Visible and near-infrared calibrations for quality assessment of fresh phase I and II mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) compost

Previous studies have shown that visible and near-infrared spectra (Vis-NIR) of dry and milled compost can be used for generating partial least squares (PLS) calibrations of phase II compost parameters including ammonia, nitrogen dry matter (NDM), dry matter (DM), pH, conductivity, carbon, microbial population, and potential productivity. The objective of this study was to develop robust calibrations for some of the key parameters from the spectra of fresh phase I and II composts. Samples of substrates from six commercial production yards were obtained during winter and summer months of 2000-2004 to monitor changes in quality and were analyzed for the test factors. Vis-NIR reflectance measurements of fresh samples (740) were made over the range of 400-2500 nm. After mathematical pretreatments, PLS calibrations of the key parameters were developed using the NIR (1100-2500 nm) and visible and NIR (400-2500 nm) regions and subsequently validated using an independent sample set of 123 phase I and II samples obtained during 2004-2005. The phase I and II standard errors of laboratory measurements of ammonia, pH, conductivity, DM, NDM, and ash were lower than the standard error of predictions of the same parameters, respectively, by the best NIR or Vis-NIR models. The degree of precision for some of the calibrations, especially ammonia, NDM, and DM, is suitable for composters to monitor changes in quality parameters during production. The laboratory measurement errors for phase I samples were greater than those of the phase II samples, except for ash, due to a higher degree of heterogeneity in the substrate. The calibrations, especially for pH, conductivity, and ash, need to be improved with new sample sets. A major advantage of NIR spectroscopy is the ability to assess substrate quality for a range of target parameters simultaneously, within a few hours of receiving the samples. The main drawbacks are the expensive instrumentation, expertise, and training necessary for operating the spectrometer and a dedicated chemometrician required for maintaining the equations compared to the reference methods.     

Effect of diet composition on the determination of ash and moisture content in solid cattle manure using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR, 350-2500 nm) diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) models built from "as-collected" samples of solid cattle manure accurately predict concentrations of moisture and crude ash. Because different organic molecules emit different spectral signatures, variations in livestock diet composition may affect the predictive accuracy of these models. This study investigates how differences in livestock diet composition affect Vis-NIR DRS prediction of moisture and crude ash. Spectral signatures of solid manure samples (n = 216) from eighteen groups of cattle on six different diets were used to calibrate and validate partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Seven groups of PLS models were created and validated. In the first group, two-thirds of all samples were randomly selected as the calibration set and the remaining one-third were used for the validation set. In the remaining six groups, samples were grouped by livestock diet (ration). Each ration in turn was held out of calibrations and then used as a validation set. When predicting crude ash, the fully random calibration model produced a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 2.5% on a dry basis (db), ratio of standard error of prediction to the root mean squared deviation (RPD) of 3.1, bias of 0.14% (db), and correlation coefficient r(2) of 0.90., When predicting moisture, an RMSD of 1.5% on a wet basis (wb), RPD of 4.3, bias of -0.09% (wb), and r(2) of 0.95 was achieved. Model accuracy and precision were not impaired by exclusion of any single ration from model calibration.     

In situ determination of growing stages and harvest time of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ) fruits using fiber-optic visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy

