W-Cu粉末注射成型脱脂问题的研究

研究了石蜡基粘结剂和W-Cu粉末混合制备的喂料的脱脂性能.选择CH<,2>Cl<,2>为溶剂脱脂的溶剂,坯料在37℃的CH<,2>Cl<,2>中脱脂4h可以脱除粘结剂的70%以上,坯料内已形成了连通孔道,可以在后续的热脱脂中快速加热脱除剩余的粘结剂.根据喂料的热重分析结果确定了热脱脂工艺,热脱脂的最高温度为490℃,经过10h热脱脂,坯料中的粘结剂可完全脱除.     

YT5硬质合金注射成形新型溶剂脱脂工艺研究

脱脂是整个注射成形工艺中的关键步骤。本文以YT5硬质合金为对象,以正庚烷作为溶剂,系统研究了以多组元聚合物为粘结剂的注射坯样的溶剂脱脂行为。考查了粘结剂体系组成、脱脂温度、脱脂时间、样品厚度、样品形状对坯样脱脂率的影响及其原因。实验结果表明:在本实验所使用的三组粘结剂体系中,改进型蜡基粘结剂溶剂脱脂速度最快,脱脂效果最好,40℃、3h条件下该粘结剂体系中能被溶剂溶解的组元的脱除率达到98%;随脱脂温度的升高、脱脂时间的延长,粘结剂脱除率增大;溶剂脱脂初期为扩散控制,后期为溶解控制;粘结剂平均脱除速率与生坯表面积成正比,与生坯厚度成反比;脱脂完成后,脱脂坯边缘和中心组织均匀一致。     

超细WC-6%Co注射坯的脱脂工艺研究

研究了超细硬质合金WC-6%Co注射坯的溶剂脱脂-热脱脂工艺,讨论了脱脂时间、脱脂温度、注射坯形状和固液比等工艺参数对溶剂脱脂速率的影响,通过改善溶剂脱脂-热脱脂工艺,得到了高性能超细硬质合金台阶状圆棒。结果表明:溶剂脱脂速率随着脱脂温度的升高而上升,随时间的延长而降低;溶剂脱脂3 h后,台阶状圆棒中可溶粘结剂基本脱除。溶剂脱脂时,弓形棒和台阶状圆棒的平均脱除速度较快,圆台棒的平均脱除速率较慢,即溶剂脱脂速率与注射坯的S/V(表面积/体积)值成正比。固液比越小,粘结剂平均脱除速率越高;在稳定阶段,残留可溶粘结剂量高的注射坯脱脂速率快。溶剂脱脂时,粘结剂从外向内脱除,内部可溶粘结剂在形成脱除通道后快速脱除。经过DSC分析,溶剂脱脂坯中存在少量高聚物共混物,需改善热脱脂工艺。优化脱脂工艺后,超细WC-6%Co硬质合金台阶状圆棒的碳含量合适,WC晶粒度为0.35μm,硬度HV10为1 828,致密度大于99%,尺寸精度高。     

球形铜粉注射成形的脱脂工艺研究

研究了平均粒度为20μm的球形铜粉注射成形坯的溶剂-热二步脱脂工艺.选用正庚烷、酒精以及丙酮的混合溶剂体系进行溶剂脱脂,分析了脱脂时间、温度对粘结剂脱除率的影响;通过对比不同升温速率对脱脂坯性能的影响,制定出合理的热脱脂工艺.实验结果表明:溶剂脱脂的粘结剂脱除率达76％,并形成连通孔隙度网络;热脱脂在300℃以下采用低的升温速率可以保证得到无缺陷的脱脂坯,方便其后的烧结工艺.     

硬质合金注射成形多组元聚合物粘结剂的溶剂脱脂工艺研究

以YT5硬质合金为对象，以正庚烷作为溶剂，系统研究了以多组元聚合物为粘结剂的注射坯样的溶剂脱脂行为。考查了粘结剂体系组成、脱脂温度、脱脂时间、样品厚度、样品形状对坯样脱脂率的影响及其原因。结果表明：在3组粘结剂体系中，改进型蜡基粘结剂溶剂脱脂速度最快，脱脂效果最好，40℃，3h条件下该粘结剂体系中能被溶剂溶解的组元的脱除率达到98％；随脱脂温度的升高，脱脂时间的延长，粘结剂脱除率增大；溶剂脱脂初期为扩散控制，后期为溶解控制；粘结剂平均脱除速率与生坯表面积成正比，与生坯厚度成反比；脱脂完成后，脱脂坯边缘和中心组织均匀一致。     

Fe-Ni-Cu-C合金粗粉注射成形的溶剂-热二步脱脂工艺

对平均粒度为60μm的Fe-Ni-Cu-C合金粗粉进行了注射成形,重点研究了溶剂-热二步脱脂工艺.选用了三氯甲烷、乙醇和花生油混合溶剂体系来进行溶剂脱脂,以粘结剂的差热分析为指导,制定了合适的后续热脱脂工艺.结果表明:利用溶剂脱脂可以除去粘结剂中78%左右的石蜡,缩短了热脱脂时间,热脱脂的升温速率对脱脂坯质量影响显著.     

陶瓷注射成型水脱脂中脱脂温度和坯体结构对扩散传质的影响

测定了不同温度下的水脱脂速率随时间的变化,根据改进的动力学返程计算得到了不同阶段的表观扩散系数.随着脱脂深度的增大,水脱脂从溶解控制阶段转变为扩散控制阶段,表观扩散系数降低.测定了不同几何尺寸坯体脱脂率随时间的变化,得到统一的动力学方程.根据表观扩散系数和工艺参数之间的关系,定性预测了陶瓷分体固相含量、水溶性组分含量以及有机粘结剂分子量对水脱脂能力的影响.     

硬质合金注射成形脱脂工艺与碳含量控制

将传统蜡基粘结剂和油＋蜡改进粘结剂体系分别与粒度为1．97μm的WC-8Co硬质合金粉末混合采用注射成形法制备了全致密高强度的硬质合金。研究了注射坯在Hz中的热脱脂工艺和溶剂脱脂与其后补充热脱脂工艺，和不同脱脂工艺对脱脂坯碳含量的影响。结果表明：油＋蜡改进粘结剂体系具有更好的热脱脂和溶剂脱脂行为。通过工艺优化和碳含量控制，在真空气氛下1400℃烧结80min制备出高抗弯强度的全致密硬质合金烧结制品。     

注射成形Kovar合金脱脂工艺的研究

采用蜡基多聚物为粘结剂体系,研究了注射成形Kovar合金的脱脂工艺.以喂料的热分析结果为指导,制定出合理的热脱脂工艺,对于6 mm× 6 mm× 50 mm的注射坯,总共热脱脂时间约为18 h.采用三氯乙烯为有机溶剂,研究了注射坯的溶剂脱脂工艺,在脱脂温度为40℃,溶剂脱脂6 h后,粘结剂的脱除率可达54%.利用注射成形工艺可以制备出热膨胀系数为(4.5～6.0)×10-6K-1(25～450℃),气密性小于1.2×10-9Pa·m3·s-1的封装盒体.     

用DSC法研究管道熔结环氧粉末涂料固化特性

应用差示扫描量热法（DSC）技术深入地研究了国内广泛应用的管道熔结环氧粉末涂料,通过分析计算确定了内在体系固化反应动力学方程式。对比实验结果表明,动态实验得到的固化反应动力学方程能够较为真实地反映体系实际固化反应过程,在保证固化转化率高于95％的前提下,可为固化工艺的确定提供有力的依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.