交错轴斜齿轮传动变齿厚技术现状与发展趋势

变厚齿轮技术是交错轴斜齿轮传动系统发展的主要方向。介绍了变厚齿轮传动的原理及其在交错轴传动中的应用,在分析国内外交错轴斜齿轮传动研究现状的基础上,探讨了开展交错轴变厚齿轮研究的发展趋势及要解决的关键技术问题,对研究新型交错轴传动形式及非渐开线空间变厚齿轮传动情况下提高系统承载能力、优化系统动态特性具有重要的理论意义和学术价值。     

四坐标联动斜齿轮偏差测头运动规划

四坐标联动斜齿轮测量仪可以测量渐开线圆柱齿轮的各项偏差。根据国家标准GB/T10095.1-2001《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度》和GB/T 13924-2008《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度检验细则》中渐开线圆柱齿轮各项偏差的定义和测量规范,以四坐标联动斜齿轮测量仪为研究对象,基于齿轮偏差坐标法的测量原理,给出渐开线圆柱齿轮的齿廓偏差、齿距偏差和螺旋线偏差测量时测头的运动路径和关键点的位置坐标,并通过一实例加以说明,该运动路径规划可用于齿轮偏差测量仪器的运动控制。     

The spherical involute bevel gear: its geometry, kinematic behavior and standardization

Bevel gear processing has diversified based on constant technical developments in forging, CNC cutting and hob design. Standardization of bevel gears is in higher demand than ever for different bevel gear systems that have different shapes and forms according to processing methods. With advantages such as excellent compatibility and the ability to absorb assembly errors well, the involute gear is referred to as the spherical involute tooth profile in bevel gear systems. This paper explains the geometrical characteristics and kinematic behavior of spherical involute gears. A spherical involute function is derived to effectively represent tooth profiles, and a common basic rack is developed using the equation of meshing to generate spherical involute gears. This study also analyzes the general characteristics of spherical involute gears and discusses the issue of bevel-gear standardization.     

Development and validation of a new reference cylindrical gear for pitch measurement

A new type of master gear, the Gauge Block Gear (GBG), was developed for the performance verification of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), for the specific task of pitch and chordal tooth thickness measurement. Its main characteristic is the replacement of the teeth with gauge blocks to achieve direct traceability of the chordal tooth thickness. Mathematical models for the geometrical definition of cylindrical gears with involute toothing, data evaluation, and assessment of the task-related uncertainty, were formulated, and measuring strategies for CMMs were designed and implemented. The GBG was calibrated using the swing round method, and measurement uncertainties on chordal tooth thickness and total pitch deviation F_p were determined to be 0.9 μm and 1.4 μm, respectively. Assembly stability and flexibility of the artefact were verified with measurements performed on a CMM provided with general purpose software, one with dedicated gear measuring software, a form tester, and a conventional gear measuring center. Results confirm the correctness of the mathematical models developed to analyze CMM results as well as their compatibility with existing approaches. The Gauge Block Gear provides, therefore, for direct traceability of the chordal tooth thickness and allows the definition of the task-specific uncertainty of pitch and tooth thickness measurements of cylindrical gears as basis for the assessment of the metrological capability of measuring machines.     

Effects of type of lubricant and shape of tooth profile upon efficiency of gear drives

To reduce energy consumption, it is important to increase the efficiency of gears used for power transmission. In the present work, the efficiencies of gear drives with standard and profile shifted involute gears are measured by changing the type of lubricating oil. A new equation for calculating efficiency is derived by taking into account the additional friction torque that depends on the shape of the teeth. The efficiencies calculated with the new equation agree well with those obtained by experiments conducted using two planetary gear drives with different tooth shapes and with different reduction ratios (u = 4. 89 and 151). The new equation is applicable to the design of gear drives with higher efficiency.     