Nondestructive in situ measurement of tomato fruits is essential to determine growing stages and to assist in automatic picking of fruits. This study evaluates the applicability of visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for in situ determination of growing stages and harvest time of three cultivars of tomato fruits. A mobile fiber-type AgroSpec Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Tec5 Co., Germany) with a spectral range of 350-2200 nm was used to measure tomato spectra in reflection mode. A new growing stage (GS) index defined as the ratio of the current growing age in days to the on-vine duration before harvest in days was proposed. After dividing spectra into a calibration set (70%) and an independent prediction set (30%), spectra in the calibration set were subjected to a partial least squares regression (PLSR) with leave-one-out cross-validation to establish calibration models relating GS to the spectra of tomato fruits. Separate models were developed for each tomato cultivar and compared with a general model that used combined spectra of all three cultivars. The results show that PLSR based on the new GS is successful and robust in predicting the growing stages and harvest time of tomato fruits. Validation of calibration models on the independent prediction set indicates that successful prediction of GS can be achieved using the three models developed separately for each cultivar with a coefficient of determination (R(2)) of 0.91-0.92, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.081-0.097, and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 3.29-3.70. General calibration using the combined spectra produces good prediction performance, although less accurate than that for the three individual cultivar models. The analysis of regression coefficient plots resulting from PLSR analysis indicates consistent assignment of important wavelengths for individual cultivar spectra and combined spectra. It is concluded that the Vis-NIR PLSR based on GS index can be adopted successfully for in situ determination of growing stages and harvest time of on-vine tomato fruits, which allows for automatic picking of fruits by a horticultural robot.     

Immobilization and phytotoxicity of Cd in contaminated soil amended with chicken manure compost

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of compost application on the immobilization and biotoxicity of Cd in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) potted soils. Soils treated with various levels of Cd (0-50 mg Cd kg(-1) soil) were amended with 0, 30, 60 and 120 g compost kg(-1) soil. The fractions of Cd in soil were evaluated by a sequential extraction procedure. Compost application resulted in more than 70% lower soluble/exchangeable Cd (KNO(3)) but increased the concentration of organic-bound (NaOH) and inorganic precipitates (EDTA) Cd in soils. Addition of compost was effective in reducing the phytotoxicity of Cd by decreasing more than 50% Cd uptake by wheat tissue and improving wheat growth. Alleviation of Cd phytotoxicity by compost was attributed primarily to the increase of soil pH, complexation of Cd by the organic matter and coprecipitation with P content. Compost was effective in the immobilization of Cd in soils and can be used to remediate Cd-contaminated soils.     

GPS接收机天线相位中心一致性差异分析研究

在GPS接收机枪定过程中发现,按校准规范JJF1118-2004中所述的检定方法所测出的同一台GPS接收机天线相位中心一致性都不尽相同,有时这种差异达到3 mm以上.导致这种差异的因素有很多,包括一些随机误差,如:基座整平误差、卫星质量的影响、数据采集时间长短的影响和解算误差等.通过对检定方法的分析得知,规程所述的枪定方法对检定结果的差异有较大的影响.从理论上对GPS天线相位中心一致性差异进行了推导,并进行了试验验证.结果表明,GPS天线相位中心一致性检定结果应在一定范围内变化.     

Vicarious calibration of the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer airborne simulator thermal-infrared channels

We made an experimental vicarious calibration of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) thermal infrared (TIR) channel data acquired in the field campaign near Mono Lake, Calif. on 10 March 1998 to demonstrate the advantage of using high-elevation sites in dry atmospheric conditions for vicarious calibration. With three lake-surface sites and one snow-field site, we estimated the MAS noise-equivalent temperature difference as 0.7-1.0 degrees C for bands 30-32 in the 3.68-4.13-microm region and 0.1-0.5 degrees C for bands 42, 45, 46, and 48 in the 8-13.5-microm region. This study shows that the MAS calibration error is within +/-0.4 degrees C in the split-window channels (at 11 and 12 microm) and larger in other TIR channels based on the MAS data over Mono Lake and in situ measurement data over the snow-field site.     

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge by different composting processes

The efficiency of four different composting processes to bioremediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge was investigated. Prior to composting, sewage sludge coming from the Datansha wastewater treatment plant, Guangzhou, China, was mixed with rice straw to obtain a C/N ratio of 13:1. After 56 days of composting, the total concentrations of 16 PAHs (Sigma(PAHs)) ranged from 1.8 to 10.2 mg kg(-1) dry weight, decreasing in order of inoculated-manual turned compost (IMTC)>manual turned compost (MTC)>continuous aerated compost (CAC)>intermittent aerated compost (IAC), exhibiting removal rates of 64%, 70%, 85% and 94%, respectively. Individual PAHs were generally removed in similar rates. IAC treatment showed a higher removal rate of high molecular weight PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs comparing to the other composting processes.     

