外突褶皱及其打磨处理对层合板压缩失效行为影响

评估打磨处理对含外突褶皱结构承载能力的影响，是开展复合材料制造质量评定与制定装配策略的重要依据。本文采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了外突褶皱及打磨处理对层合板压缩失效行为的影响。实验方面，借助数字图像DIC技术监测加载过程表面应变分布，采用电子显微相机捕捉损伤过程，分析试样的压缩承载行为和破坏模式。数值模拟方面，采用Hashin失效准则与内聚力方法构建高保真度含褶皱层合板层内/层间失效分析有限元模型，探讨含外突褶皱及打磨褶皱层合板的应力分布特征及失效机制并分析褶皱高度对层合板压缩强度影响。结果表明：外突褶皱降低层合板压缩承载能力，而打磨处理会进一步降低层合板的承载能力与刚度。本文所建立的数值模型与实验结果吻合较好。对于外突褶皱层合板，层合板向褶皱凸起一侧屈曲，褶皱上方发生分层损伤并向端部扩展，纤维损伤从褶皱下侧铺层波谷处向其他层扩展；对于打磨褶皱层合板，主层板向褶皱凸起的相反方向屈曲，首先在打磨断层处发生面外拱起分层损伤，随后褶皱上方纤维层发生拱起断裂，纤维损伤向其他层扩展。随外突褶皱高度的增加，含褶皱层合板及打磨褶皱层合板的压缩失效载荷均显著降低。以上研究可为含外突褶皱复合材料结...     

钻孔分层损伤对复合材料层合孔板压缩力学行为的影响

钻孔分层损伤对复合材料层合孔板的承载能力和失效模式有着显著的影响。通过实验和仿真相结合的方式,开展单一预制分层缺陷下、双分层缺陷同侧耦合及双分层缺陷异侧耦合作用下复合材料层合孔板的压缩承载能力及失效模式的研究。通过预埋聚四氟乙烯薄膜,制备了含单一圆形预制分层缺陷的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料开孔板试件,采用浸没式超声C扫和数字图像DIC技术分别对复合材料层合板损伤和法向变形进行检测,研究含不同尺寸预制分层开孔层合板在压缩载荷下的分层扩展及失效变形特征,进而揭示分层缺陷大小对其承载能力的影响机制。构建基于内聚力单元方法的含孔复合材料层合板数值模型,对比实验修正模型,探索了单一预制分层缺陷下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料开孔板的损伤扩展机制,并在此模型基础上开展双分层缺陷耦合作用下复合材料开孔板在压缩载荷作用下的屈曲变形、分层扩展和承载能力的数值预测和分析。实验结果表明：含单一圆形预制分层缺陷的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料开孔层合板试件呈现出初始受压、局部屈曲、整体屈曲后破坏的失效模式,预制分层缺陷对复合材料孔板压缩力学性能有显著影响,随着缺陷的增大压缩承载能力逐渐下降。双分层缺陷耦合作用数值分析表明：双...     

单螺栓修复对含冲击损伤碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板压缩承载能力的影响

开展了单钉修复对含冲击损伤碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板压缩承载能力影响的试验研究。测试了三种不同能量冲击后碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板的压缩承载能力及失效模式,测定了单螺栓对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板压缩承载能力的修复效率,并借助数字图像相关技术(DIC)表征手段揭示了单螺栓修复对含冲击损伤结构失效行为的影响。结果表明:冲击后碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板的压缩承载能力随着冲击能量的增加而降低,冲击损伤破坏了碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板结构的对称性,并导致结构在加载初期呈非对称的局部屈曲变形特征,局部屈曲诱发并加剧分层损伤扩展;单螺栓修复能有效恢复结构的整体对称性,在一定程度上抑制含冲击损伤碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板的局部屈曲,达到可观的修复效率。该研究为复合材料紧固件修理方案的制订及修理损伤容限的定义提供一定的指导意义。      

