A novel fuzzy logic based safe operation oriented control technique for driving HHO dry cell systems based on PWM duty cycle

The presented study provides details on Fuzzy Logic based control of HHO generators aims at protecting the HHO generator from extreme temperature effects while maximizing the hydrogen production. The Fuzzy Logic Controller mainly focuses on protecting the generator from the harsh effects of process related over heating problems while maximizing the hydrogen production. The designed controller takes two process specific parameters, such as temperature and the HHO flow rate, and optimizes the operation of the reactor for maximization of production. In order to prove the effectiveness of the developed Fuzzy Logic based control approach, a comparative study on performance of conventional and presented novel Fuzzy Logic based systems are presented. The advantage of the Fuzzy Logic Controller is that it protests the reactor and allows continuous production of HHO gas while the conventional approach leads to damage to the reactor or interrupted operation due to overheating.     

发动机台架试验的模糊PID控制器的研究与仿真

本文提出了一种应用于汽车发动机测试台架的模糊PID控制器,这种PID控制器优点在于PID参数可在线自整定。Matlab仿真结果表明这种利用模糊PID控制方案有着比常规PID控制方案更好的控制效果。     

Modeling and control of photovoltaic and fuel cell based alternative power systems

Photovoltaic (PV) systems and fuel cells (FCs) represent interesting solutions as being alternative power sources with high performance and low emission. This work presents a modeling and control study of two power generators; photovoltaic array and fuel cell based systems. An MPPT approach to optimize the PV system performances is proposed. The PV system consists of a PV array connected to a DC-DC buck converter and a resistive load. A maximum power point tracker controller is required to extract the maximum generated power. Based on Incremental Conductance (INC) principle, the idea of the proposed control is to use a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) that allows the choice of the duty cycle step size which is used to be fixed in conventional MPPT algorithms. The variable step is computed according to the value of the PV power-voltage characteristic slope. The second working system comprises a controlled DC-DC converter fed by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and supplies a DC bus. The mathematical model of the PEMFC system is given. The converter duty cycle is adjusted in order to regulate the DC bus voltage. Obtained simulation results validate the control algorithms for both of studied power systems.     

模糊PID算法在车用数字调速器中的实现

详细论述了在车用数字调速器中,模糊PID控制算法在数字单片机中的简易实现方法。配机试验证明,该实现方法不仅不影响系统的实时性能,而且有效地提高了执行器的控制精度。     

Fuzzy control of hydrogen pressure in fuel cell system

Precise control of hydrogen pressure is crucial for the performance and durability of fuel cell systems. With the widely used common-rail injection system, traditional PID controller still dominates. For a long time, the hydrogen pressure fluctuates acutely when hydrogen purge valve switches or load sharply changes with using PID controller. In recent studies, several new control strategies are presented. However, mostly of them are theoretical and experimental. In this study, an improved common-rail injection system, hydrogen injector/ejector assembly is introduced. Based on a real fuel cell system, a Mamdani fuzzy controller is designed to regulate the hydrogen pressure. The algorithm of fuzzy controller is explained in detail. A comparative study is carried out between fuzzy controller and PID controller. According to the results, the stability of hydrogen pressure with using fuzzy controller is better than using PID controller. This research could be useful for the control of fuel cell system.     

基于模糊自适应PID的锅炉汽包水位智能控制系统

针对锅炉汽包水位经常受到负荷变化、进出水速度、水质等诸多因素的影响,具有时滞、非线性等特性,设计了以误差e及误差变化率ec为输入,PID控制器的KP、KI、KD为输出的二输入三输出的模糊自适应PID控制器,目的是为了改善PID控制的参数整定困难、适应差的缺点。并通过仿真进行了验证,结果表明锅炉汽包水位控制系统不论是在负荷变化较小的情况下,还是在负荷剧烈变化的运行工况下,都可以实现水位的平稳调节,水位始终保持在规定的波动范围之内。     

基于灰色预测的汽温模糊免疫PID控制

火电厂汽温具有大惯性、大迟延和时变等特性,采用常规的PID串级控制方法难以取得满意的控制效果.借鉴生物免疫反馈响应过程的调节作用和模糊推理逻辑可逼近非线性函数的特性,结合灰色预测的优点,提出采用灰色预测的模糊免疫PID控制策略.火电厂汽温控制系统的仿真研究表明:该方法的控制品质良好,能适应对象参数的变化,具有较强的鲁棒性和自适应能力.     

Multivariable robust PID control for a PEMFC system

This paper proposes robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. We model a PEMFC as a multivariable system, and apply identification techniques to obtain the system’s transfer function matrices, where system variations and disturbances are regarded as uncertainties. Because robust control can cope with system uncertainties and disturbances, it has been successfully applied to improve the stability, performance, and efficiency of PEMFC systems in previous studies. However, the resulting robust controllers might be too complicated for hardware implementation. On the other hand, PID control has been widely applicable to engineering practices because of its simple structure, but it lacks stability analysis for systems with uncertainties. Therefore, by combining the merits of robust control and PID control, we design robust PID controllers for the PEMFC system. Based on evaluation of stability, performance, and efficiencies, the proposed robust PID controllers are shown to be effective.     

