SiO_2-EG纳米流体的制备及热物性能

将平均粒径为30nm和50nm的SiO2纳米颗粒添加到EG(乙二醇)的基液中制成SiO2-EG纳米流体,利用粒度分析法、吸光度分析法和Zeta电位分析法分析其悬浮稳定性,当超声时间为3h时,其分散性和稳定性最好。对SiO2-EG纳米流体的热物性能参数如黏度、表面张力、导热系数,在不同体积分数、粒度和温度条件下进行测试分析表明,SiO2-EG纳米流体的黏度高于基液的黏度,表面张力低于基液的表面张力,导热系数高于基液的导热系数。在常温下,体积分数为0.5%时,30nm和50nm两种粒径的SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度比EG粘度分别提高了15.41%和13.17%,表面张力系数比EG分别降低了3.23%和2.54%,导热系数分别提高38.36%和31.47%。进一步研究发现温度的升高导致SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度和表面张力系数均有所降低,而导热系数却增加。     

γ-Fe_2O_3/EG纳米流体热输运性质的研究

选用乙二醇(EG)为基液,运用两步法制得稳定性良好的γ-Fe2O3纳米流体。测量并研究了γ-Fe2O3纳米流体的导热系数和粘度等热输运性质。结果表明,γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子的加入使得纳米流体的导热系数较基液提高了,纳米流体的粘度在低温下较大,并随着温度的升高而减小,纳米流体在强化传热领域有着潜在的应用前景。     

微波固相剥离制备石墨烯及其纳米流体的稳定性

利用简便快捷的微波固相剥离法将氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)剥离成石墨烯(Microwave reduced graphene oxide,MRGO),并将得到的石墨烯通过超声分散于不同的基液中。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)对制备的样品进行了表征,发现通过这种方法可以使氧化石墨烯上的大部分含氧官能团得到去除。采用UV-vis,Zeta电位和沉淀物照片捕捉研究了pH值、超声时间和基液对石墨烯纳米流体稳定性的影响,发现经超声粉碎30min的石墨烯纳米流体能够保持均匀稳定达到一个月。此外,还分析了不同质量分数石墨烯-H2O纳米流体在不同温度下的导热系数,结果表明:石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数随着温度的升高和浓度的增大而提高,60℃时,质量分数为0.1%的石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数相对于基液提高了64%。     

极低体积分数(Au-H2O)纳米流体导热机理研究

纳米流体热物性的研究作为一门新兴交叉学科一直受到关注,然而至今仍没有理论能够准确解释AuH2O这类体积分数极低的纳米流体导热系数极大增强的现象。因此,在前人理论的基础上,提出一种新的算法模型:利用分形理论模拟纳米颗粒分布来解释团聚物对纳米流体导热系数的影响;利用微对流模型以及颗粒扩散修正因子来还原导热系数的动态项。该算法模型充分考虑了团聚、颗粒分布、布朗运动形成的微对流、温度对颗粒和基液分子布朗运动的影响以及颗粒扩散等因素对纳米流体导热系数的影响,能够准确预测出Au-H2O纳米流体导热系数增强的趋势,理论预测值与绝大部分现有实验数据最大偏差不超过1.5%。研究发现,对这类极低浓度纳米流体而言,温度对其影响大于体积分数和粒径的影响,且呈指数形式增长。     

水基纳米TiO_2复合相变材料的制备及性能

针对水作为冷藏保鲜领域常见的蓄冷剂存在相变时过冷度大、导热系数小的现象,研制了一种以水作为基液,添加纳米粒子及分散剂的复合相变材料,该材料配方质量比为水+0.7%纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)+1.0%十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS),相变温度为0.216℃,相变潜热为353.1 k J/kg。在水中加入纳米TiO_2使水在相变过程的过冷度降低了5~6℃,且导热系数较基液提高了62.7%,从0.598 8 W/(m·K)升至0.974 5 W/(m·K);同时添加分散剂SDBS,改善了水基纳米TiO_2的沉降问题,提高了材料的稳定性,防止相分离。结合理论与实验,总结分析了纳米TiO_2与分散剂SDBS不同质量比的水基纳米复合相变材料的热性能,确定纳米TiO_2与分散剂SDBS在水中的最佳质量添加比为7∶10。通过最优例材料静置后的颜色观察和导热系数测试,表明纳米TiO_2在水中具有良好的分散稳定性。     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/碳化硅复合相变材料的制备及热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)是多孔吸附材料中具有优良传热效果的材料。为进一步提高石蜡(PW)/EG复合相变材料的热性能，以PW为相变主材，EG为载体，碳化硅(SiC)、碳纤维(CF)或活性炭(AC)为强化传热介质，通过熔融共混法制备了不同质量分数配比的复合相变材料(CPCM)并压制成形。采用导热系数测试仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对CPCM的热性能进行测试和表征。结果表明，当CPCM中PW∶EG∶SiC(质量比)为70∶25∶5时，CPCM的导热系数为1.827W/(m·K),潜热为147.2J/g,分别为PW∶EG=70∶30的CPCM的1.022倍和1.036倍。所制备的CPCM没有新物质产生，相变温度合适，微观结构紧凑，热性能好。     

