土壤源热泵U型竖直埋管换热特性的实验研究

以土壤源热泵实验系统为平台,进行了夏季工况实验,分析了管间距为4 m时,单、双U埋管换热器的换热性能,并对不同管间距的单U地埋管进行实验研究。实验结果表明,管间距对系统的运行影响较大,得出夏热冬冷地区长期运行的土壤源热泵系统中地埋管合理的管间距,为长三角地区土壤源热泵换热器设计提供了设计参考。     

U型波纹埋管对于增强土壤源热泵换热性能的研究

为了增强土壤源热泵系统地下埋管换热器的换热性能,通过CFD方法,探讨改用波纹管对地下换热所产生的影响,首次提出采用波纹管代替光管作为强化地下埋管换热器换热效率。     

住宅式中央新风系统的应用研究

介绍不同形式的住宅式中央新风系统,并与传统室内换气方式进行比较;重点分析各种中央新风系统的优缺点,概括其应用现状,找出存在的问题并提出解决办法,并对中央新风系统的发展前景做出展望。     

太阳能-土壤源热泵耦合系统及其地埋管系统

建立了太阳能-土壤源热泵耦合型热水系统实验平台,研究了在秋冬季不同运行条件下该系统的运行特性,分析了地下埋管系统中钻孔回填材料、U型管工作模式、套管内循环液流动模式、套管外管与内管的导热系数比等对系统制热效果的影响。研究表明,太阳能土壤源热泵系统在国内亚热带地区可以获得良好的应用,并给出了埋地换热器的合理形式。     

土壤源热泵地下水平埋管换热性能及其周围土壤温度场的影响研究

通过建立地下水平埋管换热器模型,模拟了土壤导热系数对埋管及其周围土壤温度场分布和埋管换热量的影响.分析了埋管管材及埋管埋深、管径、管壁厚度等对埋管换热的影响.模拟结果显示,当土壤导热系数从1.1W/(m·℃)增大到2.5W/(m·℃)时,埋管单位管长换热量增幅达100.8%,且到埋管距离越近的点,其土壤温度随土壤导热系数的变化相对较快.地下二层埋管外表面温度及其周围土壤温度变化比地下一层换热稳定性好,换热量大.适当的加大管径,减小管壁厚,有利于增强埋管换热.     

土壤源热泵与太阳能集热复合系统在农村地区的应用

冬季,燃煤采暖排放的污染物在大气PM2.5构成中占较大比重。利用清洁能源替代传统能源是改善大气污染的有效途径之一。针对土壤源热泵技术和太阳能集热技术的特点,在北京地区某农村的供暖改造项目中利用了土壤源热泵与太阳能集热复合系统。文章通过对复合系统的应用进行了计算和分析,该复合系统具有较好的经济和环境效益。     

土壤源--水环式热泵空调系统的设计

本文简要阐述了土壤源———水环式热泵空调系统的工作原理,以及该系统不同于常规水环热泵空调系统的特点,接着介绍了某应用土壤源———水环式热泵空调系统所具有的设计特点。     

土壤源热泵地下垂直换热埋管周围非稳态温度场的数值模拟

针对土壤源热泵地下垂直U型换热埋管,建立了周围土壤的非稳态温度场的数学模型,并利用隐式有限差分法进行了数值模拟。通过对制冷和制热工况的模拟,得到土壤温度沿径向的变化规律、埋管出水温度的变化规律及埋管的热作用半径的变化规律。     

土壤蓄冷与释冷过程的模拟与试验验证

结合土壤耦合热泵技术与冰蓄冷技术的特点,并在土壤蓄冷与土壤耦合热泵集成系统构想的基础上,建立了考虑土壤周期性冻融相变的土壤蓄冷、释冷过程的数学模型,并采用数值方法进行求解。通过建立模拟土壤蓄冷、释冷过程的砂箱试验台并由试验测试结果表明:所建模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,二者偏差在10%以内。应用本文所建数学模型可对土壤蓄冷系统的蓄冷、释冷运行特性进行计算与分析,并为该集成系统的应用提供理论支持与技术储备。     

