黄河泥沙与重金属污染物相互作用研究现状

20世纪80年代以来,国内外学者对重金属在泥沙颗粒上的吸附、解吸研究都很活跃,且取得了不少成果,研究内容包括吸附动力学方程、泥沙和水环境特征(泥沙粒度、矿物成分、pH值、温度等)对吸附的影响、水体中重金属的化学稳定性等。粗细不同的泥沙对重金属污染物的吸附能力差异很大,泥沙颗粒越细,比表面积越大,吸附能力越强;在同一重金属初始浓度下,重金属从溶液中的去除量随pH值的升高而增加;水体中含沙量增加时,单位泥沙对重金属的吸附量先增加后降低。     

颗粒态和溶解态磷浓度计算公式的推导与验证

河流水体中的含磷营养物质与较细颗粒的悬移质泥沙发生吸附作用,将对水质循环过程产生影响。基于拟合磷与泥沙颗粒吸附过程的Langmuir方程和修正Langmuir方程分别推导了计算颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态磷(DP)的计算公式。并采用香溪河泥沙样品的磷吸附实验数据和野外观测数据验证了推导公式,计算结果与实测值符合良好。研究结果表明:当悬移质泥沙浓度较低时,可采用线性吸附方程近似计算颗粒态和溶解态磷浓度,但当悬移质泥沙浓度较高时,需要采用本研究推导的计算公式,特别是解吸和吸附现象并存时,需要使用基于修正的Langmuir模型推导的计算式。研究成果可用于水质或水生态模型建模。     

河流悬移质对含磷污染物吸附试验研究

以悬移质泥沙为试验用沙,以水体中常见的营养物质磷为模拟污染物,通过试验研究了含磷污染物水相初始浓度对磷平衡吸附量的影响和含沙量对含磷污染物吸附等温线的影响。结果显示,泥沙对含磷污染物的平衡吸附量大致随水相磷初始浓度的增大而增大;而含沙量对磷吸附等温式的参数没有显著影响。     

重金属污染物动态吸附试验及数学模拟

本文采用泥沙动力学中Ｒｏｕｓｅ等人用来研究泥沙浓度沿垂线分布的装置。对泥沙吸附重金属污染物进行了动态模拟。试验分有底泥和无底泥两种情况。研究中发现在Ｒｏｕｓｅ装置的水力、泥沙条件下泥沙吸附重金属污染物达到平衡状态需要６小时以上，由极坐标下的重金属迁移转化数学模型方程，在本文具体试验条件下进行数值求解，计算结果和试验结果合良好，说明数学模型是正确合理的试验是可靠的。计算时依据室内静态试验结果，对动态     

动水条件下悬浮态泥沙颗粒吸附TP规律探讨

水体中悬浮泥沙颗粒是氮、磷等营养元素在水中迁移转化的重要载体,已有的泥沙颗粒吸附研究多是针对污染物浓度较高的水体,较低水体中研究较少.因此,选择水体富营养化限制因子TP作为研究对象,根据香溪河泥沙含量及粒径分析结果,利用香溪河原水配取不同TP浓度的水样以及速度可控的搅拌装置模拟间歇性水流紊动,通过室内实验探讨低浓度水体中泥沙吸附机理.结果表明:在存在间歇扰动条件下,低TP浓度水体中达到吸附解吸平衡时间为5d左右,远慢于高浓度水样中的8h左右;单位泥沙吸附量与时间(单位为d)呈对数曲线关系,与水样中初始TP浓度基本呈线性关系;在无外界输入源或外界输入源可以忽略时,不考虑水体含沙量随时间变化,单位泥沙吸附量与水样中瞬时TP浓度呈线性关系.     

河流泥沙随机吸附理论及试验研究

本文建立了泥沙吸附重金属污染物的随机理论。根据这个吸附理论可以发现对河流泥沙吸附重金属污染物的相对吸附量及其概率密度函数起主要影响的参数是:溶解态重金属污染物浓度G、吸附系数K_1和均方差D。本文还提出了综合参数Z的概念。Z能综合反映参数G、K_1和D的影响。根据汉江、渭河等江河中泥沙吸附重金属离子的实验资料对该随机吸附理论进行了验证,结果表明计算值和实测者吻合较好。     

河流泥沙吸附-解吸重金属污染物试验研究现状（一）

自７０年代以来，国内外对河流泥沙吸附－解吸重金属污染物进行了广泛的试验研究和实测研究，取得了丰硕的成果，基本上弄清了影响泥沙吸附－解吸重金属污染物的因素。但这些研究大多停留在定性的基础上，推广地天然河流解决工程实际问题尚存在一定的困难。本文对些进行总结，并指出目的这一研究存在的不足。实际上，这一问题的研究涉及到环境化学，水力学和泥沙运动力学等专业学科。因此，需要环境工作者和水利工作者共同努力，才能     