以柠檬酸钠为分散剂一步法合成Cu-水导热纳米流体

以柠檬酸钠为分散剂,KBH4为还原剂,CuSO4·5H2O为氧化剂,采用一步法直接合成了Cu-水导热纳米流体。其最佳合成工艺条件为:n(CuSO4·5H2O)∶n(KBH4)=2.5∶1,柠檬酸钠的用量为0.07mol/L,温度为40℃,反应时间为100 min。TEM表征表明该导热纳米流体中Cu纳米粒子分散较均匀;经激光光散射仪粒度分析得其分散粒子平均尺寸为1.1nm;在25℃时测得该导热纳米流体的导热系数为0.7812 W/(m·K),比纯水的导热系数提高30%。     

BN/EG纳米流体热导率影响因素的实验研究

以不同尺寸的BN纳米粒子及自制的BNNTs为添加物,通过两步法制备了不同体积分数的BN(140nm)/EG、BN(70nm)/EG及BNNTs/EG纳米流体,利用瞬态热线装置测试了其热导率,研究了添加物体积分数、长径比、尺寸、聚集形态、流体温度及分散剂等因素对纳米流体热导率的影响规律。结果表明,纳米流体热导率随纳米粒子体积分数、纳米粒子尺寸、纳米粒子长径比、流体温度的增加而增加,纳米粒子松散的链状聚集比紧密的云状聚集更有利于提高基液热导率,分散剂的加入不同程度降低了纳米流体热导率增加量,但降低幅度不大。     

不同层数和尺寸的石墨烯对润滑油热物性能的影响

石墨烯在结构及性能上的独特优势赋予了其在现代科学和技术领域不可替代的作用.石墨烯的许多物理化学性质对石墨烯的层数和结构尺寸十分敏感.本研究选取了三种典型的石墨烯纳米颗粒,分别是极少层石墨烯(1#)、少层石墨烯(2#)和多层石墨烯(3#),将它们分别添加在现有的润滑油中,制备了不同质量分数的纳米流体,并对其导热系数、比热容和粘度进行实验测量.结果表明,采用两步法制备的石墨烯纳米流体具有很好的稳定性,通过高速离心机测试发现,其分散性较好,无团聚现象.在温度相同、石墨烯颗粒质量分数也相同的情况下,1#石墨烯所制备的纳米流体具有最优的热物性能,其导热系数较基液最大可以提高143.63％,比热容较基液可以提高23.58％.2#石墨烯所制备的纳米流体热物性能次之,3#石墨烯最差.     

Cu-水纳米流体对流换热特性研究

建立了测量纳米流体流动与对流换热性能的实验系统,探讨了不同pH值、分散剂浓度和纳米粒子质量分数对Cu-水纳米流体对流换热性能的影响。结果表明:pH值对Cu-水纳米流体对流换热系数的影响较小,这个现象启发了我们将纳米流体应用到未来工业中,可以不考虑pH值对纳米流体对流换热性能的影响。分散剂加入量是影响Cu-水纳米流体对流换热系数的重要因素,从分散稳定、导热系数和对流换热系数提高三个方面来考虑,在0.1%Cu-H2O纳米流体中,0.07%十二烷基苯磺酸钠被选为最优化浓度。另外,Cu-水纳米流体的对流换热系数随纳米粒子质量分数的增大而增大,但其对流换热系数的增加明显低于导热系数的增加。     

MgO nanofluids: higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity among ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing oxide nanoparticles