土壤源热泵—— 一种节能的中央空调系统冷热源

介绍了一种利用土壤中储存的地能作为一次能源的中央空调系统—土壤源热泵系统，简述了土壤源热泵系统的系统构成、分类及其特点。讨论了影响土壤源热泵性能的因素，并对各类因素进行了简要分析，指出由于其具有显著的节能、节水效果，适于在缺能少水的地区推广使用。     

太阳能温室空气-土壤热交换器系统的技术进展

配有空气－土壤热交换器贮能系统的被动式太阳能温室,因能充分利用可再生能源－太阳能,而日益受到重视,并获得许多商业应用。介绍了被动式太阳能温室中空气－土壤热交换贮能系统的工作原理和贮能温室换热数学模型的研究及其应用进展,提出了应进一步研究的内容。     

Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France

In France, where a division by 4 of the greenhouse gases emissions is aimed from 1990 to 2050, technical solutions are studied in order to reduce energy consumption while providing a satisfactory thermal comfort level in buildings. A two-dwelling passive building has been carried out in Formerie (North-West of France), complying the “Passivhaus” standard. This building, not yet monitored, has been modeled using the dynamic simulation software COMFIE, which is dedicated to building eco-design. In order to account for the implemented ventilation system, including a heat recovery unit and an earth-to-air heat exchanger, a specific model has been developed and integrated to COMFIE as a new module. In this article, this model is described first. In order to quantify the benefits brought by a passive design, the simulation results are presented for the passive house and a reference house complying with the French thermal regulation for buildings. The heating load and thermal comfort level of both houses are compared, showing for the passive design a tenfold reduction of the heating load and a clear reduction of summer discomfort. Finally, the environmental assessment – carried out with the life cycle assessment tool EQUER – shows the reduction in primary energy consumption, global warming potential and other impacts brought by the passive house design. Passive house appears to be an adequate solution to improve the environmental performances of buildings in the French context.     

Modelling earth-to-air heat exchanger behaviour with the convolutive response factors method

This paper shows a new numerical model of earth-to-air heat exchanger. The system is discretized into “n” sections perpendicular to the exchanger pipe. In each section, the problem of conduction is solved using response factors method in order to reduce computational time. Each response factor is calculated using a finite elements program that solves 2D conduction problems. The particularity of this problem is that the time-constants are very high, making it impossible to use conventional properties of response factors to reduce the number of calculations. We will set out a new approach to solve this particular problem. Heat flux entering the pipe is then expressed as a function of the temperature of the air crossing the pipe and the external solicitations. A heat balance is then applied for each layer to find the resulting outlet air temperature. The model is then compared to an analytical model and a 3D model based on the dynamic finite volume approach. Finally an example of coupling between an earth-to-air heat exchanger and a low-consumption building is presented.     

A design optimization tool of earth-to-air heat exchanger using a genetic algorithm

Advancement in genetic algorithm (GA) optimization tools for design applications, coupled with techniques of soft computing, have led to new possibilities in the way computers interact with the optimization process. In this paper, the concept of goal-oriented GA has been used to design a tool for evaluating and optimizing various aspects of earth-to-air heat exchanger behavior. A new optimization method based on GA is applied as a generative and search procedure to optimize the design of earth-to-air heat exchanger. The GA is used to generate possible design solutions, which are evaluated in terms of passive heating and cooling of building, using a detailed thermal analysis of non air-condition building environment The results from the simulations are subsequently used to further guide the GA search to find the high-energy solutions for optimized design parameters. The specific problem addressed in this study is the sizing of earth-to-air heat exchanger in a non air-conditioned residential building. The developed algorithm is suitable for the calculation of the outlet air temperature and therefore of the heating and cooling potential of the earth-to-air heat exchanger system. This methodology is applicable to a wide range of design optimization problems like choice of building such as green house, solar house, or heating and cooling of buildings by mechanical system.     

