迎接知识经济时代的挑战培养跨世纪水利建设人才

知识经济是以知识的经济，根据其发展趋势，结合我国水利建设的实际，我们要培养和引进掌握信息科学技术的“信息型”人才，有国际竞争能力的“外向型”人才，既懂专业又懂管理的“复合型”人才，具有开拓创新能力的“创新型”人才。     

从我国水土流失现状看水土保持生态建设战略布局及主要任务

全国第二次水土流失遥感调查成果已向社会公告,这为新世纪全面开展水土保持生态建设和保护工作提供了科学依据,运用这些成果,在宏观上进行科学布局,明确防治重点和主要任务对于加快水土流失防治进程十分     

Assessing the Governance Capacity of Cities to Address Challenges of Water,Waste, and Climate Change

The challenges of water, waste, and climate change in cities are overwhelming and underpin the importance of overcoming governance issues impeding adaptation. These “governance challenges” typically have fragmented scopes, viewpoints, and responsibilities. As there are many causes leading to this uncertainty and disagreement, there is no single best approach to solve these governance challenges. In fact, what is necessary is iterative and requires governance capacity to find dynamic long-term solutions that are supported by flexible interim targets, so as to anticipate emerging barriers and changing situations. The literature contains a plethora of governance gaps, barriers, and capacities, which sometimes overlap, are contradictory and case-specific, and reflect disciplinary scopes. We argue that a balanced set of well-developed conditions is needed, to obtain the governance capacity that enables effective change. Therefore, we aim to obtain deeper understanding of the key conditions determining the urban water governance capacity, by developing an integrated empirical-based approach that enables consistent city comparisons and facilitates decision-making. We propose a governance capacity framework focusing on five governance challenges: 1) water scarcity, 2) flood risk, 3) wastewater treatment, 4) solid waste treatment and 5) urban heat islands. Nine governance conditions, each with three indicators, are identified and empirically assessed using a Likert-type scoring method. The framework is illustrated by a case study on Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We conclude our approach shows great potential to improve our understanding of the key conditions determining the governance capacity to find solutions to the urban challenges of water, waste, and climate change.     

Social Participation in the Lerma-Santiago Basin: Water and Social Life Project

There have always been conflicts over shared water, even wars. Tensions over water rights become focused as political forces, not only between different countries but also within the same country. This may be seen in the Lerma-Santiago basin in M exico, and particularly in the city of Guadalajara where the news media and the general population blame the condition of Lake Chapala on the other states in the watershed. To stimulate user participation, the Oficina de Comunicacion del Lago has developed a methodology as part of a larger project, 'Water and Social Life'.     

A Comparative Analysis of Water Governance,Water Management,and Environmental Performance in River Basins

River ecosystems are facing a diversity of threats in many parts of the world. To restore and preserve riverine environments, human societies have established water governance and management responses. However, the means by which a satisfactory environmental state can be achieved in light of different regional contexts is still poorly understood. This article explores whether or not good environmental performance can be achieved through water governance and management in combination with further context factors. To this end, we applied fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to examine data on water governance, water management, and environmental performance from a recent international study together with context data on per capita income, corruption, hydro-climate, and use pressure from other datasets. Results demonstrate that the combination of polycentric governance, high per capita income, and low levels of corruption is sufficient for achieving good water management practice. However, a good environmental state in river basins seems to primarily depend upon the overall level of pressure from human use rather than the quality of water management. This demonstrates that water governance and management should be seen as part of a broader societal transformation towards sustainability that focusses on a reduction of pressures in river basins instead of mitigating their impacts.     

Spatial Water Use efficiency Index towards resource sustainability: application in the island of Crete,Greece

This paper introduces a new index to test water resource sustainability in regions where groundwater is the main source of water supply. The Spatial Water Use efficiency Index (SWUI) is a geographical information system (GIS) environment index which expresses the ratio of potential available water volume (groundwater recharge minus water needs) to the respective water needs. Its low and/or negative values indicate water stress. SWUI is applied in the island of Crete, Greece, where water needs are mainly covered by groundwater abstractions. The annual water mass balance is estimated using the RIBASIM (River Basin Simulation) model. The total freshwater needs in the Cretan region reach 535 hm³ annually according to the model's simulation. SWUI with values ranging from ? 0.8 to 214.3 has proved to be an important visual tool towards depicting the low efficiency of the east part of the island to cover water demand and a useful decision-making tool in the sustainability evaluation of groundwater aquifers.     

