珠光体转变中原子的位移及相变机制

研究过冷奥氏体转变为珠光体时原子的位移方式具有重要理论价值。以往认为,珠光体领域的长大依靠原子在奥氏体中的体扩散进行。新理论认为珠光体团的形核-长大是原子以界面扩散为主进行的相变。共析铁素体和共析渗碳体两相与母相奥氏体的相界面具有半共格,存在台阶,两相依靠共享台阶而长大。原子沿着阶面和台面的相界面扩散,每次位移距离为一个原子间距。珠光体团的迅速长大是界面扩散、两相的协同竞争长大机制。珠光体中的铁素体、渗碳体共析共生,共享台阶,是奥氏体"一分为二"的过程,不存在领先相。     

珠光体转变新机制——珠光体转变研究之二

过冷奥氏体在孕育期内,在贫碳区建构铁素体核胚的同时,在富碳区也建构渗碳体(或碳化物)的核胚,共同组成珠光体的晶核(F+Fe_3C)。铁素体和渗碳体两相是同时同步、共析共生的,不存在领先相。珠光体的形核-长大是以界面扩散为主的扩散性一级相变。珠光体在奥氏体界面等处形核。计算表明,在700~650℃,临界晶核尺寸为150~70 nm,临界形核功为155~292 J/mol。共析铁素体和共析渗碳体两相与母相奥氏体的相界面是由连续的长大台阶所耦合,F/A、C/A相界面具有半共格结构。铁素体和渗碳体两相依靠共享台阶的侧向迁移而长大,共析共生、协同生长。     

钢的共析分解理论研究的进展

珠光体是共析铁素体和共析渗碳体（或碳化物）构成的整合组织而不是机械混合物。珠光体的形核长大是以界面扩散为主进行的。过冷奥氏体中会出现贫碳区和富碳区的涨落,加上随机出现的结构涨落、能量涨落,三者非线性的因果正反馈相互作用,导致贫碳区和富碳区分别建构铁素体和渗碳体（或碳化物）的核坯,组成珠光体晶核（F+Fe₃C）。铁素体和渗碳体是共析共生、台阶式协同长大,不存在领先相计算表明,珠光体临界晶核半径为70～152 nm,临界形核功△G^*=155～292 J/mol。"相间沉淀"是殊光体转变产物,应用共析分解的新理论解释了"相间沉淀"过程。珠光体片间距与奥氏体过冷度的关系是非线性的。发现珠光体表面也有浮凸现象,是新旧相比体积不同所致。     

珠光体转变理论研究的新进展

本文综合近年来的研究成果,阐述了钢中共析分解的新机制,对于"相间沉淀"机理做了新的解释,重申了珠光体的新概念.认为:珠光体是共析铁素体和共析渗碳体(或碳化物)构成的整合组织,不是机械混合物.珠光体的形核-长大是以界面扩散为主进行的相变.过冷奥氏体在一定过冷度下,将出现贫碳区和富碳区的涨落.加上随机出现的结构涨落、能量涨落,非线性的因果正反馈相互作用,同时在贫碳区和富碳区分别建构铁素体核坯和渗碳体(或碳化物)核坯,共同组成珠光体的晶核(F Fe,C).铁素体和渗碳体两相是共析共生,协同长大,不存在领先相."相间沉淀"是珠光体转变的一个特例,应用共析分解的新理论解释了"相间沉淀"机理.珠光体转变临界点、片间距、力学性能等的变化都是非线性的.     

共析分解

对以钢中珠光体相变为典型示例的共析分解研究工作给以浅简总结。在珠光体相变中,进行铁素体和渗碳体的合作形核和长大。珠光体相变时的领先形核相,铁素体或渗碳体,及其形核位置,晶界或晶粒内部,都决定于合金的成分、晶界偏聚、夹杂物、组元的扩散系数及形核能垒。由体扩散和界面扩散两类长大机制所导得的过冷度ΔT和珠光体片层间距S之间,由Zener所示的关系式:ΔT×S=const.都与不少试验结果相符。由于珠光体/奥氏体间界面含有不动位错及其他缺陷,理论上台阶机制应为合理的珠光体长大机制。先进实验已观察到长大台阶以及铁素体/奥氏体、铁素体/渗碳体和渗碳体/奥氏体之间都具有各自的位向关系。层状珠光体的形态,即珠光体片间距受控于过冷度,并决定珠光体的强度。     