热泵型溶液除湿新风系统性能分析与优化

本文建立了热泵型溶液除湿(HPLD)新风系统数学模型,研究了新风温度、湿度对系统运行性能的影响。结果表明:新风温度升高1℃,系统COP平均下降率为0. 9%;新风含湿量增加1 g/(kg干空气),系统COP平均下降率为3. 6%,新风湿度增加导致HPLD系统COP大幅下降,系统新风湿度变化的适应性差。为扩大HPLD系统适应范围,提出了冷却除湿与HPLD组合式除湿系统,以组合式除湿系统COP为评价指标,得到组合系统级间新风参数最优状态:温度为21℃,含湿量为14. 1 g/(kg干空气)。夏季典型工况下,组合式除湿系统COP为5. 40,比单一HPLD系统COP提高87. 5%。最后,根据HPLD系统设计参数制作了实验样机,并对模拟结果进行了验证。     

Application of solid-phase microextraction in the determination of diazepam binding to human serum albumin

In this paper, protein-drug interactions were studied by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using diazepam binding to human serum albumin as a model system. Since drug compounds are normally polar and nonvolatile by nature, direct SPME is used in this work. The SPME extraction is an equilibrium process among the concentrations of the analyte partitioned onto the SPME fiber, free and bound drug in the solution. A calibration curve was first constructed by employing the amount of the analytes partitioned on the fiber versus the free analyte concentration in the solution in the absence of protein. In method I, the extraction was performed in the protein solution with known diazepam concentration. In method II, diazepam was first loaded onto the fiber by extracting in solution with known diazepam concentration. This fiber was subsequently transferred into the protein solution for desorption. The amount of the analyte left on the fiber was analyzed after the system reached equilibrium. The free drug concentration was then obtained from the calibration curve for both methods. The Scatchard plot was finally employed to obtain the number of binding sites and the equilibrium binding constants. Since only a very small amount of the protein solution is required (150 microL for each extraction), method II is very useful for circumstances where the protein amount is very limited. The direct measurement method proposed in this paper does not need a GC response factor, which significantly decreases the experimental error. The only measurement needed is the area count change (ratio) of the fiber injections before and after the protein was introduced into the solution. The difference between the direct measurement method for method I and method II is discussed. The result illustrated that the SPME direct measurement method provided both theoretical accuracy and simplicity in such applications.     

Color properties of transparent and heat-reflecting MgF2-coated indium-tin-oxide films

The visual appearance of antireflection-coated transparent and heat-reflecting indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films on glass was studied by a colorimetric analysis in which the chromaticity coordinates for transmitted and reflected daylight were evaluated for various film thicknesses. A color purity of <1% in normal transmission and <10% in normal reflection could be achieved with ITO thicknesses in the 220-260- or 335-365-nm ranges and MgF2 thicknesses in the 90-105-nm range. These design criteria yield very efficient window coatings with high visual transmittance, low thermal emittance, and little or no perceived color.     

Modeling the operation of a three-stage fluidized bed reactor for removing CO2 from flue gases

A bubbling counter-current multistage fluidized bed reactor for the sorption of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by hydrated lime particles was simulated employing a two-phase model, with the bubble phase assumed to be in plug flow, and the emulsion phase in plug flow and perfectly mixed flow conditions. To meet prescribed permissible limit to emit carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases, dry scrubbing of CO(2) was realized. For the evaluation, a pilot plant was built, on which also the removal efficiency of CO(2) was verified at different solids flow rates. The model results were compared with experimental data in terms of percentage removal efficiency of carbon dioxide. The comparison showed that the EGPF model agreed well with the experimental data satisfactorily. The removal efficiency was observed to be mainly influenced by flow rates of adsorbent and CO(2) concentration.     

