氢燃料内燃机的发展与前景

综述了国内外氢燃料汽车发动机的发展历程和研究现状,论述了氢燃料汽车发动机不仅在解决日益严峻的能源短缺和大气污染方面具有优势,而且,相对于燃料电池,在成本、技术门槛、市场基础等方面也具有优势,因此有望率先被市场接受.最后指出了氢燃料汽车发动机的发展趋势.     

天然气汽车发展现状及趋势

在能源结构优化、环境污染控制、气候变化约束的驱动下,天然气汽车具有较高的发展潜力。天然气汽车动力源主要有4种形式:压缩天然气(CNG)单一燃料发动机(燃料是天然气或天然气掺氢)、CNG汽油两用燃料发动机、CNG柴油双燃料发动机、液化天然气(LNG)发动机。天然气汽车主要应用于我国交通运输行业营运车辆,主要以CNG汽车、CNG/汽油两用燃料汽车的形式在出租车中应用;以CNG汽车形式在公交车中应用;以LNG汽车形式在重卡中应用。天然气汽车未来应该大力发展LNG重卡;保持CNG公交客车比例,并推动气电混合动力公交的发展;将两用燃料出租车逐步替换为CNG汽车。发展天然气汽车对我国能源结构优化、交通运输节能减排具有重要意义。     

丰田与雅马哈汽车开展合作 共同开发新款氢燃料发动机

<正>2021年11月,川崎重工、斯巴鲁、丰田汽车、马自达汽车和雅马哈汽车共5家公司联合宣布,将致力于开发代用燃料,以实现“碳中和”目标。近期,丰田汽车与雅马哈汽车共同开发了一款排量为5.0 L的V8型发动机。雅马哈汽车方面表示,该款发动机可用作汽车动力装置,并可使用氢燃料。同时,雅马哈汽车已对该款发动机的喷油器、气缸盖及进气歧管等部件进行了优化。优化后,该款氢燃料发动机的最高功率可达326 kW。     

有机液体氢化物贮氢新技术研究Ⅲ.氢燃料汽车的系统分析

对基于甲基环己烷（ＭＣＨ）－甲苯（ＴＯＬ）－氢（Ｈ２）的一对高度可逆反应的贮氢技术进行了较系统的研究，利用考虑随车脱氢环境的ＭＣＨ脱氢实验研究结果，对一种发动机功率为２０ｋＷ的小型氢燃料车进行了初步设计，并对ＭＴＨ贮氢技术进行了系统的能流和物流分析。结果表明，ＭＣＨ随车脱氢供汽车氢燃料在小型汽车上应用是可行的，其贮氢 能效可达０．５９。     

氢燃料发动机的应用

叙述了氢燃料发动机的特点，结构和工作原理，以及氢燃料的储存及燃烧特性。给出了一些氢燃料发动机的排放试验数据，并与使用其它燃料时进行了比较。主要从发动机的新能源和排放污染等方面，探讨推广氢燃料发动机的必要性及其应用可行性。     

燃料重整制氢及其应用方式的比较

燃料重整制氢是一种通过催化剂使得燃料经过化学反应产生氢气的制氢方法,所制取的氢气可以作为质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的原料,也可以直接参与发动机燃烧。本文主要介绍了几种不同燃料重整制氢机理,以及氢气在车用发动机上的应用方式。分析表明,发动机掺氢燃烧可以加速火焰燃烧,缩短燃烧期,改善发动机的性能。同时,还可以起到减少尾气排放的作用。因此,发动机掺氢燃烧是燃料重整的最有效应用方法。     

掺氢汽车的特点

正汽油和氢气的混合燃料可以在稀薄的贫油区工作,能改善整个发动机的燃烧状况。在中国当下城市交通拥挤、汽车发动机多处于部分负荷下运行、采用掺氢汽车尤为有利。特别是     

燃料重整制氢及应用的研究现状和展望

燃料重整制氢是应用催化剂使燃料经过复杂的化学反应生成氢气的制氢方法。本文介绍了氢燃料相对于其他燃料的优缺点及燃料重整制氢的研究现状,论述了混氢燃料发动机相对于传统发动机所具有的优势,指出了重整制氢是未来发动机发展的重要趋势。     

氢燃料发动机性能参数的研究

针对氢作为发动机燃料的优越性以及氢燃料发动机的特点、技术发展趋势进行了简要概括,并在此基础上,结合实验研究,对压缩比、当量比、过量空气系数对氢燃料发动机性能的影响进行了分析研究.     

