Sex pheromone components of the buck moth Hemileuca maia

The sex attractant pheromone blend of Hemileuca maia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the vicinity of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, has been identified. The major component of the blend is (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald), in combination with the minor components (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH), and (E10,Z12)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12–16:Ac). Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100:7.4:6.3. None of the three components were attractive to male moths when tested as single components. Several other compounds were tentatively identified from female pheromone gland extracts, including E10,E12–16:Ald, E10,E12–16:OH, and E10,E12–16:Ac, but addition of these components, either alone or in combination, at biologically relevant rates, did not significantly increase the attractiveness of lures. The saturated analogs, hexadecanal, hexadecanol, and hexadecyl acetate, also were identified in gland extracts, but had no apparent effect as pheromone components.     

Sex Pheromone of Nuttall's Sheep Moth, Hemileuca nuttalli, from the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

The sex attractant pheromone blend of Hemileuca nuttalli (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California was determined to be a combination of E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12–16:Ac) and E10,E12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,E12–16:Ac). Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100:48, although the ratio was not critical in field trials. Blends of synthetic E10,Z12–16:Ac and E10,E12–16:Ac in 100:50, 50:100, and 100:100 ratios attracted equal numbers of male moths. Field trials also indicated that E10,Z12–hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH) and E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald) were antagonistic at rates of 3.3% and 10%, respectively, of the E10,Z12–16:Ac, despite being found in female moth extracts. E10,E12–16:Ac, E10,Z12–16:OH, and E10,Z12–16:Ald all appear to have roles in maintenance of reproductive isolation between H. nuttalli and H. eglanterina.     

Geographic Variation in Sex Pheromone Blend of Hemileuca electra from Southern California

Differences were found in the pheromonally mediated mate location systems of two subspecies of Hemileuca electra, H. electra electra (Hee) and H. e. mojavensis (Hem), from southern California. Hem female pheromone gland extracts contained eight times as much (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald) and half as much hexadecyl acetate (16:Ac) as Hee extracts. Relative amounts of the other major component of the pheromone blends, (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH) did not differ between the two subspecies. In coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram studies, responses of male antennae to 1:1:1 mixtures of the three principal components (E10,Z12–16:Ac, E10,Z12–16:OH, E10,Z12–16:Ald) also differed, with Hem antennae producing significantly larger responses to E10,Z12–16:Ald and significantly smaller responses to 10E,12Z–16:Ac than Hee. In field trials, male Hem were attracted to Hem females in preference to Hee females. Males of a second species, H. burnsi, which is sympatric with Hem but not Hee, also were attracted to females of Hee transported to their range. Field tests of blends of synthesized pheromone components confirmed that male Hem preferred E10,Z12–16:Ald ratios of 10–100% of the major component, E10,Z12–16:Ac, whereas males of Hee and H. burnsi responded optimally to ratios of 0.3–1% E10,Z12–16:Ald to E10,Z12–16:Ac. 16:Ac added to lures increased attraction of Hee but not Hem males. The data presented are consistent with reproductive character displacement, whereby the Hem subspecies has modified its pheromone-based mating system to reduce interference from sympatric H. burnsi.     

Sex Attractant Pheromone of Saturniid Moth Coloradia velda

The female-produced sex attractant pheromone of Coloradia velda has been identified by a combination of analytical methods and field tests as a blend of (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (10E,12Z–16:Ac), (10E,12E)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (10E,12E–16:Ac), and (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-ol (10E,12Z–16:OH) in a 10:1:0.33 ratio, respectively. The corresponding aldehyde (10E,12Z–16:Ald) was also found in extracts of female pheromone glands, but in blends with 10E,12Z–16:Ac and 10E,12E–16:Ac at low doses did not significantly increase the attractiveness of baits to male moths.     

Female sex pheromone of the Yunnan pine caterpillar moth Dendrolimus houi: first (E,Z)-isomers in pheromone components of Dendrolimus spp

The Yunnan pine caterpillar Dendrolimus houi Lajonquière is a serious defoliator of coniferous forests in southwestern China. Gas chromatography–electroantennography (GC–EAG) analyses of extracts of female sex pheromone glands of D. houi moths revealed the presence of three compounds eliciting antennal responses. These were identified as (5E,7Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol (E5,Z7-12:OH), (5E,7Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E5,Z7-12:OAc), and (5E,7Z)-5,7-dodecadienal (E5,Z7-12:Ald) by comparison of their GC retention indices, mass spectra, and EAG activities with those of synthetic standards. Average amounts of E5,Z7-12:OH, E5,Z7-12:OAc, and E5,Z7-12:Ald per calling virgin D. houi female were 14.7 ± 12.9 ng (± SD), 5.8 ± 5.4 ng, and 0.8 ± 1.4 ng, respectively, in a ratio of 100:39.7:5.6. These three components were also collected from the headspace of calling virgin female moths by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In addition, trace quantities of (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol (Z5-12:OH), (5Z,7E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol (Z5,E7-12:OH), (5E,7E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol (E5,E7-12:OH), (5Z,7E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (Z5,E7-12:OAc), (5Z,7Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (Z5,Z7-12:OAc), and (5E,7E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E5,E7-12:OAc) were tentatively identified in female pheromone gland extracts by selected ion monitoring GC-MS. Field trapping experiments showed that E5,Z7-12:OH, E5,Z7-12:OAc, and E5,Z7-12:Ald were essential for attraction of male D. houi moths. Traps baited with a 20:1:1 blend (alcohol/acetate/aldehyde) loaded on gray rubber septa were as effective as traps baited with virgin female moths. The optimum ratio of acetate to aldehyde was 1:1, and this ratio was more critical than the ratio of either compound to the alcohol. This represents the first example of (E,Z)-isomers in pheromone blends of Dendrolimus species.     

