废气再循环与燃料辛烷值对均质压燃燃烧特性影响的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究了废气再循环（EGR）对不同辛烷值燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧特性及排放特性的影响.结果表明,EGR使HCCI着火燃烧推迟、燃烧反应速度降低、缸内压力和平均温度降低,HCCI工况范围向大负荷工况扩展;混合气浓度增大或燃料辛烷值增大,EGR对燃烧效率的影响增大,EGR率升高,燃烧效率降低;不同辛烷值燃料最高燃烧效率出现在高比例EGR率、混合气较浓、靠近爆震燃烧边界的区域.试验结果也表明,辛烷值为60的燃料采用EGR后HCCI覆盖的工况范围最宽.     

高辛烷值燃料对HCCI增压发动机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究

在一台经改装的4缸直喷式柴油机上进行了不同辛烷值(RON)基础燃料(PRF)和93号汽油的进气增压(pin)对均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧特性、性能和排放影响的试验研究.结果表明,进气压力增加,发动机缸内最大爆发压力提高,着火时刻提前.增压后,RON对PRF着火时刻的影响减小,汽油的着火时刻滞后于PRF.进气压力增加,HCCI正常运转工况范围向大负荷和小负荷区域都得到拓展.增压后汽油燃料所能达到的最大负荷比PRF高.相同供油量下,进气压力提高,燃烧效率和净指示热效率先增大后减小;最高燃烧效率和净指示热效率均增大.进气压力增加,HCCI发动机的HC和Nox排放降低,CO排放升高.增压后,RON对PRF的HC、CO和Nox排放影响变小,汽油的HC、CO和Nox排放较PRF高.     

辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性和性能的影响

通过不同比例的正庚烷和异辛烷混合得到不同辛烷值的混合燃料，在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究燃料辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性、性能和排放特性的影响．研究结果表明，燃料辛烷值增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧反应速率降低，缸内爆发压力降低．燃料辛烷值增高，均质压燃向大负荷工况拓宽，燃料辛烷值较高时，存在极限转速，辛烷值增加，极限转速降低．对于每一工况，存在一个最佳经济性的燃料辛烷值，负荷增大，最佳辛烷值增高；随着燃料辛烷值增高，发动机NO、HC和CO排放增加，尤其是HC排放增加更为明显．对于均质压燃发动机，低负荷工况适合燃用低辛烷值燃料，高负荷工况适合燃用高辛烷值燃料。     

废气再循环与燃料辛烷值对均质压燃发动机性能和排放影响的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究了废气再循环（EGR）对不同辛烷值燃料均质压燃（HCCI）发动机性能和排放特性的影响。结果表明，混合气较稀，EGR对指示热效率影响较小，其影响和燃料辛烷值有关；混合气变浓，EGR对指示热效率的影响增大。不同辛烷值燃料最高指示热效率出现在高EGR率、混合气较浓的区域，并且靠近爆震燃烧边界，辛烷值为60的燃料最高指示热效率最高，并且覆盖的工况区域最宽。高EGR率区域，EGR对HC排放的影响十分明显，EGR率升高，HC排放急剧增大，而且随着燃料辛烷值增大，这种趋势越明显；CO排放与缸内燃烧温度有较大的相关性，EGR率升高，CO排放升高。NOx排放出现急剧升高的“拐点”是判断HCCI爆震燃烧的一个重要判据，EGR率增大，“拐点”出现的混合气浓度增大，在正常工作范围内，NOx排放极低，EGR对NOx排放几乎没有影响。     