Five kinds of oxides, including MgO, TiO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ nanoparticles were selected as additives and ethylene glycol (EG) was used as base fluid to prepare stable nanofluids. Thermal transport property investigation demonstrated substantial increments in the thermal conductivity and viscosity of all these nanofluids with oxide nanoparticle addition in EG. Among all the studied nanofluids, MgO–EG nanofluid was found to have superior features, with the highest thermal conductivity and lowest viscosity. The thermal conductivity enhancement ratio of MgO–EG nanofluid increases nonlinearly with the volume fraction of nanoparticles. In the experimental temperature range of 10–60°C, thermal conductivity enhancement ratio of MgO–EG nanofluids appears to have a weak dependence on the temperature. Viscosity measurements showed that MgO–EG nanofluids demonstrated Newtonian rheological behaviour, and the viscosity significantly decreases with the temperature. The thermal conductivity and viscosity increments of the nanofluids are much higher than the corresponding values predicted by the existing classical models for the solid–liquid mixture.     

癸酸-棕榈酸-硬脂酸/膨胀石墨蓄能复合相变材料的制备与热性能研究

癸酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸形成的三元低共熔物与膨胀石墨通过真空浸渍法制备出新型癸酸-棕榈酸-硬脂酸/膨胀石墨储能复合相变材料,适宜的质量比为m(癸酸)∶m(棕榈酸)∶m(硬脂酸)=77.0∶11.5∶11.5,m(癸酸-棕榈酸-硬脂酸)∶m(膨胀石墨)=13∶1。采用DSC、FT-IR、TG、SEM、冷热循环实验和蓄/放热实验研究了材料的结构和热性能。SEM和FT-IR分析结果表明低共熔物与膨胀石墨是通过物理吸附方式结合。DSC结果表明复合材料融化和凝固时的相变温度为28.93℃和16.32℃,相变潜热为137.38J/g和141.51J/g。TG结果表明复合相变材料在100℃以下具有良好的热稳定性。500次热循环和蓄/放热实验表明循环前后复合相变材料的热可靠性好,且使用寿命长。膨胀石墨的添加改善了复合材料的热性能和热导率。研究表明制备的新型复合相变材料具有合适的相变温度、较高的相变潜热和热导率,热性能稳定可靠,可用于低温蓄能领域。     

An experimental study on stability and some thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with water–ethylene glycol mixtures

In this study, the stability and thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with double-distilled water (W) and double-distilled water/ethylene glycol (W/EG) mixtures are investigated. Stability analyses are performed through visual observation, thermal conductivity measurements, spectrophotometry and zeta potential measurement methods. An increase in ethylene glycol ratio in water increases the stability of nanofluid, which helps the nanoparticles disperse uniformly in the base fluid for a longer duration. It is concluded from the results that MWCNT nanofluids with a W/EG system (50:50) has good stability, showing no agglomeration for 36 d as compared with other nanofluids. Thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity and density with temperature were also measured. Maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 29% was observed for MWCNT-nanofluid with W/EG system (50:50) at 50°C. It is also observed that with the addition of MWCNT in W/EG mixtures, viscosity and density increase but the enhancement was comparatively low with reference to thermal conductivity. From these results, it was interpreted that both stability and thermal conductivity increase with increase in ethylene glycol ratio in water.     

A molecular dynamics-stochastic model for thermal conductivity of nanofluids and its experimental validation

A model to predict the enhanced thermal conductivity of water based copper nanofluid on the basis of molecular dynamics simulation coupled with stochastic simulation shows for the first time that the temperature of a copper nanoparticle colliding with a heat source can rise rapidly within the short collision period (e.g., 10-50 ps) estimated by impact dynamics due to phonon transfer. Thereafter the particles undergo Brownian movement in the base fluid and transfer the excess heat in about 2 to 3 ms to the surrounding fluid resulting in an appreciable enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Microconvection has minor contribution to the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The predicted thermal conductivity of nanofluid and its variation with the volume fraction of the nanoparticles agree well with the present experiments, as well as, with the data reported in the literature.     

膨胀石墨-碳纤维/尼龙三元导热复合材料制备

以尼龙6（PA6）为基体,膨胀石墨（EG）和碳纤维（CF）作为导热填料,采用熔融共混法制备了EG/PA6、CF/PA6和CF-EG/PA6导热复合材料。重点研究当固定导热填料（CF和EG）填充量为40wt%时,CF与EG不同的填充比例对CF与EG的接触方式及CF-EG/PA6复合材料的导热性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,相比单一CF填充,EG的加入有利于CF-EG/PA6复合材料热导率的增加;CF:EG质量比是25:15时的EG-CF/PA6三元复合材料,热导率可以达到2.554 W/（m·K）,是PA6的8倍,拉伸强度提高了125.34%,弯曲强度提高了119.8%,同时具有优异的耐热性。SEM结果表明,纤维状CF与蠕虫状EG片层在适当的填充比例下可以形成"面接触"的三维网络结构,这种三维网络结构不仅显著增大EG-CF/PA6复合材料的热导率,而且明显提高了其力学性能和耐热性能。为研制填充型导热高分子材料提供了一条新思路。      

