HM负载磷钨酸催化合成对叔丁基甲苯的研究

以HM沸石分子筛负载磷钨酸(PW)作为催化剂,在100 mL高压釜反应器中进行甲苯与叔丁醇合成对叔丁基甲苯的烷基化反应。考察不同磷钨酸负载量对甲苯与叔丁醇烷基化反应的影响,并用XRD、TG-DSC和NH3-TPD手段对不同负载量催化剂进行了表征,并在反应中考察了他们的催化性能。结果表明,中低负载量的磷钨酸均匀分散于HM表面,当磷钨酸的负载量为25%时,磷钨酸在HM表面高度分散呈现较高活性,催化剂的焙烧温度为350℃。采用25%PW/HM作为催化剂,研究各种反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,在适宜的反应条件下,即反应温度为160℃,叔丁醇与甲苯摩尔比为3,初始压力为0.6 MPa,催化剂的质量分数为20%时,甲苯的转化率为36.3%,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性为82.1%。     

甲苯与叔丁醇在Fe2O3/HM催化剂上的烷基化反应

以HM沸石分子筛负载Fe2O3作为催化剂,在100 mL高压釜反应器中进行了甲苯与叔丁醇的烷基化反应.考察了不同Fe2O3负载量对甲苯与叔丁醇烷基化反应的影响,并用XRD、NH3-TPD和TG等手段对几种负载型催化剂的物化性质进行了表征.当Fe2O3的负载量为18%时,Fe2O3仍在HM表面高度分散,催化剂焙烧温度为650℃时,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性最高,为80.6%,叔丁基甲苯的选择性达到100%.采用18?2O3/HM作为催化剂,研究了各种反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.实验结果发现,在适宜的反应条件下,即反应温度180℃,反应时间3 h,叔丁醇与甲苯摩尔比为3,初始压力1.0 MPa,原料与催化剂质量比为5,溶剂与甲苯摩尔比为8时,甲苯的转化率为36.6%,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性为78.4%.     

沸石分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的研究进展

沸石分子筛催化甲苯叔丁醇烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯是一条新的工艺路线,由于其原料价格低廉、对叔丁基甲苯选择性高、产物易分离等特点,因而受到国内外学者的极大关注。本文综述了甲苯叔丁基化反应的机理、沸石分子筛催化剂及其改性方面的最新研究进展。重点阐述了杂多酸改性、金属氧化物改性、金属离子改性以及碱改性对沸石分子筛催化甲苯叔丁基化反应性能的影响。指出在保持分子筛高选择性、高活性的基础上,提高分子筛催化剂稳定性及寿命,使其具备工业应用价值,是未来甲苯叔丁基化技术的研究重点。     

甲苯与叔丁醇在MgY催化剂上的烷基化

采用不同浓度的Mg(NO3)2交换NaY制备了不同含量的MgY催化剂,考察了其在甲苯与叔丁醇反应中的催化性能,并用ICP和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂物化性质进行了表征,结果表明,Mg含量为7.2%对应的催化剂酸量最大。采用MgY8为催化剂,研究了各种反应条件对催化性能的影响。结果发现,在适宜的反应条件下,即反应温度180℃,n(叔丁醇)/n(甲苯)=4,w(甲苯)/w(MgY8)=5,反应时间4 h时,甲苯转化率达48.3%,对叔丁基甲苯选择性为68.8%。     

SiW/Al-HMS上的甲苯与叔丁醇的烷基化反应

以十二烷基胺为模板剂合成中孔分子筛Al-HMS,并将硅钨杂多酸(SiW12)浸渍固载在Al-HMS上,用XRD、FT-IR和NH3-TPD对Al-HMS以及不同负载量的催化剂进行了表征。结果发现,当SiW负载量为40%时,SiW仍然均匀分布在载体表面上。考察了Al-HMS负载SiW用于甲苯与叔丁醇的烷基化反应的催化性能。当负载量为40%时,催化剂的酸量最大、活性最好。采用40%SiW/Al-HMS为催化剂,研究了各种反应条件对催化剂性能的影响。实验结果表明,在适宜的操作条件下即反应温度453 K、反应时间4 h、叔丁醇与甲苯的摩尔比为3、原料与催化剂的质量比为3、初始压力0.60 MPa的条件下,甲苯转化率为56.77%,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性为73.15%。     