碳纤维复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤应力分析

目的 为掌握碳纤维复合材料板在低速冲击载荷作用下的损伤规律,延缓失效破坏,对其冲击损伤的应力状态进行研究。方法 基于ABAQUS平台,建立碳纤维复合材料层合板低速冲击有限元模型,采用Hashin失效准则和VUMAT用户子程序,对碳纤维复合材料层合板的冲击过程进行数值模拟,同时考虑层合板层内与层间失效,以此来研究低速冲击条件下复合材料的损伤机理,分析冲击损伤过程中的应力变化趋势,讨论应力的分布状态。重点研究铺层角度及铺层距离冲头远近对应力的影响。结果 不同角度铺层的应力传播轨迹均沿着纤维方向和垂直于纤维方向同时扩展,应力均先增加至极限值而后迅速下降;铺层角度越大,板料的承载能力越弱,0°铺层的极限应力为1 432 MPa,而90°铺层的极限应力降至1 206 MPa;离冲头越远的铺层应力越小,达到峰值的时间更早且率先下降,说明远离冲头的铺层更早发生失效。结论 揭示了碳纤维层合板在低速冲击载荷作用下的应力状态及其对损伤的影响规律,能够为复合材料层合板零件设计提供参考。     

超细纤维增强复合材料Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性分析

采用静电纺丝技术制备了厚度约0.1mm的超细纤维无纺布薄膜, 并入层合板中间界面, 固化成型后加工为双悬臂梁(DCB)试样。根据ASTM D5528标准测试了 Ⅰ 型层间断裂韧性。实验结果表明, 增强试样比空白试样的 Ⅰ 型临界应变能释放率(G_{Ⅰ C})提高了约35％。同时采用有限元分析方法研究了含无纺布薄膜试样和空白试样的裂纹扩展过程, 数值结果与实验结果吻合较好, 更好地解释了含无纺布薄膜层合板的层间断裂机理。      

剪切载荷下含椭圆形大开口层合板的试验研究

在面内纯剪切载荷作用下, 采用试验与有限元模拟方法研究了结构中心设置椭圆形大开口的正方形复合材料层合板的应力/应变集中现象及屈曲、 后屈曲行为, 通过测试结果对试验件失效模式进行了评估。研究结果表明: 层合板开口附近应力/应变集中程度很高; 大尺寸开口使结构稳定性显著降低, 且开口层合板具有较好的后屈曲承载能力; 由于弯曲产生高水平的层间应力, 导致局部分层损伤并伴有基纤剪切破坏; 随着横向挠度的增加, 各应力集中区域的纤维发生拉伸断裂, 导致整体结构瞬间发生脆性失效。有限元模拟结果与试验结果符合较好。     

碳纤维编织复合材料层合板抗侵彻性能研究

通过弹道冲击实验开展了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板的抗侵彻性能研究，进行了动态响应分析和损伤模式分析。建立了基于Hashin失效和Yeh分层失效准则的渐进损伤模型，运用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板的侵彻失效过程，采用Lambert-Jonas公式拟合了柱状弹侵彻层合板弹道极限曲线，对比分析了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板侵彻实验与数值模拟的弹道极限速度及损伤形貌。结果表明，层合板侵彻损伤模式主要为分层、纤维断裂和基体开裂失效，弹道极限速度数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动承载能力

采用有限元方法研究了含穿透分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动力响应和承载能力。根据复合材料层合板一阶剪切理论, 推导了复合材料层合板单元的刚度阵和质量阵列式;同时采用Adams 应变能法与Rayleigh阻尼模型相结合的方法, 构造了相应的阻尼阵列式;为了防止在低阶模态中分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的嵌入现象, 建立了含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力分析中分层分析模型和虚拟界面联接模型。并采用Tsai提出的刚度退化准则和动力响应分析的精细积分法, 对在动荷载作用下含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板结构进行了破坏和承载能力分析。通过典型算例分析, 分别讨论了外载频率、分层深度、筋的位置以及破坏过程中刚度退化对含损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力响应特征和承载能力的影响, 得到了一些具有理论和工程价值的结论。     

孔洞形状对砂岩强度及破坏特征的影响

岩石内部富含形态各异的缺陷,对其力学特性有影响显著。通过对含单一预制孔洞砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,分析了孔洞几何形状对砂岩试样强度特征及破坏模式的影响规律,并利用RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对试样强度变化特征的力学机制进行探讨。研究表明:含孔洞砂岩试样的承载能力和弹性模量较完整岩样发生显著劣化,其中含正方形孔洞岩样的承载能力最弱,而含菱形孔洞岩样承载能力最强;试样最终失稳破坏主要由拉应力引起,且最大拉应力随孔洞几何形状不同而各异,其最终破坏模式主要有剪切破坏、张拉破坏和拉剪混合破坏3种;孔洞缺陷的结构效应对砂岩试样峰值强度和裂纹扩展特征也有影响。     

复合材料层合板低速冲击逐渐累积损伤预测方法

针对复合材料层板在冲击载荷下,各种损伤的产生和扩展是一个随载荷、时间和空间而演变的过程,发展了复合材料层合板低速冲击逐渐累积损伤预测方法.采用刚度退化技术和改进的Chang-Chang失效准则、显式有限元法来模拟复合材料层合板受到低速冲击下逐渐损伤过程.使用所发展的方法分析了[0m/90n/0m]铺层的复合材料层合板在低速冲击过程中的逐渐损伤扩展,结果表明本文的方法能较好地模拟复合材料层板在低速冲击下的损伤扩展及变形过程,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好;对不同冲击能量下层合板损伤扩展研究表明,冲击能量与分层损伤面积成线性关系.     