柴油机电子调速器PID参数模糊自校正研究

提出了对柴油机数字式电子调速器PID参数按调速系统过渡过程进行模糊自校正的原理,并对此进行了仿真研究。结果表明,该方法对提高电子调速器的调速性能有明显效果,对电子调速器适应柴油机过程参数的变化也有一定的改善。     

模糊PID控制在电厂过热气温控制系统中的应用

针对发电厂的过热汽温控制系统中锅炉过热器出口温度的非线性、时变性、滞后性等特点,文中提出了一种模糊PID控制在过热汽温控制系统中的应用。该控制系统能够很好地克服非线性和时变性,使过热汽温控制系统具有较强的鲁棒性,从而提高了控制系统的控制品质,提高了过热器的生产效率。     

Fuzzy logic based DSP controlled servo position control for ultrasonic motor

In this paper, position control of an ultrasonic motor was implemented on the basis of fuzzy reasoning. A digitally controllable two phase serial resonant inverter was developed to drive the ultrasonic motor by using a TMS320F243 digital signal processor. The driving frequency was used as a control input in the position control loop. The position characteristics obtained from the proposed drive and control system were demonstrated and evaluated by experiments. The experimental results verify that the developed position control scheme is highly effective, reliable and applicable for the ultrasonic motor.     

Fuzzy logic controller implementation for a solar air-conditioning system

The implementation of a variable structure fuzzy logic controller for a solar powered air conditioning system and its advantages are investigated in this paper. Two DC motors are used to drive the generator pump and the feed pump of the solar air-conditioner. Two different control schemes for the DC motors rotational speed adjustment are implemented and tested: the first one is a pure fuzzy controller, its output being the control signal for the DC motor driver. A 7 × 7 fuzzy matrix assigns the controller output with respect to the error value and the derivative of the error. The second scheme is a two-level controller. The lower level is a conventional PID controller, and the higher level is a fuzzy controller acting over the parameters of the low level controller. Step response of the two control loops are presented as experimental results. The contribution of this design is that in the control system, the fuzzy logic is implemented through software in a common, inexpensive, 16-bit microcontroller, which does not have special abilities for fuzzy control.     

Fuzzy control based engine sizing optimization for a fuel cell/battery hybrid mini-bus

The fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle has been focused for the alternative engine of the existing internal-combustion engine due to the following advantages of the fuel cell and the battery. Firstly, the fuel cell is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Secondly, the battery has the fast response for the changeable power demand. However, the competitive efficiency of the hybrid fuel cell vehicle is necessary to successfully alternate the conventional vehicles with the fuel cell hybrid vehicle. The most relevant factor which affects the overall efficiency of the hybrid fuel cell vehicle is the relative engine sizing between the fuel cell and the battery. Therefore the design method to optimize the engine sizing of the fuel cell hybrid vehicle has been proposed. The target system is the fuel cell/battery hybrid mini-bus and its power distribution is controlled based on the fuzzy logic. The optimal engine sizes are determined based on the simulator developed in this paper. The simulator includes the several models for the fuel cell, the battery, and the major balance of plants. After the engine sizing, the system efficiency and the stability of the power distribution are verified based on the well-known driving schedule. Consequently, the optimally designed mini-bus shows good performance.     

On-line fuzzy energy management for hybrid fuel cell systems

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles (FCHV) can reach near zero emission by removing the conventional internal combustion from the vehicle powertrain. Nevertheless, before seeing competitive and efficient FCHV on the market, at market prices, different technical, economic, and social challenges should be overcome. A typical hybrid fuel cell powertrain combines a fuel cell stack and a dedicated energy storage system along with their necessary power converters. Energy storage systems are used in order to enhance the well-to-wheel efficiency and thus reducing the hydrogen consumption. An efficient management of power flows on the vehicle, allows optimizing the recovery of energy braking. Moreover, working in the fuel cell maximum efficiency leads to reduced thermal losses and thus to the downsizing of the heat exchangers. This paper presents an enhanced control of the power flows on a FCHV in order to reduce the hydrogen consumption, by generating and storing the electrical energy only at the most suitable moments on a given driving cycle. While the off-line optimization-based on dynamic programming algorithm offers the necessary optimal comparison reference on a known demand, the proposed strategy which can be implemented on-line, is based on a fuzzy logic decision system. The fine tuning of the fuzzy system parameters (mainly the membership functions and the gains), is made using a genetic algorithm and the fuzzy supervisor shows performing results for different load profiles.     

Weighted fusion control for proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Oxygen excess ratio (OER) is closely correlated with the power generation efficiency and dynamic performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. As OER changes with varying load, it is prone to oxygen starvation and slow response to OER reference value, and great challenges to OER control technology are brought. To this end, a dual closed-loop weighted fusion control for PEMFC system is proposed. The outer loop is utilized to obtain the optimal OER reference value, and the inner loop is utilized to track the OER reference value. This inner loop combines the merits of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm and fuzzy self-tuned PID (FSTPID) method. Simulation results reveal that the proposed approach is superior to the other three methods in reducing the overshoot, settling time and avoiding oxygen starvation issues, and also in improving several key performance indices, such as integrated absolute error, settling time, etc.     

