捉效果最好。这种方法解决了传统有机溶剂提取番茄红素产率低，并且存在溶剂存昭的问题．简椎方便，适用于工业化生产。     

Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) Seed Kernel Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

Extraction of seed kernel oil from moringa (Moringa oleifera) was investigated with hexane, petroleum ether and acetone as the first extraction medium at various kernel particle size, extraction temperature and residence time, which were called as independent variables. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of experiments was used to study the effect of solvent type, particle size, extraction temperature and residence time of solvent on the oil yield, which was called as dependent variable. The maximum oil yield of 33.1% for hexane, 31.8% for petroleum ether and 31.1% for acetone was obtained. Among the three solvents, hexane yielded the maximum oil from moringa seed kernels. Among three process parameters studied, particle size had the most significant effect on the oil yield followed by extraction temperature and time for all the solvents. Response surface methodology technique was used to optimize the independent variables for maximum oil extraction. From the optimized values of particle size (0.62 mm), extraction temperature (56.5°C) and residence time (7 h), maximum oil yield obtained was 33.5%, using hexane. Optimized values of independent variables for maximum yield were varied for other two solvents. This protocol provides improved opportunities for the medicinal use of moringa oil in addition to its popularity as a vegetable in south Asia.