Performance of a coupled cooling system with earth-to-air heat exchanger and solar chimney

Buildings represent nearly 40 percent of total energy use in the U.S. and about 50 percent of this energy is used for heating, ventilating, and cooling the space. Conventional heating and cooling systems are having a great impact on security of energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike conventional approach, this paper investigates an innovative passive air conditioning system coupling earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) with solar collector enhanced solar chimneys. By simultaneously utilizing geothermal and solar energy, the system can achieve great energy savings within the building sector and reduce the peak electrical demand in the summer. Experiments were conducted in a test facility in summer to evaluate the performance of such a system. During the test period, the solar chimney drove up to 0.28 m³/s (1000 m³/h) outdoor air into the space. The EAHE provided a maximum 3308 W total cooling capacity during the day time. As a 100 percent outdoor air system, the coupled system maximum cooling capacity was 2582 W that almost covered the building design cooling load. The cooling capacities reached their peak during the day time when the solar radiation intensity was strong. The results show that the coupled system can maintain the indoor thermal environmental comfort conditions at a favorable range that complies with ASHRAE standard for thermal comfort. The findings in this research provide the foundation for design and application of the coupled system.     

Modelling the thermal performance of earth-to-air heat exchangers

A new complete numerical model for the prediction of thermal performance of the earth-to-air heat exchangers is presented. The model describes the simultaneous heat and mass transfer inside the tube and into the soil accounting for the soil natural thermal stratification. The model is validated against an extensive set of experimental data and it is found accurate. The proposed algorithms are suitable for the calculation of the temperature and humidity variation of the circulating air and for the temperature and humidity distribution inside the ground. The presented model was developed within the TRNSYS environment and can be easily coupled with building or greenhouse simulation codes in order to describe the impact of the earth-to-air heat exchangers to indoor environments.     

Performance of a spiral ground heat exchanger for heat pump application

A high-efficiency ground heat exchanger has been developed for use with ground-source heat pumps. The exchanger is made of copper tubing, shaped in the form of a spiral, which can be installed in a vertical borehole backfilled with sand. Thermal performance of a full-scale prototype indicated that this heat exchanger can achieve very high heat extraction rates if subfreezing operating temperatures are used. For most soil types cyclic freezing and thawing is not a problem; however, for the sensitive Leda clay in which the prototype tests were conducted, substantial settlement occurred after the first freeze-thaw cycle owing to initial collapse of the soil structure.     

基于翅片管式热交换器的优化设计研究

以一种特定管翅式热交换器的翅片形式为研究对象,提出了一种针对翅片结构的优化换热方法。该方法主要针对翅片侧换热系数和整体传热随翅片结构改变的变化规律,并采用传热系数和压降相结合的评价方法,针对管翅式热交换器的翅片高度、翅片厚度及翅片间距进行优化。经计算得出了热交换器的总传热系数在控制单一变量或多个变量下的最优值范围。     

Numerical studies on flow and heat transfer in membrane helical-coil heat exchanger and membrane serpentine-tube heat exchanger

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of synthesis gas (syngas) in membrane helical-coil heat exchanger and membrane serpentine-tube heat exchanger under different operating pressures, inlet velocities and pitches are investigated numerically. The three-dimensional governing equations for mass, momentum and heat transfer are solved using a control volume finite difference method. The realizable k-ε model is adopted to simulate the turbulent flow and heat transfer in heat exchangers. There flows syngas in the channels consisting of the membrane helical coils or membrane serpentine tubes, where the operating pressure varies from 0.5 to 3.0 MPa. The numerically obtained heat transfer coefficients for heat exchangers are in good agreement with experimental values. The results show that the syngas tangential flow in the channel consisting of membrane helical coils is significant to the heat transfer enhancement to lead to the higher average heat transfer coefficient of membrane helical-coil heat exchanger compared to membrane serpentine-tube heat exchanger. The syngas tangential velocity in the membrane helical-coil heat exchanger increases along the axial direction, and it is independent of the gas pressure, increasing with the axial velocity and axial pitch rise and decreasing with the radial pitch rise.     

The application of field synergy number in shell-and-tube heat exchanger optimization design

In the present work the field synergy principle is applied to the optimization design of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles. The field synergy number which is defined as the indicator of the synergy between the velocity field and the heat flow is taken as the objective function. The genetic algorithm is employed to solve the heat exchanger optimization problems with multiple design variables. The field synergy number maximization approach for heat exchanger optimization design is thus formulated. In comparison with the initial design, the optimal design leads to a significant cost cut on the one hand and an improvement of the heat exchanger performance on the other hand. The comparison with the traditional heat exchanger optimization design approach with the total cost as the objective function shows that the field synergy number maximization approach is more advantageous.