氢-汽油双燃料发动机油气切换研究

以氢气为汽车代用燃料,以方便性、实用性和可靠性为基本要求,设计出一套氢-汽油双燃料模式发动机电控系统,并对发动机运行中油气转换过程进行了细致研究,提出一套油气转换控制策略。根据ECU发出的指令,可以使发动机分别独立工作在两种燃料模式下,且在发动机不停机的状态下平稳地进行油气切换。     

氢内燃机的改装设计与控制研究

介绍了一款基于奇瑞480发动机改造而成的纯氢内燃机。该机采用氢气进气歧管多点顺序喷射,各缸顺序无分电器点火方式,同时改装了曲轴箱通风阀,加装了电子节气门、电控EGR阀等部件。采用江奎科技发动机电控单元快速开发平台UECU,开发出氢内燃机电控单元。对氢内燃机的控制策略进行了研究,实现了底层软件、应用层软件以及故障诊断软件的模块化;采用K线通讯模式,开发出了氢内燃机的监控与调试软件,对氢内燃机进行性能的标定试验,成功实现了氢内燃机的起动和转速PID控制,同时优化控制参数改善回火与抑制早燃现象。     

Liquid hydrogen fueled automotive vehicles in Germany—status and development

The activities on liquid hydrogen fueled automotive vehicles in the Federal Republic of Germany are summarized. These activities were started in 1979 when the first European liquid hydrogen fueled automotive vehicle was demonstrated by the DFVLR. Subsequent activities such as the Los Alamos National Laboratory-DFVLR joint car project, as well as the continued DFVLR liquid hydrogen automotive vehicle project, improved engine operation and the fuel conditioning system, and enabled liquid hydrogen storage on board. Based on this, two research activities were started between the DFVLR and two major German automobile manufacturers. In a cooperation between the Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (BMW) and the DFVLR, a BMW 745i limousine was converted to hydrogen operation. A unique property of this vehicle is represented by the digital electronic system (MOTRONIC) using microprocessors in mixture control, spark advance and engine monitoring. This system was adapted for hydrogen and enables convenient dual fuel operation, i.e. either gasoline or hydrogen. Data are reported on testing of the turbocharged 3.5 l 745i engine operated on external mixture formation by timed individual port injection of ambient temperature hydrogen.     

Thermodynamic analysis and assessment of an integrated hydrogen fuel cell system for ships

In this thermodynamic investigation, an integrated energy system based on hydrogen fuel is developed and studied energetically and exergetically. The liquefied hydrogen fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based system is then integrated with a steam producing cycle to supply electricity and potable water to ships. The first heat recovery system, after the fuel cells provide thrust for the ship, is by means of a turbine while the second heat recovery system drives the ship's refrigeration cycle. This study includes energy and exergy performance evaluations of SOFC, refrigeration cycle and ship thrust engine systems. Furthermore, the effectiveness of SOFCs and a hydrogen fueled engine in reducing greenhouse gas emissions are assessed parametrically through a case study. The main propulsion, power generation from the solid oxide fuel cells, absorption chiller, and steam bottoming cycle systems together have the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of 41.53% and 37.13%, respectively.     

The utilization of hydrogen in hydrogen/diesel dual fuel engine

A hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine has great advantages on exhaust emissions including carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission in comparison with a conventional engine fueling fossil fuel. In addition, if it is compared with a hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen engine has some advantages on price, power density, and required purity of hydrogen. Therefore, they expect that hydrogen will be utilized for several applications, especially for a combined heat and power (CHP) system which currently uses diesel or natural gas as a fuel.A final goal of this study is to develop combustion technologies of hydrogen in an internal combustion engine with high efficiency and clean emission. This study especially focuses on a diesel dual fuel (DDF) combustion technology. The DDF combustion technology uses two different fuels. One of them is diesel fuel, and the other one is hydrogen in this study. Because the DDF engine is not customized for hydrogen which has significant flammability, it is concerned that serious problems occur in the hydrogen DDF engine such as abnormal combustion, worse emission and thermal efficiency.In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine is used with gas injectors at an intake port to evaluate performance swung the hydrogen DDF engine with changing conditions of amount of hydrogen injected, engine speed, and engine loads. The engine experiments show that the hydrogen DDF operation could achieve higher thermal efficiency than a conventional diesel operation at relatively high engine load conditions. However, it is also shown that pre-ignition with relatively high input energy fraction of hydrogen occurred before diesel fuel injection and its ignition. Therefore, such abnormal combustion limited amount of hydrogen injected. Fire-deck temperature was measured to investigate causal relationship between fire-deck temperature and occurrence of pre-ignition with changing operative conditions of the hydrogen DDF engine.     