KINETICS OF AUSTENITIZATION DURING INTERCRITICAL ANNEALING OF LOW CARBON LOW ALLOY STEELS

本文研究了具有铁素体加珠光体原始组织的低碳低合金钢在临界区(740℃到820℃)奥氏体化过程的动力学.奥氏体的形成可分成两个阶段:1.奥氏体的形核和快速长大;2.奥氏体缓慢地向铁素体中推移.在740℃,奥氏体主要在珠光体和铁素体界面上形核,而在780℃和820℃,部分奥氏体核在珠光体团内的渗碳体和铁素体界面上生成.阶段Ⅰ的测量结果符合Cahm的晶界形核转变理论;对阶段Ⅱ用再结晶晶粒长大理论进行了讨论.     

低碳低合金钢临界区奥氏体化动力学的研究

本文研究了具有铁素体加珠光体原始组织的低碳低合金钢在临界区(740℃到820℃)奥氏体化过程的动力学.奥氏体的形成可分成两个阶段:1.奥氏体的形核和快速长大;2.奥氏体缓慢地向铁素体中推移.在740℃,奥氏体主要在珠光体和铁素体界面上形核,而在780℃和820℃,部分奥氏体核在珠光体团内的渗碳体和铁素体界面上生成.阶段Ⅰ的测量结果符合Cahm的晶界形核转变理论;对阶段Ⅱ用再结晶晶粒长大理论进行了讨论.     

先共析渗碳体上形核的珠光体晶体学研究

利用SEM和EBSD技术表征了Fe-1.29C-13.9Mn (质量分数,%)钢中先共析渗碳体上形核珠光体的形貌和晶体学。大多数珠光体内铁素体与奥氏体之间接近K-S位向关系,与渗碳体之间则可出现多种择优位向关系。分析表明,魏氏渗碳体旁珠光体的形核领先相是铁素体,未观察到珠光体中渗碳体从魏氏渗碳体分支生长,或它们之间存在择优取向。晶界渗碳体旁珠光体存在2种可能:晶界渗碳体可延续为珠光体的渗碳体,同时铁素体往往与背靠奥氏体接近K-S位向关系,渗碳体可视为领先相,不排除铁素体为领先相的可能;同时也观察到晶界渗碳体与珠光体内渗碳体呈现不同取向,此时领先相是铁素体。珠光体团初期形貌不规则,生长后期两相基本保持平行片层结构,同一铁素体片层会存在取向变化甚至分层。     

金属热处理原理研究的新进展(一)

研究过冷奥氏体转变规律具有重要理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了过冷奥氏体转变产物的形成规律。应用QUANTA-400型扫描电镜、JEM-2100透射电镜等仪器观察各种相变的形核情况。发现:珠光体、贝氏体、马氏体相变均优先在奥氏体晶界处形核。珠光体晶核由共析铁素体+共析渗碳体两相组成,共析共生,不存在领先相。珠光体转变是扩散型的共享台阶长大机制;贝氏体相变是界面原子非协同热激活跃迁机制;马氏体相变是所有原子集体协同位移机制,非切变过程。在700～650℃,珠光体临界晶核尺寸r*=150～70 nm;临界形核功△G*=155～292 J/mol。贝氏体在贫碳区形核,晶核是单相(BF),其临界尺度a*=16.7～25 nm,形核功△G*=270 J/mol。马氏体的临界晶核尺寸为7～20 nm,形核功约为200～600 J/mol。过冷奥氏体转变产物的形核是一个逐渐演化的过程,符合相变形核的一般规律。     

超细晶过共析钢的纳米球状珠光体转变

过共析钢在奥氏体化温度下加热后空冷或炉冷将会产生片状珠光体组织和网状渗碳体,在超细晶条件下得到了不遵循这一规律的固态相变新现象。本实验采用高能球磨快速烧结方法制备了超细晶过共析钢块体试样,通过控制球磨时间控制烧成试样晶粒度。结果表明：当球磨时间超过40 h,烧结后试样晶粒细化到2～4μm的量级,试样空冷无法得到片状珠光体,经共析转变得到纳米级球状渗碳体和铁素体组织,渗碳体球的尺寸在10～100 nm范围。热力学分析表明,晶粒细化导致原奥氏体中碳化物形核率增加,尺寸较小的粒状碳化物相对于片状碳化物具有更大的形核动力;动力学分析表明,晶粒细化导致钢中碳扩散速度提高,层片状珠光体的长大受到抑制,共析转变中珠光体更易长成为粒状。     

