The Annual Conference of AIP: A Summary of the Principal Papers and Discussions

To provide a background for the other articles in this issue the author summarizes some of the studies that have identified key variables affecting urban growth patterns. The most consistent factor related to land use distribution is sheer distance, and especially distance from the CBD. In Philadelphia and Toronto urban density patterns have followed almost identical patterns over the past half-century, giving support to the “crest of the wave” theory of urban growth. Both residential and employment densities exhibit a consistently regular pattern that follows concentric rings out from the CBD. The observations reveal strong regularities of metropolitan land use patterns and hence raise the intriguing question posed in the title of this article.     

大城市主城区居住空间形态特征研究——以杭州为例

随着城市化进程不断加快,大城市主城区居住空间形态也在发生变化,对其特征的研究将加深人们对城市发展规律的认识.本文以杭州主城区26个街道作为研究对象,通过实地调研,运用定量分析方法,首先从城市空间拓展、社会结构变化、以及政策与市场行为等方面分析居住空间形态特征形成的动力;然后具体分析居住空间用地特征、物质环境特征和居住密度特征,研究杭州主城区居住空间可以分为三个特征明显的区域;并进一步提出未来影响杭州主城区居住空间形态的四个主要因素;从而以此为个案,探讨大城市主城区居住空间的形态特征.     

Network City: Retrofitting the Perth Metropolitan Region to Facilitate Sustainable Travel

'Network City', the latest 25-year planning strategy for metropolitan Perth, Western Australia, is designed to realise the integration of land use and transport networks within established and new areas. This article examines the influence of urban form on travel patterns and the case for sustainable travel outcomes in order to set in context the 'Network City' concept. The concept is described, and then the article focuses on the operational detail needed to progress towards fuller integration between the transport network and the city it serves. This includes analysis of urban structure in the context of the factors that influence efficient use of public transport: including residential density, intensity of activity and the hierarchy of activity centres. The implications for road planning are discussed where land use-transport integration is the core objective rather than simply traffic efficiency. If sustainable travel is to be facilitated there is a need to change both the operation of public transport and the urban structure and these changes are mutually supportive.     

资金状况影响下城市住区规模的探讨——以南京市为例

基于我国城市住区开发的现实条件,探讨了房地产开发企业资金规模及房地产开发成本双重作用下,城市住区土地开发规模的大小,同时结合南京市土地交易市场成交土地面积的数据分析,指出城市住区土地开发具有分散度大、开发面积小的特征,因此,未来我国应加强小规模、开放住区规划理论的建立和研究。     

Joint building ventures as a new instrument for urban development: a qualitative analysis of Baugruppen in Freiburg,Germany

Abstract

This article reviews a special type of collaborative housing that has emerged in the German housing market in response to the growing need for urban housing and increasing focus on active and networking housing communities and stable neighbourhoods. Joint building ventures are projects in which private individuals jointly establish residential property. However, the academic literature on this issue is underdeveloped. To foster a better understanding of the topic, this article focuses specifically on detecting the strengths and weaknesses of this type of joint building venture and its contribution to a higher homeownership rate. The qualitative interview data were collected between December 2015 and March 2016 in Freiburg, Germany. The findings reveal perceived advantages in terms of supportive networks, customised solutions and potential cost savings, whereas the identified disadvantages are high financial risks, mutual dependencies and personal efforts. Practical implications and avenues for future research are derived.     

宅基地价值化及其在城中村改造中的应用研究——以义乌经济开发区为例

城中村改造既是政府的难题,又是业界讨论的热点。科学定量地界定城中村改造所涉及的相关利益群体,特别是城市与城中村居民的利益分配是解决城中村改造问题的关键。综合运用产权理论、地租理论、区位理论和报酬资本化理论,对宅基地产权权能的释放、城中村住房收益来源、城中村的住房价值等进行分析,结果表明,通过宅基地价值化,实现城中村居民的"高层公寓式安置",既有利于城市的可持续发展,也有利于增加城中村居民的利益,是一种实现城市与城中村居民利益双赢的办法。     

Residential relocation and sustainable urban form: Statistical analyses of owner-occupiers' preferences

This paper reports on analyses of the residential preferences of a sample of owner-occupier households moving house in the Cardiff region of Wales. These analyses were designed to examine the acceptability to relocating households of more sustainable residential alternatives, involving higher density living in mixed land use areas particularly in redeveloped dockland, inner urban and city-centre locations. The findings offer little comfort to those advocating urban intensification or compaction policies. City-centre services are a substitute for land for only a few. The dominant preferences remain, as they have been historically, for semi-detached and detached properties with their own private gardens in suburban areas. These preferences are further reinforced if households have young children or comprise persons of retirement age. The conclusion addresses the scope for achieving more sustainable suburbs.     