不同进气温度条件下燃料特性对均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

为了研究不同进气温度(Tin)条件下燃料特性对均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧特性、工况范围和排放特性的影响,在一台改装的4缸直喷柴油机上进行了不同辛烷值(RON)基础燃料(PRF)、汽油和含氧燃料的进气加热发动机试验.结果表明,Tin较低时,PRF着火时刻最早,缸内最大爆发压力和峰值放热率最高,其次是汽油和含氧燃料,但Tin较高时,则是汽油燃料着火时刻最早,燃烧效率和能够实现的最高指示效率最高;Tin升高,所有燃料主燃烧着火时刻提前,缸内最大爆发压力和燃烧效率升高,HCCI正常运转工况范围向小负荷区域拓展,但Tin对指示效率的影响与燃料的RON有关.排放测试表明,Tin升高,所有燃料的HC和CO排放均降低,Tin较高时,燃料特性对两者的影响减小;Tin高于363 K时,汽油的HC和CO排放均最低;Tin和RON都相同,汽油燃料的Nox排放值相对较高,Tin对所有燃料的Nox排放的影响均不明显.     

异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的试验研究和分析

在一台改制的发动机上进行了异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的研究。发动机性能用缸内压力评估,研究用的参数包括放热率、平均指示压力和热效率。试验结果表明,乙醇着火时刻早于异辛烷;在乙醇中加入异辛烷可以推迟着火,并导致平均指示压力和热效率的降低;对某种特定燃料,HCCI燃烧的发生主要取决于进气充量温度,初始充量温度的增加将导致HCCI燃烧提前;充量温度低或发动机转速低时,混合气形成质量差,对HCCI燃烧有不良影响;指示热效率为30%~43%,其值高于火花点火发动机;预燃室的存在有利于稳定的HCCI燃烧;超稀充量运行可以显著降低NOx排放。     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

正戊醇/正十二烷二元燃料不同喷射压力下燃烧与排放特性

为探究戊醇燃料对于发动机的适应性，建立了正戊醇/正十二烷二元燃料的燃烧模型，探究了不同喷射压力下二元燃料的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明随着二元燃料中戊醇比例的增加，平均指示压力的降低和未燃燃料的增加导致指示热效率降低；同时缸内低温区域和低当量比区域增加，氮氧化物和碳烟排放均降低；但不完全燃烧增多，因此一氧化碳和未燃碳氢排放增加。此外，提高喷射压力增强了二元燃料的雾化效果，缸内平均温度提高，高温富氧区域增多，氮氧化物排放增加而碳烟排放降低。由于不完全燃烧的减少，一氧化碳和未燃碳氢排放降低，但由于喷射压力为300 MPa时易出现撞壁现象导致二者再度升高。     

废气再循环和发动机运转参数对不同辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

考察了废气再循环(EGR)、进气温度、冷却水出水温度和转速等发动机运转参数对HCCI发动机燃烧特征和排放特性的影响。实验结果表明：随EGR率提高,各种燃料的两阶段着火时刻推迟,燃烧持续期延长;高十六烷值燃料可以容许较高的EGR率,RON75最高仅可以采用45％的EGR;EGR对高十六烷值燃料的CO和UHC影响不大,对高辛烷值燃料的CO影响明显,并随EGR率增加CO排放升高。在其它运转参数中,进气温度对HCCI燃烧影响最为显著,随进气温度提高、冷却水温度升高,HCCI燃烧的着火时刻提前、燃烧持续期缩短,高辛烷值燃料的UHC和CO显著降低。转速升高,着火延迟,燃烧持续期延长。此外,研究发现,高辛烷值燃料对HCCI发动机的运转参数更为敏感。     

高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧特性的变参数研究

构建了一种高辛烷值燃料与空气压缩自燃反应机理(89种组分,413个反应)。用在快速压缩机上获得的试验数据对它进行了验证,考察了机理的有效性。然后将其嵌入内燃机模型,在CHEMKIN平台上对这种燃料的HCCI燃烧特性进行了变参数的数值模拟,研究了进气温度、进气压力、空燃比、压缩比、转速和EGR等因素对燃烧特性的影响,同时预测了缸内反应物、生成物、自由基浓度随曲轴转角变化的历程。计算结果对燃用高辛烷值燃料HCCI发动机燃烧过程的优化提供了依据。     