河流泥沙吸附-解吸重金属污染物试验研究现状（一）

自７０年代以来，国内外对河流泥沙吸附－解吸重金属污染物进行了广泛的试验研究和实测研究，取得了丰硕的成果，基本上弄清了影响泥沙吸附－解吸重金属污染物的因素，但这些研究大多停留在定性的基础上，推广应用于天然河流解决工程实际问题尚存在一定的困难。本文对此进行总结，并指出目前这一研究存在的不足。实际上，这一问题的研究涉及到环境化学、水力学和泥沙运动力学等专业学科，因此，需要环境工作者和水利工作者共同努力，才能更好地推进这一研究     

泥沙粒径对铜离子吸附贡献率的影响研究

含有重金属的工业废水排放到河道中,通过河道底泥的吸附作用,不断累积到底泥中,对环境和人类健康构成威胁。研究河涌底泥重金属吸附特性,对于解决重金属污染问题具有科学意义和现实价值。该文通过研究泥沙粒径对底泥吸附铜离子的影响规律,分析泥沙粒径对于铜离子的吸附量和吸附速率的影响特征。结果表明:在相同条件下,随着泥沙粒径的增大,泥沙对铜离子吸附速率的贡献率随之增大,粗颗粒泥沙的吸附速度要比细颗粒泥沙的迅速的多;而随着粒径的增大,泥沙对铜离子吸附量的贡献率随之减小,细颗粒泥沙的吸附量则远大于粗颗粒泥沙。     

泥沙的分形表面和分形吸附模型

天然水体中泥沙对污染物的吸附过程对水质影响很大，己成为环境水力学研究领域中的热点问题之一。尽管采用分形理论分析泥沙颗粒表面现象方面取得了许多进展，但泥沙颗粒的分 维与污染物的吸附解吸的热力学和动力学特征之间的关系尚不清楚。针对这一问题，本文首 先介绍了分形几何学的基本概念、分形维数的定义以及分形表面的维数测定方法。并应用分形几何原理，从理论上推导出具有分形表面泥沙的分形吸附方程。这一方程与Freundlich等温吸附方程和Langmuir等温吸附方程相比更具有普遍意义。     

STUDY ON SORPTION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS BY SEDIMENT PARTICLES

Sorption of heavy metal on sediment particles is studied theoretically am experimentally. Sorption processes of heavy metal pollutants on sediment particles can b well described by Langmuir model. Parameters in the model b,,k and k1 depend on proper ties of sediment and water, and have nothing to do with sediment concentration. By com bining the sorption dynamic equation and the mass conservation equation, the variation c N(sorption content of heavy metal pollutant by specific weight of sediment) and c (con centration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase) with time can be deduced. Further more, formulas for calculating the equilibrium sorption content N and the equilibriur concentration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase c are established too. Experimenta data well coincide with theoretical formulas. These can be treated as the basis for furthe quantitative study of sediment sorption-desorption characteristics.     

EXPERIMENTS ON SELF-PURIFICATION OF HEAVY METALPOLLUTANTS IN NATURAL RIVERS

1.INTRODUCTIONThemovementofwater,sedimentandpollutantsandtheinteractionamongtheminnaturalriversareverycomplicated.Movementofwater,sedimentandPOllutantsarerandom.ButfromastatisticalviewPOint,theirmovementfollowssomerules.Twokindsoftypicalcases,thatis,atributarywithheavymetalpollutantsjoiningamainstream,andanunPOllutedtributarywithmuchsedimententeringamainstreamcontaminatedbyheavymetals,arestudiedinthispaper.Besides,flowscenesinnaturalriversaredifferentindifferentseasons.InthenabPeriod,g…     

泥沙粒径对重金属污染物吸附影响的研究

本文系统研究了不同粒径泥沙颗粒对重金属污染物的吸附作用，粗细不同的泥沙对重金属污染物的吸附能力差异很大，因此研究天然河流泥沙吸附能力必须考虑泥沙组成的非均匀性和各级泥少的含量，度量泥少量粒吸附能力的标准主要是吸附活性组分的含量，而不仅是粒径大小。     

Factors influencing phosphorus adsorption onto sediment in a dynamic environment

The adsorption of phosphorus onto sediment in a batch reactor and a dynamic flume was studied experimentally. The effect of velocity, sediment transport patterns, sediment supply, and phosphorus added to water was investigated in the two systems. Results showed that the equilibrium isotherm adsorption was better described using the Langmuir model. The adsorption amount increased as the initial phosphorus concentration in water increased before reaching saturation state, which was described as maximum amount of adsorption; the rate of increase in adsorption however decreased because of the limit adsorption sites and the increasing desorption. The kinetics of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water over time in both the batch reactor and the dynamic flume were well described using a pseudo-second order equation that gave good predictions of both the adsorption rate at the initial stage and the amount of adsorption in a state of quasi-equilibrium. The amount of adsorption per unit mass of sediment in the quasi-equilibrium state increased as the initial phosphorus concentration in water increased or as the sediment concentration decreased. In the quasi-equilibrium state, the adsorption amount of the SRP fluctuated within a larger range in the dynamic flume than in the batch reactor, because of continuous exchange between the suspended sediment and the bed sediment in the flume. The adsorption rate of the suspended sediment was greater than that of the bed sediment. The amount of adsorption decreased as the velocity increased when the phosphorus concentration was low, while it increased when the phosphorus concentration was high, as a result of a different concentration gradient at the water–sediment interface. The distribution coefficient and the adsorption rate coefficient both decreased as the initial phosphorus concentration increased when the sediment concentration was fixed. The variation of the distribution coefficient (K_D) indicated that the adsorption amount at equilibrium in the dynamic flume was larger than that in a quiescent environment when the phosphorus concentration was low, while the difference between the two systems was small when the phosphorus concentrations were high. However, the K_D value in both the flume and in static conditions was smaller than the value for the continuous disturbed environment in the batch reactor, indicating that the adsorption capacity was over-estimated in the latter.     