Abnormal ferrite in hyper-eutectoid steels

The microstructural characteristics of ultra-high carbon hyper-eutectoid Fe–C and Fe–C–Cu experimental steels have been examined after isothermal transformation in a range just beneath the eutectoid temperature. Particular attention was paid to the formation of so-called “abnormal ferrite”, which refers to coarse ferrite grains which can form, in hyper-eutectoid compositions, on the pro-eutectoid cementite before the pearlite reaction occurs. Thus it is confirmed that the abnormal ferrite is not a result of pearlite coarsening, but of austenite decomposition before the conditions for coupled growth of pearlite are established. The abnormal ferrite formed on both allotriomorphic and Widmanstätten forms of pro-eutectoid cementite, and, significantly, it was observed that the pro-eutectoid cementite continued to grow, despite being enclosed by the abnormal ferrite. Under certain conditions this could lead to the eventual formation of substantially reduced amounts of pearlite. Thus, a model for carbon redistribution that allows the pro-eutectoid cementite to thicken concurrently with the abnormal ferrite is presented. The orientation relationships between the abnormal ferrite and pro-eutectoid cementite were also determined and found to be close to those which have been reported between pearlitic ferrite and pearlitic cementite.     

9%Cr-1%Mo耐热钢焊缝金属连续冷却组织转变

利用Ｆｏｒｍａｓｔｏｒ－Ｄ全自动热膨胀记录仪测定了三种改进型９％Ｃｒ－１％Ｍｏ耐耐热钢焊缝金属的连续冷却组织转变相图,并用光学显微镜和透射是分析了各种冷却条件下的组织转变特点。结果表明,在很大的冷却范围内,三种焊缝金属的工体均只发生马氏体转变,只有当冷速足够慢时才发生先共析铁素体转变和共析转变。其中,含合金元素较少的２号焊缝金属具有最快的先共析铁素体形成冷速。研究发现,三种焊缝金属的奥氏体均形成板     

Theoretical and numerical study of lamellar eutectoid growth influenced by volume diffusion

We investigate the lamellar growth of pearlite at the expense of austenite during the eutectoid transformation in steel. To begin with, we extend the Jackson–Hunt-type calculation (previously used to analyze eutectic transformation) to eutectoid transformation by accounting for diffusion in all the phases. Our principal finding is that the growth rates in the presence of diffusion in all the phases are different compared to the case when diffusion in growing phases is absent. The difference in the dynamics is described by a factor ’ρ’ which comprises the ratio of the diffusivities of the bulk and the growing phases, along with the ratios of the slopes of the phase coexistence lines. Thereafter, we perform phase-field simulations, the results of which are in agreement with analytical predictions. The phase-field simulations also reveal that diffusion in austenite as well as ferrite leads to the formation of tapered cementite along with an overall increase in the transformation kinetics as compared to diffusion in austenite (only). Finally, it is worth noting that the aim of present work is not to consider the pearlitic transformation in totality; rather it is to isolate and thereby investigate the influence of diffusivity in the growing phases on the front velocity.     

Dynamic Phase Transformation and Spheroidization of Cementite of Hypereutectoid Steel Containing Aluminum during Deformation

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验, 研究了合金元素Al对过共析钢缓冷相变和 过冷奥氏体动态相变组织的影响. 结果表明: 在缓冷相变时, Al的加入抑制网状渗碳体形成, 细化珠光体 片层间距; 在过冷奥氏体形变过程中, 动态转变经历动态相变和相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动 态再结晶等过程. 在动态相变过程中, 没有形成晶界网状渗碳体, 而直接产生珠光体. Al的加入使动态相变过程中奥氏体的稳定性提高、珠光体转变推迟, 进一步细化了珠光体片层间距. 在相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动态再结晶的过程中, Al阻碍渗碳体粗化, 使渗碳体颗粒和铁素体晶粒尺寸细化.     