珠江流域水资源保护问题的挑战与对策

珠江流域水资源保护问题日趋势严峻，１９９３年排放珠江的废污水量达４８．８亿ｍ＾３，同年８３个城镇的７各主要污染物排放量达３８４１ｔ／ｄ，劣于Ⅲ类水的河长占评价河水的２３．７％；因水质污染造成缺水的现象越来越严重；沿江上下游跨省、跨地区水污染扩散问题日益突出；人们对水污染危害认识不足，管理机制不完善，治理费用严重不足。因此，应成立有权威的领导小组，以监督和决策重大水环境问题；加强水法规建设，强化流域     

Estimation of the Water Resources Potential in the Island System of the Aegean Archipelago,Greece

Abstract

The present paper tries to estimate the surface water resources potential in some of the major Aegean islands in an effort to provide a means for the continuous development of the region, and, by extension, for similar areas around the world. The islands have to confront the challenge of surviving in a semiarid environment under the constraints of uneven water resources distribution both in space and time. In addition to these, tourism development, industrialization and highly water consumptive life styles have exacerbated perennial problems in water resources and water resources management. The framework of the present effort has a two-prong emphasis. In the first part, a simulation model is presented, which tries to estimate the potential surface runoff under physical, structural organizational, and institutional constraints. The methodology and the premises of the simulation process are delineated. In the second part, the results of the model's application in distinct cases are demarcated. The final product, namely the model and the resulting runoff coefficients, are presented in the form of a standard, which may provide practitioners in the field as well as decisionmakers the means for an initial reference in pertinent developmental efforts. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations raise the question of ecosystem resilience and point towards the urgent and continuous need for the application of integrated water resources management principles.     

人工神经网络在水文水资源水环境系统中的应用研究进展

在简要介绍了人工神经网络（ANN）的独特性能和应用于水文水资源水环境系统的研究意义的基础上，从预测预报、分类识别、优化调度与计算、环境水质评价评估等诸多方面详细综述了国内外的应用研究进展，文中还探讨了今后的研究方向．     

A Modeling System for the Evaluation of Water Resources Management Strategies in Thessaly,Greece

A modeling system was developed to evaluate the sustainability of water resources management strategies in the two major basins of Thessaly Region in Greece, namely the Pinios River and the Lake Karla basins. The intense and extensive agriculture of water demanding crops, such as cotton, and the absence of reasonable water resources management have lead to a remarkable water demand increase, which is usually fulfilled by the over-exploitation of groundwater resources. This unsustainable practice has deteriorated the already disturbed water balance and accelerated water resources degradation. The modeling system consists of a hydrological model, a reservoir operation model and methods for the estimation of water demands. The study area was sub-divided into sub-basins and water balance analyses were performed for each sub-basin and each control node of the system for a number of water resources management strategies. Four strategies of hydro-technical project development were coupled with two strategies of groundwater withdrawal and three water demand strategies. In total, more than 24 water management strategies were evaluated. The results showed that, under the existing water resources management, the water deficit of the Pinios River and Lake Karla basins is very large. However, the development of proposed hydro-technical projects in the Pinios River basin coupled with water demand management measures, like improvement of existing water distribution systems, change of irrigation methods, and changes of crop cultivation could alleviate the problem and lead to sustainable and ecological use of water resources in the study area.     

Appreciating Institutional Complexity in Water Governance Dynamics: A Case from the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia

Water managing systems are becoming more complex as new institutional arrangements are created in response to a changing climate. Our inquiry centred on the ‘water managing system’ within a nested set of Australian water governance regimes, including relevant local, regional, state and national governance regimes. New institutions in national and state systems, seemingly intended to reduce complexity through centralisation or integration, only increase complexity by adding to the existing mix of institutional arrangements. This complexity can reduce the effectiveness of water managing organisations by increasing administrative burden, creating high costs of entry for new staff and leading to confusion in communications with external stakeholders. Regional water managers deal with this complexity by drawing on relational capital built from long-term engagement in the water managing system. However, relational capital is difficult to build and easy to destroy, thus this ‘soft’ capacity is under threat from shifts in decision making power and of resources out of regional water governance systems. Institutional innovation is therefore required to create opportunities to build relational capital in order to effectively manage natural resources at the regional level as coupled socio-ecological systems.     