精密、超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工方法

超精密齿轮的制造质量反映出了一个国家制造业的发展水平。分析比较了锥形砂轮磨齿、蝶形砂轮磨齿、大平面砂轮磨齿、蜗杆砂轮磨齿和成形砂轮磨齿的工作原理及当前国内外精密、超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工现状,探讨了ISO1328-1997标准中2级以上精度超精密齿轮的加工。并论证了国产大平面砂轮磨齿机Y7125由于具有结构简单、传动链刚度高、具有较高的磨齿精度以及较大的改装空间等优点,通过一系列的研究工作,有可能把它改装精化成磨削超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工母机,实现2到1级精度超精密齿轮的加工。     

Mathematical model of a helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth and its analysis

This paper describes a simple approach based on the gear theory for deriving a helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth. A helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth can be easily obtained through the envelope theory for the one-parameter family of surfaces. The mathematical models for asymmetric helical gears can be provided by the application of two imaginary rack cutters. The investigation on the undercutting analysis of the asymmetric helical gear is studied based on the developed mathematical model and the method of tooth-profile shifting. Here we provide geometric modeling of the designed asymmetric helical gear meshing when assembly errors are present. Stress analysis for the helical and the cylindrical forms are constructed. To illustrate the effectiveness of the approach, an analytical expression of helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth is given.     

Mathematical model of a helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth and its analysis

This paper describes a simple approach based on the gear theory for deriving a helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth. A helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth can be easily obtained through the envelope theory for the one-parameter family of surfaces. The mathematical models for asymmetric helical gears can be provided by the application of two imaginary rack cutters. The investigation on the undercutting analysis of the asymmetric helical gear is studied based on the developed mathematical model and the method of tooth-profile shifting. Here we provide geometric modeling of the designed asymmetric helical gear meshing when assembly errors are present. Stress analysis for the helical and the cylindrical forms are constructed. To illustrate the effectiveness of the approach, an analytical expression of helical gear with asymmetric involute teeth is given.     

基于CAD软件的齿轮齿廓渐开线的作法

针对齿轮传动件一直没有实现动态仿真的问题,根据机械设计中标准齿轮渐开线的定义,首先建立了圆柱齿轮齿廓和圆锥齿轮齿廓渐开线的数学模型,再采用曲线拟合的方法,用Solidworks软件做出了圆柱齿轮齿面渐开线和蜗杆的齿面渐开线,用Auto-CAD软件做出圆锥齿轮齿面的球面渐开线;并对用数学模型找点和曲线拟合这两种方法进行了简单的比较。研究结果表明,用曲线拟合的方法比用数学模型找点的方法做齿轮渐开线更直观、更精确。该方法对齿轮的3D模拟和实际设计加工有较大参考与借鉴价值。     

Transmission of point-line meshing gear

Point-line meshing gear is a new type of meshing transmission. It possesses the merit of involute gear that can be manufactured easily and separately. It also possesses the feature of high contact strength of arc gear wheel. Thus it has greater power, lower noise, and higher efficiency to bear the weight. Not only has single point-line meshing gear (similar to single arc gear wheel) and double point-line meshing gear (similar to double arc gear wheel) been developed, but also a small tooth number of point-line meshing gear which can be only two or three. In this article, the meshing theory, design calculation, sealing graph of the parameter selection, manufacturing, bearing ability test and the example of its applications in various places are introduced. The point-line meshing gear can be processed in common works, which process the ordinary involute gears, such as rolling tooth processing and milling tooth processing.     

Geometric design of involute spur gear drives with symmetric and asymmetric teeth using the Realized Potential Method

The index gear drive potential is defined for the estimation of the quality of spur gear drives as a maximum contact ratio obtained at the contact of teeth profiles along the full line of action. In this paper, a new method is proposed for the geometric design of symmetric and asymmetric involute meshing in which the contact ratio of the gear drive is equal to its potential. This method is appropriate for the geometric design of spur gears with a small teeth number and is based on the generalized model of involute meshing. The gear drive potential is assigned as an input value, from which, after appropriate calculations, the geometry of rack-cutters, gears and involute meshing can be determined. Using the proposed method, the areas of the realized potential and the areas of the existence of involute gear drives are defined. In addition, many numerical examples are solved. In the cases of symmetric and asymmetric meshing, the minimum teeth number is obtained when the gear drive potential is larger than one.     