静态和紊动条件下黄河泥沙对砷的吸附规律

利用黄河原型沙分别开展了静态和紊动条件下细沙对砷的吸咐规律试验,揭示了水中砷浓度和吸附时间的规律,建立了含沙量与砷吸附率的定量关系。结果表明:①在静态和紊动试验条件下,细沙对砷的吸附在5 min以内均可达到饱和平衡,且砷吸附率随含沙量的增加均呈对数增长;②紊动条件下细沙对砷的吸附率要高于静态条件下的吸附率。     

Two Dimensional Heavy Metal Transport Model for Natural Watercourses

This work presents the development and calibration of a two‐dimensional (depth‐averaged) river flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport model in natural watercourses. Because heavy metals occur in dissolved and adsorbed phases, implementing the active‐layer concept for sediment transport computation enabled the development of a heavy metal transport model that accounts for pollutant moving in dissolved phase, adsorbed on suspended sediment, adsorbed on bed‐load, deposited in the active‐layer of the river bed or adsorbed on sediment in deeper strata. The proposed concept also enables the modelling of pollutant exchange processes using accessible sediment particle surface area for suspended and bed sediment separately. The presented heavy metal transport model is able to manage sediment mixtures found in natural watercourses using an arbitrary number of sediment size‐classes, distinguishing in this way smaller size‐classes that engage in interaction with the pollutant. Using field measurements for a reach of the Danube River, simulations were conducted for water flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport. While some discrepancies between measured and computed values for pollutant concentrations were observed, the model reproduced the water and sediment contamination quite reasonably with acceptable mass conservation errors. The simulations also gave an insight in the general behaviour of the monitored heavy metals in the considered river reach. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed model is suitable for simulating complex flow, sediment transport and heavy metal transport conditions in natural watercourses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-steady state behaviour of heavy metals in contaminated freshwater sediments

The behaviour of heavy metals has been investigated in contaminated sediments of the river Meuse, The Netherlands. Due to temporal changes in temperature and degradability of organic matter, the depths of the redox boundaries fluctuate. This contributes to a non-steady state. As a result of oxidation processes, a distinct peak in heavy metal concentrations in pore water is measured at the sediment-water interface. Because the studied anoxic sediments contain low levels of sulphide, other solid phases are expected to be of importance in the binding of heavy metals. Furthermore, heterogeneity of the sediment and complexation with dissolved organic compounds may result in supersaturation of the anoxic pore waters with respect to discrete heavy metal sulphides, thus influencing heavy metal mobility. Calculations using concentration gradients of heavy metals indicate that diffusive fluxes between the sediment and the surface water contribute to concentrations in the surface water, although significant effects may be confined to specific locations.     

泥沙沉降对水库中磷的空间分布影响

磷是水库富营养化的主要影响因子,对泥沙有很强的亲和性。为探究水库中磷的空间分布规律,针对泥沙沉降过程中对磷的吸附影响进行了模拟试验,研究了不同环境因素耦合作用下泥沙沉降对水库中磷分布的影响。此外,基于量纲分析及多元回归法建立了液相磷浓度垂向分布公式。结果表明：泥沙沉降过程中对磷的吸附导致液相磷的垂向分布呈上浓下稀的趋势。泥沙粒径越小、含沙量越高、水深越大,则液相磷元素的浓度梯度越大,垂向分布越不均匀。液相磷垂向分布公式表明,液相磷浓度梯度与含沙量的1/4次幂、泥沙粒径的-2/3次幂和水深的1/3次幂成正比,液相磷浓度最小值与含沙量的-1/20次幂、泥沙粒径的1/10次幂和水深的-1/10次幂成正比。公式计算值与试验数据基本吻合,表明该公式对研究水库磷元素的空间分布有重要参考意义。     

宗通卡水库蓄水后砷的时空分布模拟与评价

为科学评估成库后砷对宗通卡水库的影响,构建了三维水沙砷预测模型,采用等温吸附试验分析水库蓄水后泥沙对砷的吸附平衡规律;以水文水质条件相似的果多水库对模型参数进行验证,模拟宗通卡水库成库后不同水期砷的三维分布.结果表明:蓄水后水库泥沙浓度和砷浓度呈沿程下降的变化规律.泥沙浓度呈现丰水期大于枯水期的特征,坝前泥沙浓度由表层...