基于模糊PID的天然气发动机燃气喷射控制

针对传统的MAP图控制天然气发动机燃气喷射数据量大、更新困难、自适应能力差的缺点,对模糊控制及PID闭环控制算法进行了分析和研究,提出一种模糊控制和模糊PID控制相结合的控制算法,采用该控制算法对燃气喷射脉宽进行控制.利用MATLAB搭建控制结构,仿真结果表明,该控制算法能够自适应精确控制燃气喷射,缩短脉宽控制的响应时间,精确快速控制燃气喷射.     

Fuzzy logic based energy saving technique for a central air conditioning system

In this paper a scheme has been proposed to maintain the temperature and the humidity, in each of the rooms served by a central Air Conditioner (AC) unit, close to the targeted values, and reduce the electrical energy intake of the AC compressor. The upper limits of the comfort zone, typically marked at a temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 70%, are used as the targets. It should be noted that a conventional AC system controls humidity in its own way without giving the users any scope for changing the set point for the targeted humidity unlike the scope it offers to change the set point for the targeted temperature through a thermostat. But in this work this limitation has been taken into cognizance and overcome to a great extent using fuzzy logic to represent the intricate influences of temperature on the humidity of the space being cooled and correct the thermostat setting. In the developed scheme, the sensor captured temperature and humidity readings for each room are compared against the targets at the selected intervals of time, and the corresponding differences are fuzzified. These differences are used to decide the fuzzy qualifier, which is decoded into a crisp value that is the change required in the setting of the thermostat of the AC. As a result, each room will maintain a temperature near 25 °C and a relative humidity near 70% while the compressor will remain off for an appreciable period leading to a saving of energy. Though a thermostat with programmable setting for an AC unit dedicated to a single room has been reported in the literature, the same for a central AC unit that serves more than one room appears to have not yet been presented. The advantages of the scheme proposed for programming a thermostat under central air conditioning system are that it (i) requires for each room only a pair of input data i.e. the sensor captured temperature and humidity readings for each room, (ii) controls humidity indirectly and (iii) leads to a saving in energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable level of cooling in each of the rooms though their occupancy, size and the thermal conditions are different from one another.     

基于模糊PID控制的UPS充电过程研究

针对传统的UPS蓄电池组充电模式充电电流存在过冲现象且超调量大,会极大地缩短蓄电池组使用寿命,提出了一种基于模糊PID控制的智能充电策略,做了相关的试验并在Matlab/Simulink软件中进行了仿真。将此充电模式应用于某煤化工项目聚丙烯装置的UPS蓄电池组,结果表明该充电模式充电过程比传统充电过程具有更好的充电电流特性。     

Adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling PID controller for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic system

This paper proposes a methodology of designing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller for photovoltaic systems (PV) using a Fuzzy Gain Scheduling of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) type controller (FGS-PID) with adaptation of scaling factors (SF) for the input signals of FGS. The proposed adaptive FGS-PID method is based on a two-level control system architecture, which combines the advantages of fuzzy logic and conventional PID control. The initial values of the PID's gains are determined by the Ziegler–Nichols tuning method. During transient and steady states, the PID's gains are adapted by the FGS-PID to damp out the transient oscillations, to reduce settling time and to guarantee system stability and accuracy. Also, the conditioned input signals of the FGS-PID are tuned dynamically by gain factors which are based on fuzzy logic system (FLS). The FLS is characterized by a set of fuzzy rules which are fuzzy conditional statements expressing the relationship between inputs (error and change of error) and outputs. This approach creates an adaptive MPPT controller and achieves better overall system performance. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive FGS-PID and show that this approach can achieve a good maximum power operation under any conditions such as different levels of solar radiation and PV cell temperature for varying PV sources. Compared to conventional methods (PID, perturb and observe method P&O), this method shows a considerable high tracking performance.     

Optimal energy control of a PV-fuel cell hybrid system

This paper deals with a real time implementation of a fuzzy logic-based power management of a small scale generation hybrid power system. The system consists of a photovoltaic array and a fuel cell stack, supported by a single-phase grid that supplies a stand-alone AC load. The proposed supervisory algorithm guaranties the system to switch smart between two operation modes, according to the load demand, the gas level and the PV availability. Obviously, the PV side DC–DC converter is controlled to track permanently the maximum power point by using a fuzzy logic MPPT method; whereas, the fuel cell stack and the grid converters are tuned to cover the remaining power, or alternatively, injecting the exceeding power to the utility. Besides, to feed the AC load with a pure sine wave, a Back stepping algorithm is proposed to control the front-end single-phase inverter. To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, experimental results obtained with a given load profile are presented and commented.