建筑物表面氡析出率的直接探测技术

本文描述了一种建筑物表面氡析出率的直接探测技术。将装有一定量的活性炭盒直接扣于建筑物表面,收集所扣面积上析出的氡,累积一定时间后,在γ谱仪上测量氡子体特征峰以确定累积的氡量,从而求出累积期间平均氡析出率。此方法的累积3天最小可探测下限为1.2mBq·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其优点是采样与测量系统分开,操作简单,成本低,灵敏度高,适于较大范围氡析出的调查与研究。     

利用驻极体提高测氡灵敏度的研究

铀矿井、某些非铀矿井和室内外的氡监测以及铀尾矿堆和建筑材料氡析出率的测量,是职业和环境辐射卫生评价的重要内容。利用驻极体在被动采样小室内产生收集氡子体的静电场,极大地提高了氡监测的灵敏度,测氡暴露量的探测下限为6.4Bq/m~3·h~(-1),采样周期为2d时,测氡浓度的探测下限为0.13Bq/m~3,采样周期为1h时测氡析出率的探测下限为0.55mBq/m~2·s。     

用径迹探测器在斯威士兰进行的室内和土壤氡测量

固体核径迹探测器越来越多地应用于不同条件下土壤和室内的累积氡浓度测量。CR-39在探测氡及其子体衰变的α粒子方面是十分有用的。在由斯威士兰大学资助的项目中,完成了室内和土壤中氡的测量。本次测量的结果是由67个土壤测量和77个室内测量获得的。室内氧浓度变化为21～180Bq·m~(-3),1m深处的土壤气中氡浓度变化为2～8kBq·m~(-3)。室内氡浓度的算术平均值为73Bq·m~(-3),几何平均值为63Bq·m~(-3);土壤气中氡浓度的算术平均值为4kBq·m~(-3)。获得了室内氡浓度与土壤气中氡浓度的正相关关系。     

我国部分地区空气中氡及其子体α潜能浓度调查研究（1983—1990）

本文报道1983—1990年由国家环境保护局组织的我国部分地区空气中氡及其子体α潜能浓度调查(试点)的方法和初步结果。全国15省选择21个城市以及部分特殊地点(包括部分煤渣砖房、人防工程地下室、海滨、水面和溶洞等)开展了此项调查。调查采用瞬时测量(有双滤膜法、闪烁法、气球法、活性炭吸附解析法)和累积测量(固体经迹蚀刻法)两种方法。考虑到长时间的平均浓度对评价氡吸入危害更有意义,并注意到我国北方农村特殊居室——窑洞和某些高寒城市肺癌发病率可能较高的情况,在调查后期,还组织了专门力量,用固体经迹探测器 CSR,对延安窑洞和哈尔滨居民室内氡浓度进行了测量。调查中室外测点尽量与大气常规监测同位,室内测点注意选取不同的建筑物类型。调查结果表明:(1)这些城市室外平均氡浓度均值范围为(3.3-40.8)Bq·m~(-3)子体α潜能浓度均值范围为(1.54—11.4)×10~(-8)J·m~(-3);(2)室内平均氡浓度范围为(7.5—170.8)Bq·m~(-3),子体α潜能浓度均值范围为(3.0—45.5)×10~(-8)J·m~(-3);(3)在武汉东湖、浙江千岛湖和辽宁大伙房水库三个水面,氡浓度均值分别为4.63、5.50和2.2 Bq·m~(-3),氡子体的等效平衡氡浓度均值分别为3.20、3.62和0.88 Bq·m~(-3),氡子体对水面上方空气吸收剂量率的贡献,分别为1.0、1     

奥西耶克室内氡剂量评价

经过10年对3个不同测点氡季节性变化的调查,以及对幼儿园、学校、防空掩蔽所和地窖氡浓度的测量后,对奥西耶克(东克罗地亚,130 000户居民)的住宅(住宅建筑)进行了系统的室内氡测量。用LR-115固态核径迹探测器在城镇48个测点上测量了室内氡,给出的算术平均值为71.6Bq·m~(-3),标准偏差为44.0Bq·m~(-3)和几何平均值为60.1Bq·m~(-3),其氡浓度范围从22.7到185.6Bq·m~(-3)由Radhome硅探测器进行的氡测量差异并不大。氡浓度的经验频率分布(分组宽度20Bq·m~(-3))与x~2检验示出的理论对数正态分布相一致。氡图指出了由地质土壤构造造成的氡浓度较高的区域(该城镇的中部)。上述提及住宅中氡及其子体的平均平衡因子为0.44。有些氡模型的有效剂量当量估计数接近2mSy·a~(-1)。     

石家庄市室内氡及其子体浓度

本文报道了用双滤膜法对石家庄市室内空气中氡及其子体浓度的调查结果。47个房间室内氡年平均浓度为17.0Bq·m~(-3),氡子体平均浓度是7.14Bq·m~(-3)。氡及其子体浓度的日变化是清晨4—8时出现峰值。季节变化是夏秋季低,冬季高,全年的最低值出现在8月,最高值出现在11月。     

台湾夏季氡及其子体与环境γ剂量率的测量

在台湾的台北和花莲同时对10个测点的建筑物内和建筑物外进行了~(222)Rn(氡)及其子体的浓度和环境γ剂量率测量。台湾夏季氡的室内浓度估计约为20Bq·m~(-3),环境γ剂量率约为90nSv·h~(-1);室外相应地约为10Bq·m~(-3)和约70nSv·h~(-1)。计算出的平衡因子室内为0.2～0.3;室外为0.3～0.4。室内氡浓度与γ剂量率呈弱正相关。台湾可能在冬季因住宅通风率非常差而导致室内氡浓度增高。为了今后评估年有效剂量,需要在冬季1～2月份进行补充测量。     

广州市区室内外空气中氡及其子体浓度调查

本文报道了1984年7月至1985年2月间对广州市区住宅室内外空气中氡(气土)及其子体浓度的初步调查。结果表明:室内外空气中平均~(222)Rn 浓度分别为17.8和13.3Bq·m~(-3),平均~(222)Rn 子体浓度(平衡当量浓度)分别为10.6和8.8Bq·m~(-3);平均~(220)Rn 浓度分别为37.0和14.5Bq·m~(-3),平均~(220)Rn 子体浓度(平衡当量浓度)分别为0.92和0.62Bq·m~(-3)。市区居民吸入氡(气土)及其子体所受的有效剂量当量估计为1.29mSv,与 UN-SCEAR 估计的全球温带地区水平相近,其中(气土)及其子体的贡献为0.35mSv,约为全球正常本底地区的2倍。     

福洲市区大气氡及其子体浓度的水平与变化特征

本文报道对福洲市区的氡浓度及其子体潜能浓度的测量结果。市区室外大气中氡浓度及其子体潜能浓度的平均值分别为42.3Bq/m~3和3.48×10~(-8)J/m~3。并分析了氡及其子体的季节变化特征及日变化特征,以及福洲市区氡及其子体的主要来源。     

湖南C铀矿氡和氡子体及其危害的评价

本工作对湖南 C 铀矿井下氡及氡子体浓度监测结果进行了统计分析。1965—1974年间氡年平均浓度为(3.7—11.1)×10~3Bgm~(-3);1975—1985年氡子体α潜能浓度为(6.02—512)×10~(-6)Jm~(-3)。1971年以前下井老工人中氡子体累积暴露量高于300WLM 者占32.27％。1971—1985年间矿工中只有1例肺癌。有二百余名工人的氡子体累积暴露量已超过100WLM,应当追踪观察。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.