Determination of committed effective doses to skin due to ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ²²²Rn from the application of various Moroccan black soap (Saboun Beldi) samples by members of the general public

(238)U, (232)Th, (222)Rn and (220)Rn concentrations were measured inside various Moroccan black soap samples widely used by the Moroccan population in traditional baths (Hammans) by using both CR-39 and LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detectors. The measured (238)U, (232)Th, (222)Rn and (220)Rn concentrations, respectively, ranged from (3.7 ± 0.2) to (11.7 ± 0.7) mBq kg(-1), (0.11 ± 0.01) to (0.32 ± 0.02) mBq kg(-1), (3.8 ± 0.2) to (11.6 ± 0.6) Bq kg(-1) and (0.10 ± 0.01) to (0.31 ± 0.02) Bq kg(-1) for the Moroccan black soap samples studied. The influence of pollution on the concentrations of these radionuclides inside the considered Moroccan black soap was investigated. A new dosimetric model for evaluating annual committed effective doses due to (238)U, (232)Th and (222)Rn to the skin of different age groups of the Moroccan populations from the application of the black soap samples studied was developed. The maximum total committed effective dose to the skin due to (238)U, (232)Th and (222)Rn from the application of unpolluted black soap samples 20 min per week by the Moroccan populations was found to be equal to (0.88 ± 0.05) μ Sv y(-1) cm(-2).     

Use of response surface methodology (RSM) in the evaluation of growth and copper(II) bioaccumulation properties of Candida utilis in molasses medium

The influential factors on simultaneous growth and copper(II) bioaccumulation by growing cells of Candida utilis yeast under various ambient conditions, such as changing concentrations of molasses sucrose and copper(II) were tested. The highest growth rate of 0.133 h(-1) was obtained at an initial sucrose concentration of 15 g l(-1) in absence of copper(II). For each constant sucrose concentration chosen between 5 and 15 g l(-1), the increase in initial copper(II) concentration up to 500 mg l(-1) resulted in a decrease in the percentage uptake of copper(II) and moreover all copper(II) concentrations tested inhibited the yeast growth. On the other hand, at each constant copper(II) concentration studied, both the growth and copper(II) uptake yield enhanced with raising sucrose concentration up to 15 g l(-1). Maximum uptake yield of 34.2% was observed in 15 g l(-1) sucrose and 50 mg l(-1) copper(II) containing growth medium. The binary effects of initial sucrose and copper(II) concentrations on the specific growth rate and copper(II) uptake yield of yeast were analyzed by experimental design method and two model equations for predicting the growth rate and copper(II) uptake yield of yeast due to arbitrarily chosen sucrose and copper(II) concentrations were developed by using response surface methodology (RSM).     

双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸流变应力模型研究

在通过温拉伸实验获得的真实应力-应变曲线的基础上,采用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来建立双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸条件下的流变应力模型,方程中材料参数通过最小二乘法线性回归获得,并将其表示成应变的多项式形式,从而使此模型适用于整个应变过程中.流变应力的预测值与实验值吻合较好,预测的最大相对误差为6.27%,最大均方差为8.718MPa,从而验证了双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸流变应力模型的准确性.     

Radiation-Chemical Resistance of Anion Exchangers and Safety of Sorption Processes in Nitric Acid Media: V. Thermochemical Degradation Dynamics of VP-1AP Anion Exchanger

Thermal degradation of VP-1AP anion exchanger and its mixtures with HNO₃ was studied in open vessels at 40 to 260°C. The anion exchanger ignites only after drying and heating to 220-260°C. Heating VP-1AP mixtures with 3-12 M HNO₃ to 100°C is accompanied by gas evolution at a rate of 0.6 l min^-1 (lsorb)^-1. Removal of the aqueous phase from the mixtures at 130-170°C initiates intensive oxidation. It is accompanied by a temperature jump in the sorbent phase and by gas evolution acceleration and can be regarded as thermal explosion. Mixture preheating and irradiation reduce the thermal explosion "onset" temperatures.     

