基于工作流模板的Web服务组合模型研究

服务组合是Web服务应用的一个重要研究方向,利用工作流与服务组合的相似性,提出了一种基于工作流模板的Web服务组合模型;该模型利用功能语义在服务匹配上的优点,对流程、服务进行较为准确的查询;并通过Agent技术来执行组合方案;最后结合服务发布算法,将组合后的服务和流程发布在注册库中.     

Understanding Web services

Web services are a new breed of Web applications. These independent application components are published on to the Web in such a way that other Web applications can find and use them. They take the Web to its next stage of evolution, in which software components can discover other software components and conduct business transactions. Examples of Web services include a credit card service that processes credit card transactions for a given account number, a market data service that provides stock market data associated with a specified stock symbol, and an airline service that provides flight schedule, availability, and reservation functionalities. Major vendors like IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Sun, among others, are investing heavily in Web services technology. Ranging from simple to complex, Web services bring the promise of flexible, open-standards-based, distributed computing to the Internet     

基于主体的语义Web服务自动组合研究

语义Web服务要解决的一个主要问题就是如何实现服务组合自动化.主体技术因其智能性、自主性等特点在解决语义Web服务组合问题中具有较大优势.通过分析语义Web服务组合研究现状,分析主体、语义Web与Web服务的紧密关系,论证了基于主体的语义Web服务的可行性并描述了基于多主体的Web服务组合平台架构.介绍了基于主体技术的语义Web服务组合技术,将服务组合看成是一个多主体环境下的规划问题,给出语义Web服务作为主体动作子类的形式化定义,并针对服务组合问题增加限定条件,定义服务之间的5种关系,试图从逻辑角度,以描述逻辑为基本工具,突出服务的动态性与交互性.最后利用主体的目标规划以及基于描述逻辑的有效推理,给出了服务的自动组合算法.     

一种轻量级Web服务组合研究与应用

Web服务作为一种新兴的Web应用模式受到了软件工程领域的广泛关注，其提供了一个解决异构平台上的应用之间连接、集成和互操作的技术框架。Web服务组合是将多个服务组合成一个能完成复杂商业任务的技术。该文给出了一种基于SOAP/WSDL的轻量级Web服务组合构架，用其解决了三峡—葛洲坝水利枢纽通航调度项目中异构平台上的数据和应用的整合与共享问题。     

A mobile-based solution for supporting end-users in the composition of services

Currently, technologies and applications evolve to create eco-systems made up of a myriad of heterogeneous and distributed services that are accessible anytime and anywhere. Even though these services can be used individually, it is their coordinated and combined usage what provide an added value to end-users. In addition, user’s wide adoption of mobile devices for daily activities have fostered a shift in the role played by end-users towards Internet data and services. However, existing solutions to service composition are not targeted to ordinary end-users. More easy-to-use tools have to be offered to end-users to make sure that they are successfully accepted and used by them. To this end, the work presented in this paper supports end-users in the creation of service compositions by using mobile devices. We present a Domain Specific Visual Language (DSVL) for end-users that allows them to create service compositions. A tool specifically designed for mobile devices supports this DSVL.     

Dynamic and Personalized Web Services Composition in E-Business

Building composite Web services can save significant time and cost for developing new applications and enhancing the interoperability and collaboration among E-business partners. This article proposes a framework for dynamic and personalized composition of Web services using an approach that integrates not only functional attributes of Web services, but also nonfunctional attributes such as service requirements, quality of service, and the preferences and constraints of individual service consumers. A prototype system based on the proposed framework and some implementation details are also presented.     

一种利用云环境实现Web服务组合容错的方法

随着Web服务迅猛发展,基于SOA的服务组合容错性研究成为了业界关注的焦点.服务组合中组件的失效,会导致整个组合执行失败,而资源不足、服务器负载过重是引发组件失效的主要原因之一.云计算作为一种新的计算泛型,其资源整合、动态分配的特点为解决传统SOA下因资源受限而引发的失效提供了新的容错思路.FTEL层将中间件技术应用到服务组合容错上,借助云环境完成服务替换,对传统SOA下较难解决的由于资源问题引起的组件失效进行了容错.     