Influence of hydrogen co-combustion with diesel fuel on performance,smoke and combustion phases in the compression ignition engine

The main objective of this study was to examine impact of hydrogen addition to the compression ignition engine fueled with either rapeseed methyl ester (RME) or 7% RME blended diesel fuel (RME7) on combustion phases and ignition delay as well as smoke and exhaust toxic emissions. Literature review shows in general, hydrogen in those cases is used in small amounts below lower flammability limits. Novelty of this work is in applying hydrogen at amounts up to 44% by energy as secondary fuel to the compression ignition engine. Results from experiments show that increase of hydrogen into the engine makes ignition delay shortened that also affects main combustion phase. In all tests the trends of exhaust HC and CO toxic emissions vs. hydrogen addition were negative. The trend of smokiness decreased steadily with increase of hydrogen. Amounts of hydrogen addition by energy share were limited to nearly 35% due to combustion knock occurring at nominal load.     

机车柴油机燃用重柴油的可行性研究

低质燃油在柴油机上的应用,由于经济效益十分明显,而受到国内、外的重视。围绕重柴油的特性讨论了其在机车柴油机上燃用的难点及对策。指出只要进行严格的粘度控制,并对燃油喷射系统进行相应的改进,在机车柴油机上燃用重柴油是完全可行的。     

Energy,exergy, environmental and sustainability assessments of jet and hydrogen fueled military turbojet engine

In this study, energy, exergy, environmental and sustainability assessments of jet and hydrogen (H₂) fueled J79-GE-17 turbojet engine are done. The results are compared for hydrogen and JP-8 fueled modes. It is found that aviation performance metrics are better for hydrogen utilization mode. By using hydrogen fuel instead of JP-8 fuel; the specific thrust and power rates reduce 1.037%, the specific fuel consumption decreases 63.987% the energy efficiency of the turbojet engine reduces from 30.293% to 29.979%, the exergy efficiency of the combustion chamber component increases 10.581%, and the turbojet engine exergy efficiency rises from 28.54% to 30.73%. The sustainability of the hydrogen fuel utilization for the J79-GE-17 turbojet engine is higher than JP-8 fuel utilization mode. The hydrogen utilization decreases the emission index as 73.36% and the environmental impact as 99.05% comparing to JP-8 usage mode. As a result, hydrogen fuel utilization in this engine is a better choice for emissions and environment, while it can be used as effective as JP-8 fuel.     

柴油机燃用乳化油并在进气道喷乙醇的节油研究

利用柴油机排气能量加热乙醇,将乙醇喷入柴油机进气道,并结合乳化油的燃烧技术,进行了柴油机台架实验,实现了柴油机运行中较大幅度的节油,最大节油率约为10％．单就柴油而言,其消耗可减少约16％．乙醇热解产生氢气和燃用乳化油这两种因素的共同作用是产生良好节油效果的原因．     

增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

通过对比实验研究了增压柴油机燃烧生物柴油和普通柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放特性的影响,研究结果表明：对于实验发动机,在对喷油泵不做任何调整时,直接燃烧生物柴油对柴油机动力性的影响小于5％;无论在全负荷还是在部分负荷工况下,燃用生物柴油均能大幅度降低柴油机的排气可见污染物、PT、CO和HC排放,但会引起NOx排放量的上升,通过适当推迟喷油提前角能明显降低燃用生物柴油时发动机的COx排放,同时还能保留排气可见污染物低、PT、CO和HC排放低的优点,但对发动机动力性的影响却不大,研究表明生物柴油是理想的可再生清洁燃料。