生物法合成纳米银材料的研究进展

纳米银粒子的独特性能使其在电学、热学、光学、磁学、抗茵和催化等诸多领域具有广阔的应用前景.近几年,纳米银制备技术迅速发展,方法多种多样.生物法因其成本低、绿色环保和反应过程简单等优势吸引了众多研究者的关注.采用细茼或真菌等微生物合成纳米银材料一直是新材料领域研究的热点,对近几年国内外生物合成纳米银材料的方法及机理进行了...     

毕赤酵母提取液还原制备银纳米颗粒

采用毕赤酵母的提取液与银氨溶液反应制备银纳米颗粒(AgNPs),并考察了pH值对AgNPs的影响.结果表明:酸性条件下,反应速率缓慢,且生成的AgNPs呈多分散性;在一定范围内(pH值小于12.50),碱性条件有利于提高反应速率,且随着pH值的提高,AgNPs粒径分布变窄;当pH值继续提高(pH值为12.80),AgNPs发生团聚沉淀.     

Incorporation of Metallic Nanoparticles into Cosmetic Preparations and Assessment of Their Physicochemical and Utility Properties

A method was developed for introducing metallic nanoparticles (nanoAg and nanoAu) into cosmetic compositions (shampoos and soaps). Embedding of silver or gold nanoparticles into the composition imparts antimicrobial activity. Physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations were characterized. To confirm the presence of metallic nanoparticles, a UV–vis study was conducted. The size of embedded nanoparticles was determined using dynamic light scattering. The micrometric structure of the obtained products was characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) microscopy. A technique was developed for the assessment of nanoparticle release from cosmetic products as well as for the analysis of the penetration of nanoparticles through a model dermal membrane. The evaluation of accumulation of nanoparticles in model human body fluids was a crucial step in this study. The antimicrobial properties of final cosmetic formulations were studied using Aspergillus niger. The results confirmed that stable cosmetic formulations with embedded metallic nanoparticles were obtained. It was determined that nanoparticles are able to penetrate through a model dermal membrane. However, after 20 min of washing, the migration of nanoparticles was not confirmed. The obtained products exhibited biocidal activity against A. niger.     

The tRNA-Dependent Biosynthesis of Modified Cyclic Dipeptides

In recent years it has become apparent that aminoacyl-tRNAs are not only crucial components involved in protein biosynthesis, but are also used as substrates and amino acid donors in a variety of other important cellular processes, ranging from bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and lipid modification to protein turnover and secondary metabolite assembly. In this review, we focus on tRNA-dependent biosynthetic pathways that generate modified cyclic dipeptides (CDPs). The essential peptide bond-forming catalysts responsible for the initial generation of a CDP-scaffold are referred to as cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) and use loaded tRNAs as their substrates. After initially discussing the phylogenetic distribution and organization of CDPS gene clusters, we will focus on structural and catalytic properties of CDPSs before turning to two recently characterized CDPS-dependent pathways that assemble modified CDPs. Finally, possible applications of CDPSs in the rational design of structural diversity using combinatorial biosynthesis will be discussed before concluding with a short outlook.     

微生物合成鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的研究进展

微生物合成的鼠李糖脂是一类重要的生物表面活性剂,具有易被生物降解、表面活性良好等优点,应用前景广阔。目前用于发酵合成鼠李糖脂的菌株主要为假单胞菌属。综述了产鼠李糖脂菌株的发现与筛选、鼠李糖脂的生物合成途径与代谢调控关系、鼠李糖脂发酵过程的优化与控制、高产鼠李糖脂工程菌株的构建等方面的研究进展,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

Accurate Computation of Electric Field Enhancement Factors for Metallic Nanoparticles Using the Discrete Dipole Approximation

We model the response of nanoscale Ag prolate spheroids to an external uniform static electric field using simulations based on the discrete dipole approximation, in which the spheroid is represented as a collection of polarizable subunits. We compare the results of simulations that employ subunit polarizabilities derived from the Clausius–Mossotti relation with those of simulations that employ polarizabilities that include a local environmental correction for subunits near the spheroid’s surface [Rahmani et al. Opt Lett 27: 2118 (2002)]. The simulations that employ corrected polarizabilities give predictions in very good agreement with exact results obtained by solving Laplace’s equation. In contrast, simulations that employ uncorrected Clausius–Mossotti polarizabilities substantially underestimate the extent of the electric field “hot spot” near the spheroid’s sharp tip, and give predictions for the field enhancement factor near the tip that are 30 to 50% too small.     