A dual-layered model for web services representation and composition

Nowadays more and more companies and organizations implement their business services in the Internet due to the tremendous progress made recently in the field of Web services. It becomes possible to publish, locate and invoke applications across the Web. Thus, the ability to select efficiently and integrate at runtime services located in different sites on the Web is an important issue. In some situations, if no single Web service can satisfy the request of the user, there should be a possibility to combine existing services together in order to meet the user’s request. This paper provides a dual-layered model for web services, where the first model layer captures the high-level functional specifications (namely goals, achievement contexts, and external behaviours), and the second model layer captures the low-level functional specifications (namely interfaces). This model allows the service composition process to be performed on both high-level and low-level specifications. We also introduce the composition operators (both high-level and low-level) to allow composition of virtual services.     

基于与或图的Web服务组合的研究

现在Web服务技术的应用变得更为普及。单个Web服务只提供有限的功能,难以满足实际应用的需要。Web服务组合已经成为Web服务应用中一个非常重要的研究方面。本文提出了一种基于与或图的Web服务组合方法,该方法通过对已经访问过的服务进行标记,以服务代价作为在与或图中进行搜索的依据,缩小了搜索空间,能够快速找到一种代价很小的服务组合方法。仿真实验表明,该方法提高了Web服务组合的效率和成功率。     

基于SOA架构的Web服务组合系统

应用SOA架构是构建松散耦合Web服务组合系统的一个有效途径.本文在深入研究Web服务组合系统一般工作流程的基础上,提出了一种基于SOA架构和分层协议栈机制构建Web服务组合系统的方法,给出了服务分层模型和分层协议栈,设计并实现了一个基于SOA架构的松耦合原型系统来实现Web服务组合,可为Web服务组合的研究和企业应用提供灵活的实验及应用开发平台.     

基于Petri网的Web服务组合与分析

Web服务为互联网提供了一种新的应用环境。然而,Web服务还有许多需要进一步研究的问题。Web服务的组合及其验证就是需要深入研究的问题。本文针对通用构件描述语言（UCDL）提出一种Petri网模拟和验证方法,即对于Web服务的元活动和构件,提出相应的Petri网模型和建模方法。在此基础上进一步研究了Web服务系统Petri网的语言表达式生成算法,从而为Web服务系统的验证分析提供了有效工具。     

Synthy: A system for end to end composition of web services

The demand for quickly delivering new applications is increasingly becoming a business imperative today. However, application development is often done in an ad hoc manner resulting in poor reuse of software assets and longer time-to-delivery. Web services have received much interest due to their potential in facilitating seamless business-to-business or enterprise application integration. A web service composition system can help automate the process, from specifying business process functionalities, to developing executable workflows that capture non-functional (e.g. Quality of Service (QoS)) requirements, to deploying them on a runtime infrastructure. Intuitively, web services can be viewed as software components and the process of web service composition similar to software synthesis. In addition, service composition needs to address the build-time and runtime issues of the integrated application, thereby making it a more challenging and practical problem than software synthesis. However, current solutions based on business web services (using WSDL, BPEL, SOAP, etc.) or semantic web services (using ontologies, goal-directed reasoning, etc.) are both piecemeal and insufficient. We formulate the web service composition problem and describe the first integrated system for composing web services end to end, i.e., from specification to deployment. The proposed solution is based on a novel two-staged composition approach that addresses the information modeling aspects of web services, provides support for contextual information while composing services, employs efficient decoupling of functional and non-functional requirements, and leads to improved scalability and failure handling. We also present Synthy, a prototype of the service composition system, and demonstrate its effectiveness with the help of an application scenario from the telecom domain.     

一种基于体系结构的Web服务组合描述方法

Web服务组合能够快速开发复杂的Web服务,以促进Web服务的增值。在分析并比较现有的Web服务组合方法的基础上,提出了一种形式化和工业化方法相结合的Web服务组合描述方法。针对Web服务及其组合的特点,研究了基于体系结构的Web服务组合描述方法,采用扩展的XYZ／ADL定义Web服务及描述其交互的连接件,最后结合一个实例描述Web服务组合的工作方式。     

DynaGrid: A dynamic service deployment and resource migration framework for WSRF-compliant applications

Large-scale Grid is a computing environment composed of Internet-wide distributed resources shared by a number of applications. Although WSRF and Java-based hosting environment can successfully deal with the heterogeneity of resources and the diversity of applications, the current Grid systems have several limitations to support the dynamic nature of large-scale Grid.This paper proposes DynaGrid, a new framework for building large-scale Grid for WSRF-compliant applications. Compared to the existing Grid systems, DynaGrid provides three new mechanisms: dynamic service deployment, resource migration, and transparent request dispatching. Two core components, ServiceDoor and dynamic service launcher (DSL), have been implemented as WSRF-compliant Web services to realize DynaGrid, which are applicable to any Java-based WSRF hosting environment. We construct a real testbed with DynaGrid on the Globus Toolkit 4 and evaluate the effectiveness of our framework using two practical applications. The evaluation results show that dynamic service deployment and resource migration in DynaGrid bring many advantages to large-scale Grid in terms of performance and reliability with minimal overhead.     