Optimal Location of Pump as Turbines (PATs) in Water Distribution Networks to Recover Energy and Reduce Leakage

Water distribution networks are high energy and low efficiency systems, where water pressure is frequently reduced by dissipation valves to limit leakage. The dissipation produced by the valves can be converted to energy production to increase the efficiency and reduce the energy impact of networks. If valves are replaced by turbines or pumps as turbines (PATs), they can both reduce pressure and produce energy. This study focuses on the optimal location of PATs within a water distribution network in order to both produce energy and reduce leakage. A new optimization model is developed consisting of several linear and non-linear constraints and a newly proposed objective function, where the turbine installation costs as well as the energy production and the economic saving due to the reduction of leakage can be accounted all together. The case study shows that the application of the mathematical model to a synthetic network ensures better results, in terms of both energy production and water saving, in comparison to other procedures.     

A Means to an End: Studying the Existing Environment for Private Sector Participation in the Water and Sanitation Sector

Given that the degree of success of private sector participation in the water and sanitation sector is such a hotly debated topic, there is a need to empirically study the environment within which private investment currently exists. Using Logit estimation, and investigating 29 political, economic and demographic variables from 39 developing countries, it was found that neither the political nor demographic environments play a role in explaining the existence of private sector participation. However, the empirical estimates show that many economic variables do play a significant role. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that much of the determination of reaching financial closure with the private sector is due to proprietary conditions between the private sector and the governments involved.     

灌区量测水技术的现状、问题与对策

灌区量水是实现科学配水、合理用水、公平计费的重要手段和前提条件。然而，由于对量水技术重视不够，加之更新配套资金短缺，目前灌区的量测水技术落后、设施配备不全、队伍素质偏低，严重影响了量水技术和施测水平的提高，制约了灌溉管理水平的提升。笔者根据多年从事灌区管理的实践，对忻州市滹沱河灌区的量测水现状进行分析，指出存在的问题，提出相应的对策。     

大同市水资源现状和存在问题及其对策

文中分析了大同市水资源的总体状况及其特点，提出了存在的主要问题及相应的对策，为大同市水资源的开发利用和保护提供了科学依据。     

Integration of Hydraulic and Water Quality Modelling in Distribution Networks: EPANET-PMX

Simulation models for water distribution networks are used routinely for many purposes. Some examples are planning, design, monitoring and control. However, under conditions of low pressure, the conventional models that employ demand-driven analysis often provide misleading results. On the other hand, almost all the models that employ pressure-driven analysis do not perform dynamic and/or water quality simulations seamlessly. Typically, they exclude key elements such as pumps, control devices and tanks. EPANET-PDX is a pressure-driven extension of the EPANET 2 simulation model that preserved the capabilities of EPANET 2 including water quality modelling. However, it cannot simulate multiple chemical substances at once. The single-species approach to water quality modelling is inefficient and somewhat unrealistic. The reason is that different chemical substances may co-exist in water distribution networks. This article proposes a fully integrated network analysis model (EPANET-PMX) (pressure-dependent multi-species extension) that addresses these weaknesses. The model performs both steady state and dynamic simulations. It is applicable to any network with various combinations of chemical reactions and reaction kinetics. Examples that demonstrate its effectiveness are included.     

Framework for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Context of Governance,Infrastructure, Technology and Economics

Water Resources Management - Administrators of urban water institutions face huge challenges in ensuring water rights and water security of the citizens of ever-expanding cities. The concept of...     

Deliberative Democracy and Water Management in New Zealand: a Critical Approach to Collaborative Governance and Co-Management Initiatives

Water Resources Management - This article offers a critical analysis of collaborative water governance initiatives in New Zealand that is embedded in deliberative democratic theory. The article...     

平遥县水资源开发利用现状及其存在问题与对策

文中分析了平遥县水资源开发利用现状及其存在的问题，提出了解决平遥县水资源供需矛盾的对策与措施，为平遥古城可持续发展提供水资源可持续利用科学依据。