氧化镍超电容器及氧化镍表面"准电容"现象的研究

使用传统的水解方法制备了氢氧化镍胶体，在300℃下进行烧结处理后得到具有特殊材料微结构以及表面特性的超细氧化镍材料，电化学方法证明该材料制备的电极具有典型的电容性能，“准电容”比容量达到240F／g以上，优于普通的双电层电容器活性炭电容材料比容量，首次提出了电容器的正负极采用不同材料的新技术，有效地解决了电容器工作电位范围相对较窄的不足，并且明显的改善了电容器的大功率放电特性，是一种极具有发展潜力的储能器件。还采用多种研究方法合理的解释了氧化镍材料表面“准电容”现象。     

一种新型高比电容多孔氧化镍纳米片的制备

通过简单的两步方法合成了一种新型结构的多孔氧化镍(NiO)纳米片,分别利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨/投射电子显微镜(HR/TEM)对其晶体结构、形貌进行了表征,结果发现制备的NiO纳米片尺寸大约500nm,孔径大约30nm。此外,还对多孔NiO纳米片进行了电容性能测试,结果显示其比电容达到了326F/g,表明该多孔NiO纳米片具有较高的电容性能和潜在的应用价值。     

柠檬酸盐凝胶法制备纳米氧化镍的研究

优化了柠檬酸盐凝胶法制备纳米氧化镍粉体的工艺条件.采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热分析(TG/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和BET法对柠檬酸镍络合物的形成,凝胶热分解过程,产物的形貌、粒径和比表面积大小以及同材料配比、热处理温度、热处理时间之间的关系进行了研究,确定了制备纳米氧化镍的最佳工艺条件(柠檬酸与镍离子摩尔比1.2:1.0,400℃热处理1h),并在此条件下成功制备了粒径达30nm,比表面积达181.29m²/g的NiO粉体.通过热力学计算,解释了在凝胶热分解过程中金属镍相出现的可能原因.     

新型氧化镍超电容器电极材料的研究

使用传统的水解方法制备了氢氧化镍胶体,在300℃下进行热处理后得到具有特殊材料微结构以及表面特性的超细氧化镍材料,电化学方法证明该材料制备的电极具有典型的电容性能,“准电容”比容量达到240F／g以上,优于普通的双电层电容器活性炭电容材料比容量。本文首次提出了电容器的正负极采用不同材料的新技术,有效的解决了电容器工作电位范围相对较窄的不足,并且明显的改善了电容器的大功率放电特性,是一种极具有发展潜力的储能器件。     

纳米氧化镍的制备及超级电容性能研究

以NiSO4·6H2O和NaOH为原料,采用常温合成-水热改性-中温焙烧工艺制备了分散性好、平均粒径约为40nm的规则六角片状形貌的氧化镍电极材料.利用循环伏安和恒流充放电对氧化镍制备的电极的电容性能进行了研究,结果表明,NiO电极在KOH电解液中具有良好的超电容特性和循环寿命,在充放电电流为20mA时,NiO电极的比容量达到252F/g.     

利用少量氧化镍负载提高活性炭比电容

为提高活性炭电极材料的比电容,本实验采用低浓度碱式碳酸镍溶液对活性炭进行氧化镍表面负载,利用碱式碳酸镍的热解特性,在引入赝电容的同时,减小负载对活性炭原有孔隙结构的影响,从而在引入赝电容的同时较好地保留活性炭的双电层电容.本实验还研究了不同数量氧化镍负载对活性炭孔结构和电化学性能的影响.实验结果表明:氧化镍负载改性后,活性炭在较好保留了原有孔隙结构的基础上,还在孔结构表面均匀负载了大量的纳米级氧化镍,改性后活性炭电极材料引入了赝电容,活性炭的比电容性能得到明显改善,且随着氧化镍负载数量的增多,活性炭比电容性能逐渐提高.     

均匀沉淀法制备纳米氧化镍的正交实验研究

以Ni(NO3)2·6H2O和CO(NH2)2为原料,采用均匀沉淀法制备了纳米氧化镍(NiO).同时,利用正交实验探讨了不同工艺参数对合成纳米NiO的影响,并得出了最佳工艺条件.实验得出的最优工艺参数为:反应温度115℃,尿素对镍盐的物质的量之比为4:1,反应时间2.5h.产品分析表明,最佳工艺条件下所制备的纳米NiO呈球形,分散性良好,纯度较高,属立方晶系结构,平均粒径约为8nm.     