Web服务合成研究综述

Web服务的发展将Web应用从信息交互领域扩展到了服务交互领域。Web服务诸多的特性使得它非常适合于商务应用集成，因此工业界和学术界都希望能够通过合成多个Web服务从而获得增值的新服务。在服务合成的过程中，不仅需要语义清晰的服务描述语言和直观的建模方法，并且应该能够动态地发现构件服务，顺利地执行复合服务以及对其进行事务处理。此外对Web服务合成的分析评估也将有助于理解复合服务中每一项活动的行为，从而促使不断改进服务合成技术。     

描述语义Web服务的带类型的OWL-S

语义Web服务利用语义Web中的语义标注技术使得Web服务可以被计算机所理解,从而实现Web服务的发现、调用、组合等的自动化。分析了目前语义Web服务的研究现状和存在的问题,从类型标注的角度出发,用一种带类型的OWL-S来形式化语义Web服务,并且形式地陈述了标注两个被组合的服务的属性和关系的类型、对象、本体概念之间的联系,从而为服务组合提供了一种形式化的验证方法。     

Semantic web service composition testbed

A huge amount of web services are deployed on the Web, nowadays. These services can be used to fulfill online requests. Requests are getting more and more complicated over time. So, there exists a lot of frequent request that cannot be fulfilled using just one web service. For using web services, composing individual services to create the added-value composite web service to fulfill the user request is necessary in most cases. Web services can be composed manually but it is a too tedious and time consuming task. The ability of automatic web service composition to create a new composite web service is one of the key enabling features for the future for the semantic web. There are some successful methods for automatic web service composition, but the lack of standard, open, and lightweight test environment makes the comparison and evaluation of these composition methods impossible. In this paper we propose an architecture for a light weight and scalable testbed to execute, test and evaluate automatic web service composition algorithms. The architecture provides mandatory components for implementing and evaluation of automatic web service composition algorithms. Also, this architecture provides some extension mechanisms to extend its default functionalities. We have also given reference implementations for web service matchmaking and composition. Also, some scenarios for testing and evaluating the testbed are given. We have found that the performance of the composition method will dramatically decrease as the number of web services increases.     

End-User Development of Mashups with NaturalMash

Context: The emergence of the long-tail in the market of software applications is shifting the role of end-users from mere consumers to becoming developers of applications addressing their unique, personal, and transient needs. On the Web, a popular form of such applications is called mashup, built out of the lightweight composition of Web APIs (reusable software components delivered as a service through the Web). To enable end-users to build mashups, there is a key problem that must be overcome: End-users lack programming knowledge as well as the interest to learn how to master the complex set of Web technologies required to develop mashups. End-User Development (EUD) is an emerging research field dealing with this type of problems. Its main goal is to design tools and techniques facilitating the development of software applications by non-programmers.Objective: The paper describes the design and evaluation of NaturalMash, an innovative EUD tool for mashups (a mashup tool). NaturalMash aims at enabling non-professional users without any knowledge of programming languages and skills to create feature-rich, interactive, and useful mashups.Methods: The design of NaturalMash adopts a formative evaluation approach, and has completed three design and evaluation iterations. The formative evaluations utilize usability testing, think aloud protocol, questionnaires, observation, and unstructured interviews. Additionally, we compare the expressive power of naturalmash with the state-of-the-art mashup tools.Results: The results from the formative evaluations helped us identify important usability problems. From an assessment point of view, the results were promising and sggested that the proposed tool has a short and gentle learning curve in a way that even non-programmers are able to rapidly build useful mashups. Also, the comparative evaluation results showed that NaturalMash offers a competitive level of expressive power compared with existing mashup tools targeting non-programmers.Conclusion: As the evaluation results indicate, NaturalMash provides a high level of expressive power while it is still highly usable by non-programmers. These suggest that we have successfully achieved the objective of the proposed tool, distinguishing it from existing mashup tools that are either too limited or highly specialized for non-professional users.