丝光沸石分子筛催化甲苯与叔丁醇气相合成对叔丁基甲苯

丝光沸石作为催化剂,采用气相催化甲苯和叔丁醇合成对叔丁基甲苯,考察了反应条件和碱改性丝光沸石对催化活性的影响。采用XRD、NH3-TPD、FT-IR、比表面积测定等方法对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:适宜的反应条件为反应温度180℃,进料体积空速4 mL/(g h),原料甲苯与叔丁醇物质的量比2:1,在此条件下,甲苯转化率达到29%,对叔丁基甲苯选择性达到最大值74%。碱改性后消除了催化剂的强酸中心,而增加了弱酸中心,但孔径变大,比表面积变小。催化活性有所提高,甲苯转化率和对叔丁基甲苯选择性分别提高了4%和7%。     

PW/C催化剂上对叔丁基甲苯的合成

以负载于活性炭上的磷钨酸(PW/C)为催化剂,在100 mL间歇式不锈钢高压反应釜中,研究了甲苯与叔丁醇的烷基化反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和热质量分析等手段对催化剂的结构、酸性质及热稳定性进行了表征,并在反应中考察了它们的催化性能.结果表明,中低负载量的磷钨酸均匀分散于活性炭表面,负载量(质量分数)超过30%则产生聚积.负载量为30%的磷钨酸由于酸性强、酸量大且均匀分散而呈现较高的活性.对该催化剂,适宜催化剂的活化温度为350℃,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为3 h,初始压力为0.6 MPa,原料与催化剂的质量比为5,叔丁醇与甲苯的摩尔比为2∶1,此时甲苯转化率达40.89%,对叔丁基甲苯(PTBT)选择性为77.54%.     

分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的机理及热力学分析

研究了沸石分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应机理,并采用热力学计算方法对甲苯叔丁基化过程所涉及的主要反应迚行了热力学分析。研究结果表明,甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化属于芳环上的亲电子取代反应,遵循正碳离子机理。甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应是一个自发迚行的放热反应,温度越高,反应热效应越小,反应自发迚行的程度越低。     

改性MCM-41催化苯酚与叔丁醇烷基化反应性能研究

采用MCM-41分子筛催化剂进行液相催化苯酚与叔丁醇的烷基化反应,通过XRD、TEM、BET、NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了反应条件对苯酚转化率、对叔丁基苯酚（PTBP）选择性以及改性处理对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,酸改性后MCM-41分子筛并未改变其结构,酸性增强,微孔体积基本不变,比表面积、孔体积和孔径都增加。在反应温度为130℃、n（叔丁醇）∶n（苯酚）=7∶1的条件下,反应10 h内苯酚平均转化率为65%,PTBP选择性为60%。     

合成叔丁基苯酚的固体酸催化反应过程研究

在固定床反应器内进行了以固体酸催化合成叔丁基苯酚实验,结果表明,制备的催化剂活性稳定性优于HY分子筛。在反应压力6.0 MPa、反应温度260 ℃、n(苯酚)∶n(叔丁醇)=1∶3和质量空速4.4 h-1的较佳反应条件下进行苯酚与叔丁醇烷基化反应,苯酚转化率为78.3%,2-叔丁基苯酚选择性为10.3%,4-叔丁基苯酚选择性为63.5%,2,4-二叔丁基苯酚选择性为25.1%,催化剂活性稳定时间超过530 h。在反应压力6.0 MPa、反应温度240 ℃、n(苯酚)∶n(甲基叔丁基醚)=1∶3和质量空速1.3 h^-1条件下进行甲基叔丁基醚与苯酚烷基化反应,苯酚转化率为70.9%,2-叔丁基苯酚选择性为27.7%,4-叔丁基苯酚选择性为35.7%,2,4-二叔丁基苯酚选择性为29.7%。与叔丁醇相比,甲基叔丁基醚的苯酚烷基化活性和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚选择性均较高,但副产物较多。对于合成叔丁基苯酚,叔丁醇是较佳的烷基化试剂。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。