Gross Density and New Urbanism: Comparing Conventional and New Urbanist Suburbs in Markham,Ontario

This article compares the gross density of new suburban secondary plans with conventional suburban development in Markham, Ontario. The new plans accommodate 150,000 people and are North America's largest concentration of new communities planned with traditional neighbourhood design principles. The comparison demonstrates that the mean gross residential density of the New Urbanism areas (7.9 upa or 19.5 uph) is approximately 76% higher than that of the adjacent conventional suburban areas. The population density differential between New Urbanist and conventional suburban areas is approximately 66%. It appears that New Urbanism can accommodate high gross densities and consume less land in greenfield extensions of an urban growth boundary.     

An agent-based procedure with an embedded agent learning model for residential land growth simulation: The case study of Nanjing,China

The agent-based modelling (ABM) is commonly used to simulate urban land growth. A key challenge of ABM for the simulation of urban land-use dynamics in support of sustainable urban management is to understand and model how human individuals make and develop their location decisions that then shape urban land-use patterns. To investigate this issue, we focus on modelling the agent learning process in residential location decision-making process, to represent individuals' personal and interpersonal experience learning during their decision-making. We have constructed an extended reinforcement learning model to represent the human agents' learning when they make location decisions. Consequently, we propose and have developed a new agent-based procedure for residential land growth simulation that incorporates an agent learning model, an agent decision-making model, a land use conversion model, and the impacts of urban land zoning and the developers' desires. The proposed procedure was first tested by using hypothetical data. Then the model was used for a simulation of the urban residential land growth in the city of Nanjing, China. By validating the model against empirical data, the results showed that adding agent learning model contributed to the representation of the agent's adaptive location decision-making and the improvement of the model's simulation power to a certain extent. The agent-based procedure with the agent learning model embedded is applicable to studying the formulation of urban development policies and testing the responses of individuals to these policies.     

低层高密度住宅的居住物理指标研究——基于传统城市肌理保护的思考

在传统城市的保护与更新项目中,低层住宅的高密度是实现传统城市肌理保护的基本要素。但现行的低层住宅形式、住宅及住宅区规划设计规范已不能满足传统城市肌理保护对建筑密度的要求。以安品街的保护与更新为例,以平衡土地资源、保证居住质量为原则,研究居住空间环境物理性能指标,探讨比现行低层住宅更高密度的方法,从而适应传统城市肌理保护的要求。     

对城市住区高密度发展分布规律的几点认识

城市用地随着城市建设力度的增加而日趋紧张,集中式、高密度成为许多城市发展的途径之一,尤其是占用大量城市建设用地的居住区正逐渐向高密度方向发展。文章分析了不同年代居住区建设的模式特征,探讨了当前主流发展模式高密度发展的分布规律。     

Elasticity and urban vacancy: A longitudinal comparison of U.S. cities

The effects of urban expansion and population change on vacant land patterns are not fully understood. While the majority of previous research documents that depopulation can result in increased vacant urban areas, there are conflicting findings in regards to the effects of urban expansion. What remains unclear is whether higher urban elasticity (expansion in size) contributes to increases in urban vacancies, or the inverse. While elastic cities extend their boundaries and develop outwardly, inelastic cities contract or stay the same in size and utilize infill development. This research sought to determine if urban elasticity plays a significant role in contributing to urban vacancy increases through an exploratory, quasi-experimental longitudinal analysis of vacant address data from 40 U.S. cities of over 100,000 persons from 2000 to 2010. We compared the top 20 elastic (boundaries expanded the most) and inelastic (boundaries contracted the most) cities. A fixed effects panel model was developed to observe changes over time and differences in total, residential, and business land uses. Results indicate that aggressive urban expansion can contribute to increased urban vacancies, specifically in reference to residential land uses. This finding clarifies what had heretofore been a murky aspect of the urban studies literature.     

