衢州市城市水土流失现状及其防治

随着经济社会的发展和城市化进程的不断推进,许多环境问题逐渐显现,水土流失就是其中之一.衢州市土壤类型主要为红壤土,更易造成水土流失.对衢州市水土流失的危害、成因以及在防治城市水土流失方面采取的主要措施作了介绍.采取了一系列行之有效的措施后,衢州市城市规划区的水土流失面积从1998年的25.9 km2下降到2004年的7.42 km2,并于2006年被评为全国水土保持生态环境建设示范城市.     

浅谈广东省水土保持情况普查及成果分析

2010年～2012年,广东省开展了第一次全国水利普查,水土保持情况普查是其中的一项重要内容。广东省现有土壤侵蚀面积21.31万km2,水力侵蚀中,轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀的面积分别为8886.03km2、6925.49km2、3534.90km2、1628.94km2、330.07km2。本次普查全面查清了全省土壤侵蚀分布、面积和强度,普查结果表明,经过多年治理,广东省水土流失防治工作总体进展良好,大强度的水土流失面积明显减少,但仍存在水土流失严重地区,水土流失防治工作仍然十分艰巨。要充分利用本次水土保持情况普查成果,全面推进全省水土保持工作。     

加强小流域综合治理构筑生态型水利大格局

莱芜市地处鲁中山区,全市总面积2246km2,其中山区丘陵面积占83.6%,水土流失面积1761km2,年平均土壤侵蚀模数3727t/km2,每年土壤侵蚀总量为656万t,是全省水土流失重点防治区.近几年来,我市全面贯彻落实党中央关于治理水土流失、改善生态环境的战略部署,积极开展小流域综合治理模式的研究和推广,使水土流失综合治理进入了建国以来治理速度最快、效益最好的时期.截至目前,全市共治理水土流失面积928km2,治理小流域56条,治理程度55%,每年减少土壤流失220万t,增加拦蓄径流4074万m3,大大减轻了水土流失危害,较大地改善了农业生产条件.莱芜市多次被省政府和省水利厅评为水土保持先进单位,2001年被水利部评为全国水土保持先进集体.     

山西首都水资源项目水土保持成效与启示

海河流域山西项目一期综合治理工程,历时已8年,累计治理水土流失面积1 635.3 km2.水土保持生态建设,有效遏制了项目区水土流失趋势,改善了项目区生态环境及农业生产条件.加快了当地社会经济又好又快发展的步伐,走出了一条适合当地水土流失防治的路子,树立了示范样板.     

我国首份《长江流域水土保持公报》正式发布

2007年11月13日,长江水利委员会发布我国首份《长江流域水土保持公报》,《公报》主要发布了长江流域水土流失状况、水土流失防治、水土保持监督监测、水土保持重要事件等内容,今后将每5 a发布一次。该《公报》显示,长江流域水土流失面积53.1万km2,占总面积的30%。截至目前,全流域累计治理水土流失面积28.4万km2,其中,国家水土保持重点防治工程,包括长江上中游水土保持重点防治工程、赣江流域水土保持重点防治工程、中央财政预算内专项资金水土保持重点防治工程,共治理水土流失面积10.2万km2;在流域10个省(直辖市)41个县(市、区)实施的水土保…     

阜新市黑土区水土流失综合防治措施

阜新市位于辽宁省西北部,总土地面积10355km2,水土流失面积4552km2,占总面积的43．96％。严重的水土流失制约着阜新市经济的发展和社会进步。2003年阜新市阜蒙县、彰武县被列为黑土区水土流失综合防治试点项目区,试点期为3年,共治理41条小流域,完成综合治理面积305．72km2。2006年两县又被列为东北黑土区水土流失综合防治一期工程项目区,治理期为5年,项目区涉及阜蒙县6条小流域,彰武县7条小流域。     

滹沱河流域山区水土流失状况及防治对策

滹沱河流域山区是海河流域水土保持重点地区之一。流域山区总面积23646km2,其中水土流失面积11375.98km2。其主要防治对策:一是科学规划;二是分区防治;三是认清形势,突出工作重点;四是加强预防监督工作;五是创新机制,加快水土流失综合治理步伐。     

二龙山水库以上流域水土流失及对策

该流域现有水土流失面积 1 1 6 78km2 。水土流失其程度或强度都比较严重 ,人为因素加剧了水土流失过程。文中针对二龙山水库的危害 ,采取生物与工程措施相结合的办法来防治水土的流失。     

西气东输甘肃段水保设计方案研究

西气东输管道工程甘肃段,西起甘肃红柳站,东至甘肃与宁夏交界处,总里程976.180 2 km.根据管道工程沿线不同地形、地貌和工程地质条件,以及管道工程施工时所产生的水土流失特点及其危害,借鉴当地治理水土流失的成功经验,采取有效的防治措施,有效控制人为新增水土流失.     

浅谈塔里木河输水干堤工程水土保持方案

塔里木河干流输水堤工程总长466．05km，其中新建输水干堤长322．77km，加培输水干堤143．28km。工程在实施过程中，可能会造成水土流失。本文分析论证建设过程中引起的水土流失，预测流失量，根据工程布局和水土流失特点，提出综合防治建设过程中的水土流失防治措施。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策

通过对衡水市地下水开发中存在问题的客观分析,提出了今后开发、利用和保护地下水的措施.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.