Mechanism of heat transport in nanofluids

We have calculated thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids (with water and ethylene glycol as base fluids) using temperature as well as concentration-dependent viscosity, η. The temperature profile of η is obtained using Gaussian fit to the available experimental data. In the model, the interfacial resistance effects are incorporated through a phenomenological parameter α. The micro-convection of the alumina nanoparticle (diameter less than 100 nm) is included through Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The model is further improved by explicitly incorporating the thermal conductivity of the nanolayer surrounding the nanoparticles. Using this improved model, thermal conductivity of copper nanofluid is calculated. These calculations capture the particle concentration-dependent thermal conductivity and predict the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the size of the nanoparticle. These studies are significant to understand the underlying processes of heat transport in nanofluids and are crucial to design superior coolants of next generation.     

热态流变对中间相基炭材料导热性能的影响

以中间相沥青为原料,在变径模具中通过热态高压流变剪切促进分子有序排列制备了中间相有序块体导热炭材料。采用XRD、SEM和偏光显微镜表征了流变收缩比(1∶1、2∶1、2.5∶1和3∶1)对中间相有序排列块体炭材料微观织构及导热性能的影响。结果表明:中间相沥青在高压流变剪切的作用下实现了中间相炭微球之间的融并和有序生长,最终形成了微观有序、类纤维结构特征的块体炭材料。流变收缩比的提高,促进了中间相炭微球之间的融并生长,从而有利于获得更为完美的石墨结构。流变剪切不仅促进了中间相炭微球之间的有序融并在轴向形成了类纤维组织结构,而且能够促进径向不同层面之间中间相炭微球有序融并所形成细棒状纤维结构,正是该结构的存在改善增加了样品的导热系数。当流变收缩比由1∶1增加到3∶1时,样品轴向导热系数由96.88 W/(m.K)增大至131.02 W/(m.K),径向导热系数由140.85 W/(m.K)增大至160.46 W/(m.K)。流变收缩比的提高缩小了样品两维方向上导热特性的差异。     

Predicting the effective thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube based nanofluids

Adding a small volume fraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to a liquid enhances the thermal conductivity significantly. Recent experimental findings report an anomalously wide range of enhancement values that continue to perplex the research community and remain unexplained. In this paper we present a theoretical model based on three-dimensional CNT chain formation (percolation) in the base liquid and the corresponding thermal resistance network. The model considers random CNT orientation and CNT-CNT interaction forming the percolating chain. Predictions are in good agreement with almost all available experimental data. Results show that the enhancement critically depends on the CNT geometry (length), volume fraction, thermal conductivity of the base liquid and the nanofluid (CNT-liquid suspension) preparation technique. Based on the physical mechanism of heat conduction in the nanofluid, we introduce a new dimensionless parameter that alone characterizes the nanofluid thermal conductivity with reasonable accuracy (～ ± 5%).     

正癸酸-月桂酸-硬脂酸三元低共熔体系/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备与表征

将正癸酸(DA)、月桂酸(LA)和硬脂酸(SA)熔融共混制备了三元体系相变材料(DA-LA-SA),以DA-LA-SA为相变材料,膨胀石墨(EG)为载体材料,用熔融共混法制备不同DA-LA-SA含量的三元低共熔脂肪酸/膨胀石墨复合相变材料(DA-LASA/EG-PCMs)。采用FT-IR、XRD、SEM、TGA和DSC对其组成成分、晶体结构、微观形貌、相变温度和相变焓进行表征。结果表明,当DA、LA和SA的质量配比为1∶8∶1时,DA-LA-SA具有较低的相变温度和较高的相变焓;EG由大量的微孔构成,通过微孔束缚和表面吸附与DA-LA-SA物理结合,具有良好的稳定性;EG质量分数为10%时,所制备的DA-LA-SA/EG-PCMs三元相变体系复合相变材料的相变温度为38.6℃,相变焓为123J/g,导热系数为3.572 1 W·(m·K)-1,分散均匀,颗粒粒径较小,具有优良的热性能和稳定性。