低相对分子质量细菌纤维素的生物合成

通过木醋杆菌菌株HN001静态培养,生物合成了低相对分子质量细菌纤维素(LMBC),其培养基是以海南椰子水为原料,添加了糖和其他盐类化合物。研究了影响LMBC产率的几个因素,如培养温度、培养时间和培养基初始pH。获得高产率LMBC的适宜条件是:培养时间72 h,培养温度33℃,培养基初始pH=4,LMBC产率达1.2 g/L。用凝胶过滤色谱仪(GFC)测定了其相对分子质量及其分布。研究了培养基初始pH从3.5到5.5变化对LMBC相对分子质量及其分布的影响,结果表明,该pH范围内相对分子质量的变化不大,其分布指数均约为1.3,说明相对分子质量均匀。用透射电镜测试了其形貌,证明LMBC的形貌近似球形,大小约20 nm;LMBC冷冻干燥后经红外光谱确证了其结构。     

餐厨废弃油脂生物合成鼠李糖脂研究进展

综述了餐厨废弃油脂生物合成鼠李糖脂的研究进展,此外,还总结了餐厨废弃油脂生物合成鼠李糖脂的增产策略,如碳源、氮源、微量元素、pH及培养方式等因素对其产量的限制及其影响,并对利用餐厨废弃油脂生产鼠李糖脂步入正轨化大规模生产的重点研究领域进行了展望。     

D-对羟基苯甘氨酸的生物合成

采用生物合成法，合成肛对羟基苯甘氨酸。与传统的化学法比较，工艺流程短，异构体不用拆分而用酶来实现转化，成本低，污染小。     

生物法生产香料

用生物酶或微生物细胞生产香料的工作日益增加，随着生物技术上的进展，已有一些批量生产高生物活性产品得到发展，这些工艺多使用新的酶系统。     

乳链菌肽的生物合成

介绍了天然食品防腐剂乳链菌肽的生物合成及其相关基因的结构和功能。从乳链菌肽高产菌株Lactococcus lactis AL2的基因库中筛选到一个含有完整乳链菌肽生物合成基因簇的重组噬菌体λHJ-3,并在乳酸乳球菌中克隆和表达了编码乳链菌肽前体结构基因(nisZ)。     

Fungus-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aspergillus terreus

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles has received increasing attention due to the growing need to develop safe, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies for nano-materials synthesis. In this report, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a reduction of aqueous Ag(+) ion with the culture supernatants of Aspergillus terreus. The reaction occurred at ambient temperature and in a few hours. The bioreduction of AgNPs was monitored by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and the AgNPs obtained were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized AgNPs were polydispersed spherical particles ranging in size from 1 to 20 nm and stabilized in the solution. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was found to be an important reducing agent for the biosynthesis, and the formation of AgNPs might be an enzyme-mediated extracellular reaction process. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was systematically evaluated. The synthesized AgNPs could efficiently inhibit various pathogenic organisms, including bacteria and fungi. The current research opens a new avenue for the green synthesis of nano-materials.     

Environmental applications of biosurfactants: recent advances

Increasing public awareness of environmental pollution influences the search and development of technologies that help in clean up of organic and inorganic contaminants such as hydrocarbons and metals. An alternative and eco-friendly method of remediation technology of environments contaminated with these pollutants is the use of biosurfactants and biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. The diversity of biosurfactants makes them an attractive group of compounds for potential use in a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances in the applications of biosurfactants and biosurfactant-producing microorganisms in hydrocarbon and metal remediation technologies.     