沉淀法制备氧化镍纳米晶

以Ni(NO3)2和(NH2)2CO3为原料,在水溶液中反应得Ni2(OH)2CO3前驱体,前驱体经400℃热解可得平均粒径为20．3nm无团聚的纳米NiO粉体。经XRD分析可知无Ni、Ni2O3等衍射峰存在,同时将实验结果与乙醇溶液中草酸盐沉淀法及水溶液中NH2HCO3作沉淀剂所得产物进行了比较,并分析了水溶液中(NH2)2CO3沉淀法的优点。     

NiO纳米晶的制备及结构研究

采用溶胶-凝胶（sol-gel）技术制备氧化镍粉体，考察烧结条件对NiO粉体的组成、结构和形貌的影响。研究结果表明，以醋酸镍、柠檬酸和水为原料在一定温度下合成了稳定的溶胶和凝胶，凝胶在400℃左右基本分解完全，逐渐形成NiO纳米晶，随着烧结温度的升高，纳米NiO晶粒尺寸逐渐增大，晶型趋于完整且晶粒大小分布均匀。600℃烧结2h获得NiO粉体的颗粒尺寸52nm，晶型较好且无杂相存在，有望成为高性能锂离子电池的阳极材料。     

碳纳米管表面沉积氧化镍及其超电容器的电化学行为

通过催化裂解法制备了碳纳米管并进一步制备了碳纳米管薄膜电极.基于该种材料的超电容器电极比容量达到36F/g.研究了在碳纳米管薄膜基体上使用电化学方法沉积氧化镍的新工艺,制备出碳纳米管和氧化镍的复合电极.电化学测试证明复合电极的比容量提高到52F/g以上且基于这种复合电极的超电容器具有极低的自放电率.     

新型超级电容器电极材料

超级电容器以其高功率、长周期使用寿命、环保等独特性能受到人们的广泛关注。决定超级电容器电荷存储的最关键因素是电极材料的特性。首先简要介绍了电容器的电荷储存机理。其次详细介绍了金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)、共价有机骨架材料(COFs)、二维过渡金属碳(氮)化物(MXenes)、金属氮化物(MN)、黑磷(BP)和有机分子电极材料等有望获得高能量密度和功率密度的新兴电极材料,以及最新制作的对称/非对称超级电容器的能量、电容、功率、循环性能和倍率性等参数。研究表明,COFs有望成为新一代廉价、绿色、可持续、多功能的储能装置的有机电极候选材料,其电化学性能仍有很大的提高空间。重点介绍了MOFs、COFs、MN、BP及近年来新型有机电极材料在超级电容器中的应用。最后,对超级电容器未来的发展和关键技术的挑战进行了展望。     

Porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications

Graphene paper shows a great promise for the electrical energy storage. However, the high stability, purity and specific surface area have become stringent requirements for supercapacitor applications. Finding methods to tackle these problems is rather challenging. Here, we develop a facile method to prepare porous graphene papers with a thickness 0.5 mm by a thermal shock to the layer-structure graphene paper self-assembled on Cu foil under nitrogen flowing. The as-prepared porous graphene paper exhibits a large specific capacitance of 100 F g~(-1)at the scan rate of 100 m V s~(-1)with high stability and purity without any residual chemical reagents, showing a promising potential for supercapacitor applications. The high electrochemical properties are mainly attributed to the high-specific area and the improved conductivity of the porous graphene paper performed by the multieffect of reducing, cleaving and expanding to the layer-structure graphene paper by high-energy thermal heating during the thermal shock process. This work paves a pathway to the facile preparation of porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications.     

Dioxythiophene-based polymer electrodes for supercapacitor modules

We report on the electrochemical and capacitive behaviors of poly(2,2-dimethyl-3,4-propylene-dioxythipohene) (PProDOT-Me2) films as polymeric electrodes in Type I electrochemical supercapacitors. The supercapacitor device displays robust capacitive charging/discharging behaviors with specific capacitance of 55 F/g, based on 60 μg of PProDOT-Me2 per electrode, that retains over 85% of its storage capacity after 32?000 redox cycles at 78% depth of discharge. Moreover, an appreciable average energy density of 6 Wh/kg has been calculated for the device, along with well-behaved and rapid capacitive responses to 1.0 V between 5 to 500 mV s(-1). Tandem electrochemical supercapacitors were assembled in series, in parallel, and in combinations of the two to widen the operating voltage window and to increase the capacitive currents. Four supercapacitors coupled in series exhibited a 4.0 V charging/discharging window, whereas assembly in parallel displayed a 4-fold increase in capacitance. Combinations of both serial and parallel assembly with six supercapacitors resulted in the extension of voltage to 3 V and a 2-fold increase in capacitive currents. Utilization of bipolar electrodes facilitated the encapsulation of tandem supercapacitors as individual, flexible, and lightweight supercapacitor modules.     