Operation of slip bearings and gear couplings in heavy liquid metal

The results of experimental investigations of lifetime tests of cylindrical gears with involute profile and of the slide bearings made of the structural steels during its operation in lead medium are presented. It has been examined how the performances of lead coolant, conditions of gear operation, materials, and gear structure influence on to gear operation ability. It has been verified that the gears can operate in lead medium.     

推土机终传动齿轮三维参数化建模

结合推土机终传动齿轮的设计．将CAD／CAE技术引人齿轮设计开发领域。借助Pro／E，通过方程式控制齿廓的渐开线形状，并利用参数设置实现三维参数化实体建模，这对提高设计质量，缩短设计周期．降低产品成本，快速满足市场需求具有重要意义，同时为实现高效的现代设计作了一些有实际应用意义的尝试。     

用中心投影法作直齿圆锥齿轮的仿真模型及其数据库

为了建立直齿圆锥齿轮的草图和仿真模型数据库,研究用中心投影法把形成圆锥齿轮齿廓的球面渐开线近似投影成圆的渐开线,根据机械设计的原理,作出圆锥直齿轮的草图,然后把上千个设计齿轮的数据用方程式关联到草图中,在草图中只要改变圆锥直齿轮的当量齿数、大端模数、分度圆圆锥角和齿宽等主要数据,就可以得到不同的新数据下的圆锥直齿轮的草图和仿真图形。研究结果表明建立这样的数据库能在很大程度上方便直齿圆锥齿轮的设计和加工,同时对于齿轮的教学培训也有很有帮助,相应的图块和方程式也可以做Solidworks软件的插件使用。     

Influence of tooth profile and oil formulation on gear power loss

Nowadays power losses are a main concern in transmission systems and the friction between gear teeth during the meshing cycle is one of the main sources. The friction losses reduction is mandatory to promote lower energy consumption, lower operating temperatures, lower oil oxidation and lower risk of failures.In this study the power losses reduction is obtained using two different approaches: using lower modulus helical gears and significant positive profiles shifts and using gear oil formulations with different base oils.The adopted geometries proved to reduce the power losses considerably, promoting a reduction of oil operating temperature up to 20 K.     

新型齿形高速重载齿轮设计研究

渐开线齿轮传动是机械传动的主要传动方式,具有加工简单、中心距不灵敏等优点,但也有接触强度低、滑动系数大等明显缺点.文中基于分离函数法原理实现了一种新型齿形齿轮的设计,并进行了主要参数的计算和有限元强度仿真.结果表明,该齿轮比渐开线齿轮具有更大的承载能力,可满足高速重载齿轮传动的要求.     

分阶式双渐开线齿轮啮合特性分析

分阶式双渐开线齿轮是一种新型齿轮,故对其传动的重合度、接触线长度等进行了分析研究,给出双渐开线齿轮传动重合度、总接触线长度的精确计算公式,并提出端面重合度与纵向重合度的最佳组合及最差组合条件,其结果对设计、分析渐开线斜齿轮及双渐开线齿轮传动具有重要意义。     

基于UG的渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮模块开发

本文介绍了使用UG/OPEN GRIP开发渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮应用程序的方法,详细阐明了使用UG/OPEN API实现渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮模块开发的过程,这两种齿轮参数化设计方法在完成装载机变速箱三维设计过程中得到了成功应用。     

齿轮传动副在线强化的实验研究

齿轮试件的模数为 1.75 ,齿数分别为 3 2和 17,材料为 2 0CrMo ,分别选用平均粒径在 2 μm以下的超细无机硼酸盐添加剂配制的润滑油及普通矿物油ISOVG68润滑齿轮副 ,由自制的齿轮实验台上的实验结果表明 ,选用加有超细无机硼酸盐添加剂的润滑油时 ,齿轮副抗剥落能力大大提高。     

避免圆柱齿轮干涉及根切的最小齿数研究

研究了圆柱齿轮的干涉根切现象,通过渐开线齿轮的根切现象详细分析了影响齿轮干涉的各种因素及作用原理.研究了国内外几种小齿数齿轮的设计理论.在此基础上研究了一种全新的小齿数齿轮设计方法,即反包络法.