Inhibition effect of doping methyl tert-butyl ether compounds to n-heptane on homogenous charge compression ignition combustion

This article reports an experimental study on the combustion characteristics and emissions of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion using n-heptane doped with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine using neat n-heptane and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by volume) MTBE/n-heptane blends at constant engine speed. The experimental results reveal that the ignition timing of the low temperature reaction (LTR) gets retarded, the peak values of heat release during the LTR decrease and the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) duration gets prolonged with the increase of MTBE in the blends. Consequently, the ignition timing of the high temperature reaction (HTR) gets delayed and both the attainable maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the lowest stable IMEP increase. Parametric studies on CO and HC emissions reveal that the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP, ignition timing of the HTR, combustion duration and fuel components have important impacts on HC emission, while the main parameters that show an important influence on CO emissions are the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP and combustion duration. Moreover, in order to suppress the CO and HC emissions to a low level, the maximum combustion temperature should be higher than 1500 K, the maximum pressure rise rate larger than 0.5 MPa/°CA, the IMEP above 0.3 MPa and the combustion duration shorter than 9 °CA.     

Influences of hydrogen and various gas fuel addition to different liquid fuels on the performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine

This study reports the impacts of dual fuel mixtures on the theoretical performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine (SIE). The effects of addition of liquefied hydrogen, methane, butane, propane (additive fuels) into gasoline, iso-octane, benzene, toluene, hexane, ethanol and methanol fuels (primary fuels) on the variation of power, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, were examined by using a combustion model. The fuel additives were ranged from 10 to 50% by mass. The results exhibited that the ratios of hydrogen, methane, butane, propane noticeably affect the performance of the engine. The maximum increase ratio of power is 82.59% with 50% of toluene ratio and its maximum decrease ratio is 10.84% with 50% of methanol ratio in hydrogen mixtures. The maximum increase ratio of thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are observed as 26.75% and 32.23% with the combustion of benzene-hydrogen mixtures. The maximum decrease ratio of thermal efficiency is 29.71% with the combustion of 50% of methanol ratio and it is 21.95% for the exergy efficieny with the combustion of 50% of ethanol ratio in hydrogen mixtures. The power, IMEP, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of primary fuels demonstrate different variation characteristics with respect to type and ratio of additive fuels.     

Experimental investigation on the effect of intake air temperature and air–fuel ratio on cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion and performance parameters

Combustion in HCCI engines is a controlled auto ignition of well-mixed fuel, air and residual gas. Since onset of HCCI combustion depends on the auto ignition of fuel/air mixture, there is no direct control on the start of combustion process. Therefore, HCCI combustion becomes unstable rather easily, especially at lower and higher engine loads. In this study, cycle-to-cycle variations of a HCCI combustion engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder engine. Port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge for HCCI combustion. The experiments were conducted at varying intake air temperatures and air–fuel ratios at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and P-θ diagram of 100 consecutive combustion cycles for each test conditions at steady state operation were recorded. Consequently, cycle-to-cycle variations of the main combustion parameters and performance parameters were analyzed. To evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion parameters, coefficient of variation (COV) of every parameter were calculated for every engine operating condition. The critical optimum parameters that can be used to define HCCI operating ranges are ‘maximum rate of pressure rise’ and ‘COV of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)’.     

柴油-小桐子掺混油柴油机工作过程及循环变动分析

以柴油和柴油-小桐子掺混油在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上进行试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力与高压油管燃油压力,对比分析了不同转速的全负荷工况与标定点转速不同负荷工况,燃用柴油与掺混油的喷油与燃烧过程及燃烧过程中各参数的循环变动.结果发现,喷油率随转速升高而升高;喷油始点随转速升高略微推迟,随负荷增大而提前;掺混油燃烧始点早于柴油,燃烧始点随转速升高延后,随负荷增大而提前,燃烧始点的循环变动量随转速升高而增大;高转速、高负荷时的最高燃烧压力循环变动率较小;掺混油的最大燃烧压力升高率低于柴油,最大压力升高率循环变动率随转速升高、负荷减小而增大.     

