DRYING KINETICS OF A MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS

ABSTRACT

Drying kinetics of volatile organic solvents have been examined during the drying process of a pharmaceutical coating containing a multicomponent mixture of ethyl acetate, n-heptane, propanol-2, and toluene. A complete set of experiments was performed in two drying apparatuses, a laboratory air-dryer and an oven dryer, for a wide range of drying temperature, air velocity, initial coating thickness and drying time. An empirical kinetic model is used to predict the concentration of each organic solvent in the mixture during the drying process. The results show that both drying conditions and sample characteristics affect significantly the drying rate of solvents.     

神华煤在有机溶剂中溶胀动力学的研究

研究了不同温度( 4 0℃～1 2 0℃)下神华煤在有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、四氢萘和循环油中的溶胀动力学.结果表明:随温度升高,神华煤在有机溶剂中的溶胀速率在增大,但在极性溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的溶胀速率远大于在非极性溶剂四氢萘中的溶胀速率;神华煤的溶胀行为符合一级反应动力学方程;神华煤在三种溶剂中的活化能均小于1 0 k J/mol,表明在溶胀过程中,其速度由溶剂分子在煤中的扩散所控制.     

MICROWAVE DRYING OF MULTICOMPONENT SOLS

Extensive studies on microwave drying of multicomponent materials have been carried out in order to determine dielectric properties of metalsiloxane sols, define the healing and drying characteristics of metalsiloxane sols and gels, develop the mathematical model of thermal processing, and design the continuous microwave dryer that could be used in an industrial scale     

MICROWAVE DRYING OF MULTICOMPONENT SOLS

ABSTRACT

Extensive studies on microwave drying of multicomponent materials have been carried out in order to determine dielectric properties of metalsiloxane sols, define the healing and drying characteristics of metalsiloxane sols and gels, develop the mathematical model of thermal processing, and design the continuous microwave dryer that could be used in an industrial scale     

THERMAL DEWATERING OF DILUTED ORGANIC SUSPENSIONS: PROCESS MECHANISM AND DRYING KINETICS

Drying of raw hog manure, a highly diluted suspension of organic and inorganic matter was studied experimentally in the multistage screw-in-trough dryer. Laboratory tests included material characteristics (rheological properties, thermodynamic equilibrium, critical settling point), boiling pattern, and kinetics of convective drying at temperatures from 90 to 120°C and air velocity from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Three phases of manure drying were identified, namely boiling and release of volatile compounds, evaporation from viscous liquid, followed by drying of a soft paste, and finish drying of semi-dry granular product. Drying kinetics were quantified in terms of reduced moisture content and a generalized drying curve using the characteristic drying time concept. Field tests were carried out in the pilot multistage screw-in-trough dryer to validate design calculations.     

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN SEPARATING A MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE

In this work, a dynamic model was developed to simulate the transient behaviour of a pilot scale, continuous, siagewise, 15 plate distillation column separating a mixture of ethanol, iso-propanol and isobutanol. The accuracy of the predictions was assessed by transient response data collected during experiments under step changes in reflux ratio, feed flow rate and feed composition.

Results demonstrated the feasibility of simulating multicomponent distillation under unsteady state conditions with fairly good success. Further improvements were suggested for a better accuracy     

THERMAL DEWATERING OF DILUTED ORGANIC SUSPENSIONS: PROCESS MECHANISM AND DRYING KINETICS

ABSTRACT

Drying of raw hog manure, a highly diluted suspension of organic and inorganic matter was studied experimentally in the multistage screw-in-trough dryer. Laboratory tests included material characteristics (rheological properties, thermodynamic equilibrium, critical settling point), boiling pattern, and kinetics of convective drying at temperatures from 90 to 120°C and air velocity from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Three phases of manure drying were identified, namely boiling and release of volatile compounds, evaporation from viscous liquid, followed by drying of a soft paste, and finish drying of semi-dry granular product. Drying kinetics were quantified in terms of reduced moisture content and a generalized drying curve using the characteristic drying time concept. Field tests were carried out in the pilot multistage screw-in-trough dryer to validate design calculations.

     

DRYING KINETICS OF APRICOTS

The kinetics of apricot dehydration was examined using a factorial experimental design in order to evalute the effect of air temperature, air velocity and pretreatment of the sample on the drying time and the transport coefficients of apricots. A finite element method was used to solve the differential equations describing the transfer of moisture in the irregular shape of the apricot. The two transport coefficients of the system were estimated using non-linear regression analysis. It was found that the moisture transfer is entirely controlled by the external resistance to mass transfer for the air velocities examined. A new method is proposed for the evaluation of the relative significance of the external and the internal mass transfer during, which should repiace the well known Biot number criterion.     

DRYING KINETICS OF APRICOTS

The kinetics of apricot dehydration was examined using a factorial experimental design in order to evalute the effect of air temperature, air velocity and pretreatment of the sample on the drying time and the transport coefficients of apricots. A finite element method was used to solve the differential equations describing the transfer of moisture in the irregular shape of the apricot. The two transport coefficients of the system were estimated using non-linear regression analysis. It was found that the moisture transfer is entirely controlled by the external resistance to mass transfer for the air velocities examined. A new method is proposed for the evaluation of the relative significance of the external and the internal mass transfer during, which should repiace the well known Biot number criterion.     

EFFECT OF DRYING MODE ON DRYING KINETICS OF ONION

Onion slices 3 mm thick were dried in different modes. Drying at 60°C by convection was taken as a reference process. reviseddate=It has been shown that increase in air temperature increases the rate of drying. Effective diffusivity increases with increasing temperature, but it is strongly dependent on water content. Energy of activation for diffusion is also strongly affected by water content. acceptdate=Stepwise changes in temperature do not result in beneficial effects which could be expected. Extension of drying time was even observed in respect to that obtained at constant 60°C. printpubdate=Drying with infrared energy or assisting convective drying with microwave energy results in increased drying rates and substantial shortening of the drying time.     