Nano-sized Ni-doped carbon aerogel for supercapacitor

Carbon aerogel was prepared by polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde using sodium carbonate as a catalyst in ambient conditions. Nano-sized Ni-doped carbon aerogel was then prepared by a precipitation method in an ethanol solvent. In order to elucidate the effect of nickel content on electrochemical properties, Ni-doped carbon aerogels (21, 35, 60, and 82 wt%) were prepared and their performance for supercapacitor electrode was investigated. Electrochemical properties of Ni-doped carbon aerogel electrodes were measured by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 10 mV/sec and charge/discharge test at constant current of 1 A/g in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Among the samples prepared, 35 wt% Ni-doped carbon aerogel (Ni/CA-35) showed the highest capacitance (110 F/g) and excellent charge/discharge behavior. The enhanced capacitance of Ni-doped carbon aerogel was attributed to the faradaic redox reactions of nano-sized nickel oxide. Moreover, Ni-doped carbon aerogel exhibited quite stable cyclability, indicating long-term electrochemical stability.     

Single-atom Zn for boosting supercapacitor performance

Single-atom metal-incorporated carbon nanomaterials(CMs)have shown great potential towards broad catalytic applications.In this work,we show that N-doped porous...     

Characteristics of thin nitrided oxides prepared by an in-situ process

In this paper a new method of depositing silicon nitrided oxide by an in-situ process is introduced. Thin nitrided-oxide (NO) films were deposited on silicon by rapid thermal oxidation and rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition (RTCVD). Thin oxide films, 10.0 nm, were rapidly thermally grown in a dry oxygen ambient at 1000 °C and the silicon-nitride films were deposited on the oxide at 700–900 °C using an NH₃ and SiH₄ gaseous mixture. The effect of the NH₃/SiH₄ input ratio and the deposition temperature on the deposition rate and the electrical properties was studied. The experimental results show that the deposition rate increased with increasing deposition temperature and decreasing NH₃/SiH₄ input ratio. From the data for the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the C-V curves of the NO films, it was observed that the flat-band voltage is directly related to the N-H-bond peak intensity. The flat-band voltage shifts to the positive with increasing deposition temperature and to the negative with increasing NH₃/SiH₄ input ratio, and the breakdown field of NO films is higher than that of the RTP oxidation (RTO) films.     

Nitrogen-doping hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets for supercapacitor

Two-dimensional (2D) porous carbon nanosheets attract great attention because of their thin sheet-like morphology, abundant pores and high specific surface area, and their potential applicability in many fields including adsorption, oxygen reduction reaction, organic transistor and energy storage. Herein, a feasible method, named self-templating, to prepare 2D nitrogen-doping hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets (N-HPCNs) with prominent performances as supercapacitor electrode is reported. During the process of preparation, the inexpensive and easily available MgO rods are treated in water to form Mg(OH)₂ nanosheets further using as templates and then nitrogen contained resorcinol–formaldehyde resin oligomers as carbon and nitrogen precursor co-condense onto the templates by electrostatic interaction. The obtained N-HPCNs with large specific surface area, hierarchical pores and unique interconnected sheet-like structure are the potential candidates for high energy storage devices. As an active electrode material for electrochemical double-layer capacitors, N-HPCNs exhibit a capacitance of 201 F g^?1 at current density of 1 A g^?1 and high specific capacitance (78.1% retention of initial capacitance even at 10 A g^?1), with excellent cycling life stability (3.5% loss after 5000 cycles).     

超级电容器用石墨烯极片的制备和性能

以石墨粉为原料,通过简便的氧化还原法制备了石墨烯。将石墨烯极片在有机电解液体系中组装成超级电容器。利用XRD、SEM对制备的石墨烯电极进行物相和形貌分析。采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗对所制备超级电容器的电容性能进行了研究。结果表明,石墨烯电极超级电容器比天然石墨制备的超级电容器的比电容有了明显的提高;在电流密度为200mA/g,电压区间为1.25~2.5V下循环888次后比电容保持在45.5F/g,容量保持率在85.5%,表明石墨烯材料制备的电容器具有较好的充放电循环性能。     

炭气凝胶为电极的超级电容器的研究

采用低分子线性酚醛树脂-糠醛为原料通过溶液．溶胶-凝胶途径成功合成了炭气凝胶．探讨了结构对电化学性能的影响。采用直流循环法测定炭气凝胶为电极的超级电容器的电化学性能,结果表明,炭气凝胶电极在0．5mA充放电时电极的比电容为121F／g．充放电效率为95％．具有性能稳定、充放电效率高等优良性能。     

Nanostructured SnS/carbon composite for supercapacitor

Net-like nanostructured SnS/carbon composite was prepared by heating mixture of SnS nanoparticles and resorcinol-formaldehyde sol at 650 °C. The morphology and structure of prepared SnS and SnS/carbon composite were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical investigation indicated that SnS/carbon composite presented superior electrochemical performances than pristine SnS. SnS/carbon composite had better capacitive response in cyclic voltammetry and could deliver larger specific capacitance of 36.16 F/g in galvanostatical charge-discharge process. Net-like structure of SnS/carbon composite and good conductivity of carbon were considered to be responsible for its preferable electrochemical performances.