燃烧参数对汽油/柴油双燃料HPCC性能和排放影响的试验

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,转速为1,500,r/min、平均指标压力为0.9,MPa工况进行了不同参数对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混合低温燃烧(HPCC)方式燃烧和排放性能影响的试验研究.结果表明,调整EGR率和汽油比例可实现HPCC燃烧过程优化,在保持发动机高燃油经济性的前提下使NOx和碳烟(Soot)排放大幅降低;进气压力对Soot的影响不明显,但进气压力过低将限制汽油比例的提高,NOx排放偏高,进气压力过高使燃烧效率和热效率降低;提高柴油喷油压力,滞燃期延长,最大压升率及最大爆发压力降低;提高喷油压力可同时降低NOx和Soot排放,但喷油压力对燃烧效率、指示油耗、HC和CO排放影响不大.在HPCC燃烧中,通过优化EGR率、汽油比例、进气压力和柴油喷油压力,在不使用后处理器的前提下可使NOx和Soot排放分别低于0.4,g/(kW.h)和0.003,g/(kW.h),并保持较高的热效率,但HC和CO排放偏高,需要采用有较高转换效率的氧化后处理器加以解决.     

Assessment of the co-combustion process of ammonia with hydrogen in a research VCR piston engine

The presented work concerns experimental research of a spark-ignition engine with variable compression ratio (VCR), adapted to dual-fuel operation, in which co-combustion of ammonia with hydrogen was conducted, and the energy share of hydrogen varied from 0% to 70%. The research was aimed at assessing the impact of the energy share of hydrogen co-combusted with ammonia on the performance, stability and emissions of an engine operating at a compression ratio of 8 (CR 8) and 10 (CR 10). The operation of the engine powered by ammonia alone, for both CR 8 and CR 10, is associated with either a complete lack of ignition in a significant number of cycles or with significantly delayed ignition and the related low value of the maximum pressure p_max. Increasing the energy share of hydrogen in the fuel to 12% allows to completely eliminate the instability of the ignition process in the combustible mixture, which is confirmed by a decrease in the IMEP uniqueness and a much lower p_max dispersion. For 12% of the energy share of hydrogen co-combusted with ammonia, the most favorable course of the combustion process was obtained, the highest engine efficiency and the highest IMEP value were recorded. The conducted research shows that increasing the H₂ share causes an increase in NO emissions, for both analyzed compression ratios.     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比优化研究

采用燃料复合供给方式 ,在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比的优化试验研究 ,对比分析了使用纯柴油和LPG/柴油双燃料的燃烧特性 ,着重研究分析了双燃料发动机在不同压缩比下的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、压力循环波动及燃烧放热率 ,并以此为依据优选了双燃料发动机的压缩比。试验结果表明 :降低压缩比后 ,双燃料发动机的最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率均有较大降低 ,同时压力循环波动变小 ,但滞燃期、燃烧持续期都会有所增加。经过优化 ,压缩比确定为 14.5时 ,ZH110 5W柴油机改燃LPG/柴油双燃料后在高负荷工况下无严重爆震现象 ,压力循环波动较小 ,且经济性较好 ,热效率损失不大     

柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料的燃烧特性研究

开展了柴油机燃用柴油／二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料的燃烧特性研究,为含氧燃料的使用和研究提供理论与试验依据。研究结果表明,在相同平均有效压力(pRMEP)和转速下,随着燃料中二甲氧基甲烷掺混比例(含氧量)的增加,放热率峰值增加,放热率曲线型心向上止点偏移,预混燃烧比例增加而扩散燃烧比例减小,燃烧过程等容度提高,发动机当量柴油的有效燃油消耗率降低,缸内气体最高平均温度无明显升高。柴油中添加DMM对主燃烧时间影响不大,但总燃烧时间变短。