Development of Lipid-Shell and Polymer Core Nanoparticles with Water-Soluble Salidroside for Anti-Cancer Therapy

Salidroside (Sal) is a potent antitumor drug with high water-solubility. The clinic application of Sal in cancer therapy has been significantly restricted by poor oral absorption and low tumor cell uptake. To solve this problem, lipid-shell and polymer-core nanoparticles (Sal-LPNPs) loaded with Sal were developed by a double emulsification method. The processing parameters including the polymer types, organic phase, PVA types and amount were systemically investigated. The obtained optimal Sal-LPNPs, composed of PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymers and lipids, had high entrapment efficiency (65%), submicron size (150 nm) and negatively charged surface (−23 mV). DSC analysis demonstrated the successful encapsulation of Sal into LPNPs. The core-shell structure of Sal-LPNPs was verified by TEM. Sal released slowly from the LPNPs without apparent burst release. MTT assay revealed that 4T1 and PANC-1 cancer cell lines were sensitive to Sal treatment. Sal-LPNPs had significantly higher antitumor activities than free Sal in 4T1 and PANC-1 cells. The data indicate that LPNPs are a promising Sal vehicle for anti-cancer therapy and worthy of further investigation.     

Uncovering a Glycosyltransferase Provides Insights into the Glycosylation Step during Macrolactin and Bacillaene Biosynthesis

Macrolactins (MLNs) have unique structural patterns containing a 24‐membered ring lactone and diverse bioactivities. The MLN skeleton is biosynthesized via a trans‐acyl transferase (AT) type I polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway, but the tailoring steps are still unknown. Herein, we report the identification of a glycosyltransferase (GT) gene bmmGT1, which is located at different locus from the MLN gene cluster in the genome of marine‐derived Bacillus marinus B‐9987, and its functional characterization as an MLN GT, thus affording five novel MLNs analogues. Surprisingly, this GT is also capable of catalyzing the glycosylation of bacillaenes (BAEs), which are the prototypes of trans‐AT polyketides, thus suggesting broad substrate flexibility. These results provide the first significant insights into the glycosylation step in MLN and BAE biosynthetic pathways.     

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Foliar Broths: Roles of Biocompounds and Other Attributes of the Extracts

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has arisen as a promising alternative to conventional synthetic methodologies owing to its eco-friendly advantages, and the involved bioprotocol still needs further clarification. This research, for the first time from the standpoint of statistics, confirmed an electrostatic force or ionic bond-based interaction between the chloroauric ions and the involved bioconstituents and manifested that reducing sugars and flavonoids were both important reductants responsible for conversion of Au(III) to Au(0). The result also demonstrated that the proteins were not the reducing agents, yet they might be protection agents in biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Besides, a significant linear relationship was found between the anti-oxidant ability of the foliar broths and their capability to reduce Au(III) into Au(0). Furthermore, the preliminary investigation based on the boxplot on the size/shape distribution of the biosynthesized GNPs revealed that gold nanospheres with higher degree of homogeneity in size tended to be promoted by foliar broths containing higher content of reducing sugars/flavonoids and proteins. Otherwise, i.e., for those broths with lower content of the above biocompounds, sphere GNPs of wider size distribution or even gold nanotriangles tended to be fabricated.     

Melanin nano-pigments for heavy metal remediation from water

Melanins are water insoluble polyphenol compounds. The metal ion chelating property of natural melanin is exploited for removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. We optimized biosynthesis of melanin from marine bacterium using different growth media, media components, and operating conditions. Optimized medium yielded 513 mg/L melanin at 36 h of incubation, which was 3.15 times higher than the yield before optimization. Particle size analysis of the biosynthesized melanin indicated a size of 32 ± 0.98 nm. Preliminary investigation indicated that melanin nanoparticles could adsorb different heavy metals such as chromium, selenium, and lead from very low initial concentrations.     

用离子液体聚合物制备和稳定金纳米粒子

以1-甲基咪唑和4-乙烯基苄氯制备了聚〔1-甲基-3-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)咪唑氯〕(PMVBIC),并用1HNMR和FTIR进行了结构表征。然后在PMVBIC的水溶液中,用NaBH4还原HAuCl4制备金纳米粒子,通过UV-Vis光谱和TEM分析发现,PMVBIC能有效稳定金纳米粒子,而且PMVBIC和NaBH4的浓度会明显影响金纳米粒子的粒径、形状和分散性,当m(PMVBIC)∶m(HAuCl4)=34.5∶1,n(NaBH4)∶n(HAuCl4)=2∶1时,可以制得粒径约7nm、均匀分散的球形金纳米粒子,室温存放150 d无明显变化。