DRYING KINETICS OF SOME FRUITS

Drying kinetics of four Fruits (namely, apple, pear, kiwi and banana) were studied by introducing an one-parameter empirical mass transfer model, involving a characteristic parameter (drying constant), as a function of process variables. The model was tested with data produced in a laboratory dryer, using non-linear regression analysis. The investigation involved a wide range of characteristic dimensions of samples and air conditions (temperature, humidity, and superficial velocity). The parameters of the model considered were found to be greatly affected by sample characteristic dimension and air temperature. The model also involved the equilibrium material moisture content which was formulated in the form of the GAB equation. Its parameters were evaluated by means of non-linear regression analysis to independent experiments covering two process variables (temperature and water activity of the surrounding air).     

DRYING KINETICS OF SOME FRUITS

ABSTRACT

Drying kinetics of four Fruits (namely, apple, pear, kiwi and banana) were studied by introducing an one-parameter empirical mass transfer model, involving a characteristic parameter (drying constant), as a function of process variables. The model was tested with data produced in a laboratory dryer, using non-linear regression analysis. The investigation involved a wide range of characteristic dimensions of samples and air conditions (temperature, humidity, and superficial velocity). The parameters of the model considered were found to be greatly affected by sample characteristic dimension and air temperature. The model also involved the equilibrium material moisture content which was formulated in the form of the GAB equation. Its parameters were evaluated by means of non-linear regression analysis to independent experiments covering two process variables (temperature and water activity of the surrounding air).     

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRYING KINETICS OF A FOOD PRODUCT

ABSTRACT

A laboratory system allowing for the characterization of the thin-layer drying kinetics of olive bagasse at relatively high temperatures was designed and constructed. The system, which permits a wide range of operating velocities and temperatures, up to 700°C, allowed the weight loss of the sample to be monitored continuously. Constant drying conditions were maintained using an on-line computer. The drying conditions investigated in this study included combustion products of atmospheric air and propane with dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 125°C to 250°C, relative humidity lower than 1% and gas velocities ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m/s.     

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRYING KINETICS OF A FOOD PRODUCT

A laboratory system allowing for the characterization of the thin-layer drying kinetics of olive bagasse at relatively high temperatures was designed and constructed. The system, which permits a wide range of operating velocities and temperatures, up to 700°C, allowed the weight loss of the sample to be monitored continuously. Constant drying conditions were maintained using an on-line computer. The drying conditions investigated in this study included combustion products of atmospheric air and propane with dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 125°C to 250°C, relative humidity lower than 1% and gas velocities ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m/s.     

KINETICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF SPRAY DRYING

ABSTRACT

A regression analysis wae conducted on experimental data obtained during the testing of a solid desiccant dehumidifier (Bharathan et a1.) at the Solar Enerav Research Institute (SERI has since been renamed the National Renewable Energy Laborstory). The data obtained was studied using statietical techiiquee to determine the regression equation for the temperature and humidity at the processed air outlet of the dehumidifier. These variables determine the cooling capacity and efficiency (Coefficient of Performance) of any deeiccant cooling cycle. The analysis ie uaed to determine the relative Impact the input parametere have on the outlet temperature and humidity.     

A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS OF ROUGH RICE

Rough rice at about 21% (wet basis) was dried at various conditions of temperatures and evaporating capacities of air. The influence of both parameters on drying rate has been studied. At high temperatures, high drying rates can be achieved with low evaporating capacities. In addition, desorption isotherms of rough rice were measured at 35, 60 and 85°C and the experimental isotherms data were fitted using a modified Pfost equation.

A compartmental model was developed to simulate the grain moisture content. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were optimized using a Nelder & Mead method. Internal mass transfer coefficient was written as an exponential function of the average moisture content and temperature of the grain and the external mass transfer coefficient as a function of air temperature. The compartmental approach predicts very well the average moisture content with a mean error of about 5% in static and dynamic conditions.     

A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS OF ROUGH RICE

ABSTRACT

Rough rice at about 21% (wet basis) was dried at various conditions of temperatures and evaporating capacities of air. The influence of both parameters on drying rate has been studied. At high temperatures, high drying rates can be achieved with low evaporating capacities. In addition, desorption isotherms of rough rice were measured at 35, 60 and 85°C and the experimental isotherms data were fitted using a modified Pfost equation.

A compartmental model was developed to simulate the grain moisture content. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were optimized using a Nelder & Mead method. Internal mass transfer coefficient was written as an exponential function of the average moisture content and temperature of the grain and the external mass transfer coefficient as a function of air temperature. The compartmental approach predicts very well the average moisture content with a mean error of about 5% in static and dynamic conditions.     

氨性硫代硫酸盐与多硫化物混合溶液氧化动力学研究

本文研究了硫代硫酸盐及多硫化物混合溶液在通空气条件下氧化的动力学，其中多硫化物氧化速率的表达式为：dCt／dt＝，反应表观活化能为61．5kJ／mol；混合溶液氧化部分转化为，其生成速率的宏观表达式为：；同时，对混合溶液在通空气条件下氧化的机理进行了讨论。     

DETERMINATION OF THE SOLUBILITIES OF 2,4-DICHLOROBENZALDEHYDE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Solubilities of 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde in five single organic solvents,namely,n-propanol,n-butanol.cyclohexane,chloroform and dichloromethane as well as in two mixed solvents,namely,cyclohexane-acetone and cyclohexane n-butanol,have been measured.These data are correlated withWilson,NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models and can be used for the process design inthe purification of 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde.