基于权重堆排序的NAND Flash静态磨损均衡机制

磨损均衡机制作为闪存转换层的基础机制之一,其主要功能是延长闪存块使用寿命和提高存储数据的可靠性。现有的磨损均衡机制着重于减少闪存块的擦除次数,忽略了在磨损均衡操作过程中选择擦除脏块的不合理所带来的不必要数据迁移开销,从而影响了固态硬盘的整体读写性能。针对该问题,提出了一种基于权重堆排序的 NAND Flash静态磨损均衡机制WHWL。首先,提出一种基于页数据访问频率和块擦除次数的权重的热度计算方法,有效地提高擦除次数少（冷块）且数据访问频率低（冷数据）的目标块命中率,避免了多余的数据迁移操作;其次,提出了一种基于权重的堆排序目标块选择算法,以加快目标块的筛选。实验结果表明,与现有的PWL和BET算法相比,在使用相同映射机制的条件下,WHWL能够分别提升固态硬盘寿命1.28、5.83倍,数据迁移次数也有明显的降低。     

OEBS:一种闪存磨损均衡算法

闪存诞生以来得到了广泛应用,它的特性包括:块擦除次数有限和擦除后重写.这两个特性都会影响闪存的使用寿命.针对这一问题,本文提出并实现了一种新颖的磨损均衡算法-OEBS(Outstanding Erase Block Set) -显性擦除块集.该方法通过高低频数据互换,有效均衡了擦除分布;使用显性擦除块集保护显性擦除块,避免了互换颠簸;将显性擦除块集和非显性擦除块集分开管理,提高了效率.模拟实验数据结合量化了的使用寿命延长度,表明数据块的擦除分布均匀,效率较高,有效延长了闪存的使用寿命.     

一种基于YAFFS2的静态磨损均衡算法设计

针对已有算法大多基于FTL(Flash Translation Layer)闪存存储体系设计,无法直接应用到闪存文件系统的情况,基于YAFFS2闪存文件系统设计了一种静态磨损均衡算法。考虑不同数据冷热属性的差异,设计了两种不同的块分配策略,在减缓最大擦除次数增长速度的同时,加强对冷数据占用块的利用;利用闪存块擦除次数在物理空间上分布的随机性,简化了块分配策略中的搜索过程,降低了算法复杂度;采用不均衡度阈值作为算法触发条件,保证良好的均衡效果。实验结果表明,算法降低了擦除次数方差,提高了闪存磨损均衡度,可有效延长闪存寿命,提高闪存存储系统的可靠性。     

基于逻辑页冷热分离的NAND闪存磨损均衡算法

针对现有的NAND闪存垃圾回收算法对磨损均衡考虑不足的问题,提出了一种基于逻辑页冷热分离的NAND闪存磨损均衡算法。算法同时考虑了无效页的年龄、物理块的擦除次数以及物理块更新的频率,采用混合模式选择回收符合条件的物理块。同时,推导了一种新的逻辑页热度计算方法,并将回收块上有效页数据按照逻辑页的热度进行了冷热分离。实验结果表明,与GR算法、CB算法、CAT算法以及FaGC算法相比,该算法不仅在磨损均衡上取得了很好的效果,而且总的擦除次数与拷贝次数也有了明显减少。     

基于逻辑区间热度的NAND闪存垃圾回收算法

针对现有的NAND闪存垃圾回收算法中回收性能不高,磨损均衡效果差,并且算法内存开销大的问题,提出了一种基于逻辑区间热度的垃圾回收算法。该算法重新定义了热度计算公式,把连续逻辑地址的NAND内存定义为一个热度区间,以逻辑区间的热度来代替逻辑页的热度,并将不同热度的数据分开存储到不同擦除次数的闪存块上,有效地实现了数据冷热分离,并且节约了内存空间。同时,算法还构造了一种新的回收代价函数来选择回收块,在考虑回收效率的同时,还兼顾了磨损均衡的问题。实验结果表明,该算法与性能优异的FaGC算法相比,总的擦除次数减少了11%,总的拷贝次数减少了13%,擦次数最大差值减少了42%,内存消耗能减少了75%。因此,该算法有利于增加闪存可用空间,改善闪存系统的读写性能,延长闪存使用寿命。     

基于闪存的文件系统的实现

作为嵌入式领域应用最为广泛的存储设备,闪存具有高密度和良好的存取速度等优点。但同时它也存在着缺陷:一是闪存在重写之前必须先进行块擦除;二是各擦除块的擦除次数有限。所以基于闪存的文件系统必须在充分发挥闪存的性能的同时克服它的缺陷。文章在分析了闪存的这些存储特性的基础上,阐述了一个基于闪存的文件系统JFFS的设计与实现。     

一种有效的混合式闪存磨损均衡算法

为延长嵌入式系统中作为外部存储设备的闪存介质的使用寿命,普遍采用磨损均衡算法时各物理块进行管理.本文对现有的确定性磨损均衡算法进行改进,结合随机性处理,提出HWL(Hybrid Wear Leveling)算法,不仅使磨损均衡处理只占用很少的内存开销,还能有效地进行"冷热"数据存放位置的交换.在多种逻辑页更新模式的仿真试验中,物理块彼此之间都能达到较为接近的擦除次数;与已有算法相比,磨损均衡处理引起的额外擦除较少,可延长闪存的使用寿命.     

闪存固态硬盘系统结构与技术

闪存固态硬盘凭借其高性能、低功耗、非易失等特点已经被广泛应用于个人电脑、数据中心和云存储服务等.近10年来,随着制程工艺和微电子技术的发展,闪存固态硬盘的特性发生了显著的变化.首先介绍了闪存存储单元的基本结构和存储原理.然后讨论了闪存固态硬盘的多项控制器关键技术,包括缓存设备、地址转换层、垃圾回收、数据分配、磨损均衡以及纠错码等.这些关键技术将支撑闪存固态硬盘的正常运作.此外,探讨了闪存固态硬盘的并行结构,并分析了闪存固态硬盘并行性利用的限制条件以及最新的并行性优化工作.接着,分析了3D闪存固态硬盘的发展和堆叠式结构,并针对3D固态硬盘的性能和寿命优化工作进行了归纳和分析,提出了现有3D固态硬盘性能和寿命优化工作的不足.最后,总结了当前闪存固态硬盘的现状,并提出可能的未来研究方向.     

基于闪存的图像存储系统设计

针对硬盘存储图像速度慢、可靠性差的弊端,分析了以Flash作为存储介质的可行性,提出了一种基于闪存Flash的存储系统设计方案.利用并行与流水线技术相结合,有效提高了存储容量和操作速度.整个存储系统利用FPGA控制读、写、擦除以及坏块识别的逻辑时序,利用单片机管理无效块,建立有效块表.实现了对高速大容量图像数据的存储操作,满足了实际应用中高速相机的需求.     

列存储模式下闪存数据库的查询优化算法

固态硬盘的高性能在现有数据库系统中未能获得提升,针对该问题,提出一种连接算法,基于列存储模式,对闪存数据库连接查询进行优化。算法充分利用列存储的存储粒度小和固态硬盘高速随机读的优点,有效克服与闪存的不匹配问题。实验结果表明,与原算法相比,该算法在不同选择率和不同内存条件下的查询时间较少。     

基于阈值控制的损耗均衡算法设计

由于NAND Flash块的擦除次数是有限的,必须采用损耗均（Wear-Leveling）算法,使各个块的擦除次数近似均衡,以提高其使用寿命。本文对损耗均衡问题做了详细的分析,提出了一种基于阈值控制的损耗均衡算法。实验证明,该方法能有效解决损耗均衡问题。     

A hybrid flash translation layer design for SLC-MLC flash memory based multibank solid state disk

This paper presents the design of a NAND flash based solid state disk (SSD), which can support various storage access patterns commonly observed in a PC environment. It is based on a hybrid model of high-performance SLC (single-level cell) NAND and low cost MLC (multi-level cell) NAND flash memories. Typically, SLC NAND has a higher transfer rate and greater cell endurance than MLC NAND flash memory. MLC NAND, on the other hand, benefits from lower price and higher capacity. In order to achieve higher performance than traditional SSDs, an interleaving technique that places NAND flash chips in parallel is essential. However, using the traditional FTL (flash translation layer) on an SSD with only MLC NAND chips is inefficient because the size of a logical block becomes large as the mapping address unit grows. In this paper, we proposed a HFTL (hybrid flash translation layer) which makes use of chained-blocks, combining SLC NAND and MLC NAND flash memories in parallel. Experimental results show that for most of the traces studied, the HFTL in an SSD configuration composed of 80% MLC NAND and 20% SLC NAND memories can improve performance compared to other solid state disk configurations, composed of either SLC NAND or MLC NAND flash memory alone.     

Flash存储管理在嵌入式系统中的实现

针对大容量存储管理问题,论述管理NAND Flash系统中直接寻址的算法实现,提出建立节点树、底层节点动态位宽等概念,实现对不同类型闪存进行灵活可变的直接寻址。通过建立页数组增大文件系统的直接寻址范围,根据区块数据不同的更新频率分别设计动态损耗均衡算法和静态损耗均衡算法,用于实现需求块回收和损耗均衡。     

A user-visible solid-state storage system with software-defined fusion methods for PCM and NAND flash

Existing SSD technology exploits the properties of NAND flash and leverages NAND flash with a controller running FTL algorithms to improve system performance. On one hand, however, in this black-box-modeled structure, data semantic information is hard to be transferred and interpreted by conventional interfaces. Hence, SSD firmware fails to make full use of the performance potential of SSD by utilizing semantic information. Moreover, the host cannot obtain physical characteristics and statistical information about SSD, failing to be used by the file system or I/O scheduling algorithm designed for the disks. On the other hand, in SSD-based storage systems, persistent data are stored in the NAND flash and however manipulated in DRAM, causing the decoupled inefficiency. The data being closer to the processors are much easier to be lost due to the volatile property of DRAM, leading to serious data reliability problems. What’s more, restrictive read/program granularity and out-of-place updates limit the performance while flash suffers from small size operations.In order to address these problems, we propose a user-visible solid-state storage system with software-defined fusion methods for PCM and NAND flash. PCM is used for improving data reliability and reducing the write amplification of NAND flash as PCM shows some outstanding features, such as in-place updates, byte-addressable, non-volatile properties and better endurance. In this system, we manage the storage device as user-visible structure rather than black-box-modeled structure. In detail, we expose the number of channels, erase counts and data distribution of PCM/NAND flash to the host and design FTL algorithm closer to file system to obtain more semantic information of data accessing. PCM can be software-defined as the same level storage or buffer of NAND flash to reduce the WA (Write Amplification) of NAND flash and improve the data reliability. Moreover, some key software components (such as FTL, I/O scheduling and buffer management) are also reconfigurable and operated easily combined with physical characteristics. To achieve these design goals, we implement a Host Fusion Storage Layer (HFSL) and redesign the lengthy I/O path. Applications or filesystem can access PCM/flash directly via provided interfaces by HFSL without passing traditional I/O subsystem. Moreover, we provide the system management software to make the storage system can be easily software-defined by the upper-level system. We implement our software-defined fusion storage system in our actual hardware prototype and extensive experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed schemes.     

A high performance NAND array file system based on multiple NAND flash memories

The existing NAND flash memory file systems have not taken into account multiple NAND flash memories for large-capacity storage. In addition, since large-capacity NAND flash memory is much more expensive than the same capacity hard disk drive, it is cost wise infeasible to build large-capacity flash drives. To resolve these problems, this paper suggests a new file system called NAFS for large-capacity storage with multiple small-capacity and low-cost NAND flash memories. It adopts a new cache policy, mount scheme, and garbage collection scheme in order to improve read and write performance, to reduce the mount time, and to improve the wear-leveling effectiveness. Our performance results show that NAFS is more suitable for large-capacity storage than conventional NAND file systems such as YAFFS2 and JFFS2 and a disk-based file system for Linux such as HDD-RAID5-EXT3 in terms of the read and write transfer rate using a double cache policy and the mount time using metadata stored on a separate partition. We also demonstrate that the wear-leveling effectiveness of NAFS can be improved by our adaptive garbage collection scheme.     

FeGC: An efficient garbage collection scheme for flash memory based storage systems

NAND flash memory is a promising storage media that provides low-power consumption, high density, high performance, and shock resistance. Due to these versatile features, NAND flash memory is anticipated to be used as storage in enterprise-scale systems as well as small embedded devices. However, unlike traditional hard disks, flash memory should perform garbage collection that consists of a series of erase operations. The erase operation is time-consuming and it usually degrades the performance of storage systems seriously. Moreover, the number of erase operations allowed to each flash memory block is limited. This paper presents a new garbage collection scheme for flash memory based storage systems that focuses on reducing garbage collection overhead, and improving the endurance of flash memory. The scheme also reduces the energy consumption of storage systems significantly. Trace-driven simulations show that the proposed scheme performs better than various existing garbage collection schemes in terms of the garbage collection time, the number of erase operations, the energy consumption, and the endurance of flash memory.     

基于布隆过滤器的新型混合内存架构磨损均衡策略

相变存储器（PCM）凭借低功耗的优势有望成为新一代主存储器,但是耐受性的缺陷成为其广泛应用的重要障碍。现有的随机存取存储器（DRAM）缓存技术和磨损均衡分别从减少PCM写数量以及均匀化写操作分布两个角度延长PCM使用寿命,但前者在写回数据时未考虑数据的读写倾向性,后者在空间局部性较强的应用场景下存在数据交换粒度、空间开销、随机性等诸多问题。因此,设计一种全新的混合存储架构,结合最近最少使用（LRU）算法和带有时间变化的最不经常使用（LFU-Aging）算法提出区分数据读写倾向性的缓存策略,并且基于布隆过滤器（BF）设计针对强空间局部性工作集的动态磨损均衡算法,在有效减少冗余写操作的同时实现低空间开销的组间磨损均衡操作。实验结果表明,该策略能够减少PCM上13.4%~38.6%的写操作,同时有效均匀90%以上分组的写操作分布。     

利用页面重构与数据温度识别的闪存缓存算法

基于闪存的固态盘(SSD)具有比磁盘更加优越的性能,并且在桌面系统中逐渐替代磁盘.但是,尽管在SSD中嵌入了DRAM作为缓存,闪存在不断写入的过程中也可能产生不稳定的写性能,主要是因为逻辑页写入时会频繁引发非覆盖写和垃圾回收操作.针对此问题,提出了一种叫作PRLRU的新型闪存缓存管理方法,通过页面重构机制以及数据温度识...