State Growth Management Programs and Central-City Revitalization

During the latter part of the 20th century, many U.S. state governments adopted growth management programs for the purpose of establishing a more proactive role in the regulation of land use. Although many scholars have recently begun to critically examine the implementation of these new state initiatives, few have explored their effects on patterns of intraurban land development. In this article, we develop a framework for thinking about the likely effects of state growth management programs on a central city's ability to attract new residential construction activity and investigate this issue using a panel data approach. Multivariate regression results suggest that these programs have observable effects on the spatial distribution of residential construction activity within urban areas. Furthermore, we accept several hypotheses regarding coefficient stability across states, regions, and program designs. These findings suggest that state growth management programs may be an effective tool for promoting the revitalization of central cities.     

Urban Consolidation: Beyond the Rhetoric

Abstract

This paper addresses the question of urban consolidation within the context of the Perth Metropolitan Area in Western Australia. Findings from one western suburbs survey of residents' attitudes towards higher density residential development indicate high levels of community disapproval towards the prospect of increased residential densities. These findings, together with others drawn from similar surveys, suggest that local governments and urban planners need to pay much greater consideration to factors such as suburban character and residential stability when scheduling areas for increased residential development.     

The contested nature of vacant land in Philadelphia and approaches for resolving competing objectives for redevelopment

The redevelopment of vacant land is a contested issue in most urban places. Municipal governments advocate for the conversion of underutilized lots into tax-revenue generating developments, while residents may prefer additional green space or parks. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for managing these competing objectives through an analysis of vacant land redevelopment alternatives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This study employs a GIS-based multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) methodology at two scales – citywide and neighborhood level – to balance three competing objectives: green space, commercial, and residential. The results of the multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) model identify the most suitable reuses of vacant land across Philadelphia. Further, this study provides a policy-oriented framework and methodology for balancing competing objectives in vacant land planning that could be readily applied in different contexts.     

南通市居住区公共空间风环境研究

城市气候的相关研究在高密度城市已广泛开展,但对中国的发展中城市而言尚缺乏相关研究。另一方面,居住区公共空间的风环境在很大程度上受到居住区的规划以及居住区内住宅类型的影响,并且居住区外部风环境质量对城市居民生活环境质量的影响尤其直接。研究选取南通市不同类型居住区的公共空间作为研究对象,对其风环境运用CFD技术进行相关模拟。在模拟的基础上进行合理分析与评估,并给出建设性的建议与意见。相关结果可用于今后对发展中城市的设计及规划实践,以期营造更为合理与宜居的居住区公共空间。     

关于澳门建筑条例对住宅可建面积及建筑形态制约的分析

澳门人多地少,新建住宅量少,增加建筑面积是社会上对住宅的实际需求。虽然澳门在规划和建筑管理中没有设定具体建筑面积指标,但是建筑条例对住宅可建面积的设定有一系列严格的控制。文章通过阐述澳门住宅建筑面积的形成机制、高度等级、地段种类、街影条例、76°角面限制等,分析控制建筑面积的关键要素;并通过举例分析关键指标之间的关系和对建筑面积、形态的影响,提出修订建筑法规、采取低覆盖率高地积比、适当拓宽街道等合理增加澳门住宅面积的思路和建议,力求为建筑和规划专业人士、城市开发和管理者提供参考信息和思考空间。     

The development of residential space in the old town of Nanjing since 1978

Since the 1990s, with people's living requirements getting more and more advanced, the speed of the residential commercialization gets higher and higher, which promotes the residential construction deeply. To some extent, the construction of residential area has accelerated the urbanization and impacted the progress of urban renewal. It has already happened in most Chinese major cities and is progressing right now. But it has not been shown clearly in existing researches how and how deeply it impacts the development of urban construction.This article discussed how the development of urban residential space impacted the progress of urban renewal, based on the theoretic researches of urban renewal, taking the old town of Nanjing for example, and using the methods of quantitative evidence method and kernel density estimation.     

阳泉市边缘住区用地发展探讨

介绍了我国城市居住地建设的客观状况．就居住区向城市边缘拓展的原因进行了分析，结合阳泉市居住用地及住宅建设现状，提出了城市边缘住区规划设计的思路，以利于城市居住地健康发展。     

城市居住区位的选择与住宅郊区化

从分析影响城市居住用地区位的因素入手,进而探讨了城市居住用地的郊区化现象以及目前存在的问题,并提出对策,为居住用地的开发建设提供了参考。