Chemometric determination of blood parameters using visible-near-infrared spectra

Visible and near-infrared (NIR) integrating sphere spectroscopy and chemometric multivariate linear regression were applied to determine hematocrit (HCT) and oxygen saturation (SatO2) of circulating human blood. Diffuse transmission, total transmission, and diffuse reflectance were measured and the partial least squares method (PLS) was used for calibration considering different wavelength ranges and selected optical measurement parameters. HCT and SatO2 were changed independently. Each parameter was adjusted to different levels and four designs with blood from different donors were carried out for the calibration with PLS. The calibration included the changes in hemolysis as well as inter-individual differences in cell dimensions and hemoglobin content. At a sample thickness of 0.1 mm the HCT and SatO2 were predicted with a root mean square error (PRMSE) of 1.4% and 2.5%, respectively, using transmission and reflectance spectra and the full Vis-NIR range. Using only diffuse NIR reflectance spectroscopy and a sample thickness of 1 mm, HCT and SatO2 could be predicted with a PRMSE of 1.9% and 2.8%, respectively. Prediction of hemolysis was also possible for one blood sample with a PRMSE of 0.8% and keeping HCT and SatO2 stable with a PRMSE of 0.03%.     

结构光测量系统误差分析

本文针对交比不变原理的结构光光平面标定方法,利用泰勒展开和矩阵扰动原理分别对系统的测量误差和光平面标定误差进行分析,提出了结构光测量系统的误差传递模型.并给出了一个实验特例的精度要求,即满足在1 000 mm的测量距离上获得±O.5 mm以内的测量精度情况下,各标定参数所需满足的精度要求,以及标定样本的精度要求.对误差传递模型所得出的标定参数的精度要求进行实测实验验证,得到测量数据的均方根误差为0.333 4 mm,满足理论上的精度要求.该实验结果证明了本文所述的误差分析可以有效地对结构光系统误差进行定量分析.     

传感器比较式电子计价秤校准装置的研制

贸易结算用电子计价秤是国家必须强制检定的工作计量器具,但使用中检验项目繁多,人工操作效率低.针对这一问题,提出了一种利用高精度称重传感器作为检定标准器替代标准砝码实现电子计价秤使用中检验的方法,并研制了一套传感器比较式电子计价秤校准装置.该装置利用直线步进电机闭环控制技术产生精密重力,由高精度电路进行信号采集处理,具有显示和通讯功能.实验表明,传感器线性度为0.023%,分辨力为0.001kg,回程误差为0.002kg.装置在0～30kg称量区间最大示值误差为0.003kg,校准点20kg处扩展不确定度为0.0047kg,满足电子计价秤使用中检验的不确定度要求.     

模块化六自由度机器人运动学标定与实验研究

针对自主研发的模块化六自由度轻载搬运机器人,使用激光跟踪仪并采用直接标定法进行了运动学标定与实验研究。采用D-H法构建了机器人连杆坐标系和机器人运动学模型,并运用微分变换的方法建立误差模型。通过激光跟踪仪测量机器人末端位置,将其与运动学模型求解得到的机器人末端位置进行比较,验证了误差模型的正确性。然后将误差模型计算得到的机器人连杆参数误差在机器人控制系统软件中进行修正。最后利用激光跟踪仪测量机器人的关节转角间隙误差,将误差值转换成脉冲数并在软件中进行补偿。机器人运动学标定实验表明,使用激光跟踪仪进行连杆参数误差补偿和关节转角间隙误差补偿可以明显的减小绝对定位误差,绝对定位误差降低了69.6%,定位精度有了明显的提高。     

称重传感器蠕变误差的神经网络补偿方法

针对电阻应变式称重传感器存在严重的蠕变误差直接影响称重结果准确度的问题,提出了一种基于神经网络的称重传感器蠕变误差自动补偿模型,并给出了模型的训练算法。对量程为50 kg,C3等级的电阻应变式称重传感器进行了实验,实验结果表明,使用神经网络蠕变误差补偿方法补偿后,称重传感器加载标准砝码30 min内的蠕变误差最大变化量为0.0108 kg,小于国家标准GB/T 7551-200《称重传感器》规定的允许值。