Compressive failure of laminates containing an embedded wrinkle; experimental and numerical study

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to understand and predict the compressive failure performance of quasi-isotropic carbon–epoxy laminates with out-of-plane wrinkle defects. Test coupons with artificially induced fibre-wrinkling of varied severity were manufactured and tested. The wrinkles were seen to significantly reduce the pristine compressive strength of the laminates. High-speed video of the gauge section was taken during the test, which showed extensive damage localisation in the wrinkle region. 3D finite element (FE) simulations were carried out in Abaqus/Explicit with continuum damage and cohesive zone models incorporated to predict failure. The FE analyses captured the locations of damage and failure stress levels very well for a range of different wrinkle configurations. At lower wrinkle severities, the analyses predicted a failure mode of compressive fibre-failure, which changed to delamination at higher wrinkle angles. This was confirmed by the tests.     

含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料-铝合金层板的拉伸损伤行为与热暴露响应

采用试验和数值方法研究了含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(GF/EP)复合材料-铝合金层板在不同热暴露温度下的拉伸剩余强度和损伤失效模式,揭示了层间损伤、纤维损伤及基体损伤的演化过程。结果表明:随着热暴露温度升高,含孔GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板剩余强度不断下降,拉伸破坏呈现出明显的纤维断裂与层间分层混合失效模式。热暴露温度越高或开孔直径越大,GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的层间分层损伤区域越小。随着载荷的增大,沿加载方向的0°纤维和基体的损伤分别呈现出类似“漏斗”形和“花瓣”状的损伤演化形式,而层间损伤区域呈现出一对相对开孔对称的三角形损伤演化形式。基于GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的剩余强度和损伤失效模式的数值仿真与试验结果吻合较好。      

变刚度复合材料开孔板拉伸行为数值模拟及试验验证

纤维曲线铺放是提高复合材料构件力学性能的有效方法之一。本文针对复合材料开孔板铺放轨迹进行了研究,利用B样条曲线插值拟合获取了开孔板最大主应力铺放轨迹,并通过离散网格法建立了变刚度开孔板模型,通过引入Tsai-Wu损伤失效判据以及常刚度退化准则,进行了拉伸失效数值模拟及损伤失效分析,并分别铺放了两组常刚度和变刚度开孔板试验样件,进行了拉伸对比试验。结果表明：数值模拟与实验数据吻合较好,变刚度开孔板相比常刚度开孔板,拉伸强度提升了26.92%,且两者损伤失效演化过程显著不同。     

A computational continuum damage mechanics model for predicting transverse cracking and splitting evolution in open hole cross‐ply composite laminates

The present study focuses on a computational constitutive model which predicts the matrix cracking evolution and fibre breakage in cross‐ply composite laminates with open hole under in‐plane loading. To consider the effects of matrix cracking on the nonlinear response of laminates, a simplified crack density based model is applied which evaluates the representative damage parameters of matrix cracking. Furthermore, a developed subroutine based on continuum damage mechanics concepts is applied in ANSYS code which is capable to consider the transverse cracking/splitting evolution and predict the final failure load of mentioned laminate under monotonic loading in a progressive damage analyses. It is shown that the obtained stress–strain behaviours and the damage evaluation of considered laminates are in good agreement with the available experimental results.     

Investigation of failure mechanisms in GFRP sandwich structures with face sheet wrinkle defects used for wind turbine blades

Wrinkle defects can be formed during the production of wind turbine blades consisting of composite monolithic and sandwich laminates. Earlier studies have shown that the in-plane compressive strength of a sandwich panel with wrinkle defects may decrease dramatically. This study focuses on the failure modes of sandwich specimens consisting of thick GFRP face sheets with a wrinkle defect and a balsa wood core subjected to in-plane compression loading. Three distinct modes of failure were found, and the strain distributions leading up to these failures were established by use of digital image correlation (DIC). Finite element analyses were subsequently conducted to model the response of the test specimens prior to failure, and generally a very good agreement was found with the DIC measurements, although slight differences between the predicted and measured strain fields were observed in the local strain values around the wrinkle defect. The Northwestern University (NU) failure criterion was applied to predict failure initiation, and a good correlation with the experimental observations was achieved.     