强磁场对硅锰铸钢等温珠光体粒化的影响

对硅锰铸钢在相变温度(A1)附近进行等温处理的研究表明,经磁场处理后的试样组织中存在更多的粒状珠光体组织。此粒状珠光体由两部分构成:一部分来自块状铁素体中直接析出粒状的不连续渗碳体;一部分来自等温过程中片状渗碳体的熔断。磁场通过促进铁素体的形核与长大,使较多的碳原子"陷落"在铁素体内以沉淀析出方式形成粒状渗碳体,处理温度越低,此作用越明显。此外,磁场下珠光体组成相磁致伸缩率存在差异,引起珠光体两组成相之间的应变能变化,有利于渗碳体以球状析出于奥氏体或铁素体中,也对粒状珠光体分数的增加作出贡献。     

The influence of lattice strain on pearlite formation in Fe–C

The effect of stress and strain on the transformation kinetics of pearlite is investigated by phase-field simulation. Strain is considered in terms of expansion/contraction during transformation and due to concentration gradients in austenite. It is demonstrated that due to the concentration dependence of the eigenstrain, an inhomogeneous stress distribution ahead of the transformation front enhances diffusion in the austenitic phase and reduces chemical supersaturation in both austenite and ferrite. The main result of the investigation is that transformation strain inhibits the cooperative growth mode of cementite and ferrite, as considered by the Zener–Hillert model, and provokes the salient growth of cementite needles ahead of the ferrite front, which we call “staggered growth”. The predicted growth velocities give the right order of magnitude compared to the experiment and close the gap between theoretical models based on diffusion only, and experimental observations.     

钢中珠光体相变机制的研究进展

简要总结了钢中珠光体相变的机制，特别是珠光体形核的晶体学和长大的动力学。基于形核时的最小形核能和渗碳体与铁素体“合作”生长的要求，珠光体通常在奥氏体晶界形核并只向某一晶粒内生长，因而晶界珠光体与相邻晶粒存在特定取向关系而与生长进入的晶粒无特定取向关系。晶体学研究表明，珠光体形核的领先相与碳浓度及渗碳体与铁素体间的取向关系(分别为Pitsch-Petch、Bagaryatsky或lsaichev)无关。最近的研究发现，具Bl结构的非共格杂质粒子界面是过共析钢中晶内珠光体形核的有效位置，初步的结果表明，晶内珠光体形核的原因在于杂质粒子生长造成的局部区域碳贫化及低能的珠光体，杂质界面取代高能的奥氏体，杂质界面。特定过冷度下的层片间距与正向界面推移速率的关系是珠光体生长动力学的主要问题。基于珠光体与奥氏体间的无序界面假设和稳态扩散方程分别发展了以体扩散控制和以界面扩散控制为主的动力学理论。两种理论均与实验结果符合较好，但后者似更合理。最近的实验在珠光体中发现了生长台阶与结构台阶，表明生长动力学方程需要修正。     

Microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in niobium microalloyed high carbon steels

Effects of microalloyed niobium (Nb) on the austenite decomposition behaviors and microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in the near eutectoid steels were investigated. Compared to the Nb free steel, the Nb microalloyed steel was refined with regard to polygonal ferrite grain, pearlite block and colony sizes. This was because its austenite grain size was smaller. The volume fraction of polygonal ferrite transformed was more in the Nb microalloyed steels, which indicated the eutectoid carbon content exceeded that of pure carbon steel. The spheroidization of pearlite during continuous cooling was enhanced by Nb microalloying, mainly due to a higher critical transformation temperature and the finer pearlite structure with smaller colony size and narrower interlamellar spacing. Hot deformation right above the equilibrium eutectoid temperature accelerated the spheroidization kinetics of pearlite, especially in the Nb microalloyed steel.     

EFFECT OF SILICON ADDITION ON RECRYSTALLIZATION AND PHASE TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF HIGH-STRENGTH HOT-ROLLED TRIP STEEL

Because Si is a noncarbide forming element, a multiphase microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite, and retained austenite, at room temperature, can be formed by controlling the thermomechanical process strictly. The cooling schedules must be restricted by the formation of pearlite and cementite. In the present article, a new integrated mathematical model for prediction of microstructure evolution during controlled rolling and controlled cooling is developed for a typical kind of low carbon Si-Mn TRIP steel, which consists of temperature simulation, recrystallization, and transformation models. The influence of Si contents has been thoroughly investigated. The calculated results indicate that Si retards recrystallization, restrains austenite grain growth as well as accelerates polygonal ferrite transformation.