复合材料层合板机械连接处失效过程的数值模拟

考虑了损伤累积、刚度退化和破坏准则,研究了带孔洞复合材料层合板受面内载荷作用的失效过程.应力分析建立在三维有限元模型基础上,借助有限元商业软件ANSYS中的参数化设计语言APDL,考虑材料损伤累积和刚度退化,采用迭代算法,实现了层合板机械连接处的破坏过程模拟.为验证三维有限元模型的有效性,将模拟计算得到的孔边应力分布与文献中的结果进行了比较,两者十分吻合.进一步计算了层合板的位移一挠度曲线,并与实验结果进行了比较,验证了数值模拟的正确性.     

Nonlinear response in glass fibre non-crimp fabric reinforced vinylester composites

This paper addresses the nonlinear stress-strain response in glass fibre non-crimp fabric reinforced vinylester composite laminates subjected to in-plane tensile loading. The nonlinearity is shown to be a combination of brittle and plastic failure. It is argued that the shift from plastic to brittle behaviour in the vinylester is caused by the state of stress triaxiality caused by the interaction between fibre and vinylester. A model combining damage and plasticity is calibrated and evaluated using data from extensive experimental testing. The onset of damage is predicted using the Puck failure criterion, and the evolution of damage is calibrated from the observed softening in plies loaded in transverse tension. Shear loading beyond linear elastic response is observed to result in irreversible strains. A yield criterion is implemented for shear deformation. A strain hardening law is fitted to the stress-strain response observed in shear loaded plies. Experimental results from a selection of laminates with different layups are used to verify the numerical models. A complete set of model parameters for predicting elastic behaviour, strength and post failure softening is presented for glass fibre non-crimped fabric reinforced vinylester. The predicted behaviour from using these model parameters are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.     

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击损伤数值模拟

建立了缝合复合材料层板在低速冲击载荷下的渐进损伤分析模型。模型中采用空间杆单元模拟缝线的作用;采用三维实体单元模拟缝合层板,通过基于应变描述的Hashin准则,结合相应的材料性能退化方案模拟层板的损伤和演化;采用界面单元模拟层间界面,结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的应变能释放率准则判断分层的起始和扩展规律。通过对碳800环氧树脂复合材料（T800/5228）层板的数值仿真结果和试验结果相比较,验证了模型的正确性,同时讨论了不同冲击能量下缝合层板的损伤规律。研究结果表明：缝线能够有效地抑制层板的分层损伤扩展;相同冲击能量下缝合与未缝合层板的基体损伤和纤维损伤在厚度分布上相似,缝合层板的损伤都要小于未缝合层板。     

Tension-tension fatigue behavior of GFRP woven laminates at low temperatures

This paper describes an experimental study on the fatigue damage behavior of GFRP woven laminates in terms of stiffness degradation and residual strength under cyclic loading at low temperatures. Uniaxial, load-controlled, tension-tension fatigue tests were conducted at room and low temperatures. The applied stress versus cycles to failure (S-N) relationships and fatigue limits were obtained for the GFRP woven laminates and the microcrack evolution due to fatigue loading was characterized using optical microscopy. Temperatures were also measured using a thermocouple embedded in the center of the specimens.     

Predicting evolution of ply cracks in composite laminates subjected to biaxial loading

An energy-based model is developed to predict the evolution of sub-critical matrix crack density in symmetric multidirectional composite laminates for the case of multiaxial loading. A finite element-based numerical scheme is also developed to evaluate the critical strain energy release rate, G_Ic, associated with matrix micro-cracking, a parameter that previously required fitting with experimental data. Furthermore, the prediction scheme is improved to account for the statistical variation of G_Ic within the material volume by using a two-parameter Weibull distribution. The variation of G_Ic with increasing crack density is also accounted for based on reported experimental evidence. The simulated results for carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy cross-ply laminates demonstrate the ability of the improved model to predict the evolution of multidirectional ply cracking. By integrating this damage evolution model with the synergistic damage mechanics approach for stiffness degradation, the stress-strain response of the studied laminates is predicted. Finally, biaxial stress envelopes for ply crack initiation and pre-determined stiffness degradation levels are predicted to serve as representative examples of stiffness-based design and failure criterion.