Sex Pheromone of the Saturniid Moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hemileuca burnsi</Emphasis>, from the Western Mojave Desert of California

The sex pheromone blend of Hemileuca burnsi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the western Mojave Desert was determined to be a combination of (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12-16:Ac), (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10,Z12-16:OH), (10E,12E)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (E10,E12-16:Ac), and hexadecyl acetate (16:Ac). (10E,12Z)-Hexadecadienal (E10,Z12-16:Ald) was tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts based on electroantennographic responses and, when added to the above blend, it enhanced trap captures at low doses. The mean ratio of the compounds in extracts of pheromone glands was 100:23:232:14:0.4 (E10,Z12-16:Ac: E10,E12-16:Ac: 16:Ac: E10,Z12-16:OH: E10,Z12-16:Ald). Field trials indicated that although E10,Z12-16:Ac and E10,Z12-16:OH were essential for attraction, the two-component blend was not attractive by itself. Addition of the three other compounds was necessary for maximum attraction, rendering this the most complicated pheromone blend described for a Hemileuca species to date. Similarities between the sex pheromone of H. burnsi and that of the allopatric Hemileuca electra electra and differences between the blends of H. burnsi and that of the sympatric H. electra mojavensis support a case for reproductive character displacement in the pheromone communication channel of H. electra.     

Components of female sex pheromone of spotted bollworm,Earias vittella F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field evaluation in Pakistan

Ovipositor washings from virgin femaleEarias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths were examined by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography (EAG). Six components were detected by the male moth. These were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of a range of synthetic standards on fused silica capillary GC columns as hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, octadecanal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol in 1210241 ratio. Field testing in Pakistan showed that a 2102 mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, and (Z)-11-octadecenal was as attractive to maleE. vittella moths as the six-component mixture and equal in attractiveness to a virgin female moth. Omitting (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (Z)-11-octadecenal greatly reduced this attractiveness. It was found that synthetic lures must be protected from sunlight to prevent loss of attractiveness caused by isomerization of the conjugated diene aldehyde, and addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, one of the products of isomerization, was shown to reduce attractiveness significantly. During this work, a 101 mixture of (E,E)-10, 12-hexadecadienal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was shown to be as attractive toE. insulana (Boisd.) male moths as a virgin female moth, and the attractiveness of this mixture was further increased by addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal.     

Sex Pheromone of Apple Blotch Leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella, and Its Effect on P. mespilella Pheromone Communication

(Z)-10,(Z)-12-Tetradecadienyl acetate (Z10,Z12–14:OAc) and (E)-10,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate (E10,E12–14:OAc) are sex pheromone components of the apple blotch leafminer (ABLM), Phyllonorycter crataegella. Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses, retention index calculations of EAD-active compounds, and by comparative GC-EAD analyses of female ABLM-produced and authentic (synthetic) compounds. In field experiments in apple Malus domestica orchards in Connecticut, Z10,Z12–14:OAc alone attracted ABLM males. Addition of E10,E12–14:OAc to Z10,Z12–14:OAc at 0.1:10 or 1:10 ratios enhanced attractiveness of the lure. Geometrical isomers Z10,E12- or E10,Z12–14:OAc at equivalent ratios were behaviorally benign and slightly inhibitory, respectively. In field experiments in British Columbia, Z10,Z12–14:OAc plus E10,E12–14:OAc did not attract Phyllonorycter moths, supporting the contention that ABLM is not present in the fruit growing regions of British Columbia. Z10,Z12–14:OAc added to P. mespilella pheromone, (E)-4,(E)-10-dodecadienyl acetate, strongly inhibited response by P. mespilella males. Recognition of the ABLM pheromone blend by allopatric P. mespilella males suggests a phylogenetic relationship and previous sympatry of these two Phyllonorycter spp. If pheromonal attraction of ABLM males were reciprocally inhibited by P. mespilella pheromone, a generic Phyllonorycter pheromone blend could be tested for pheromone-based mating disruption of the apple leaf-mining Phyllonorycter guild in North America.     

Sex Pheromone of the Persimmon Fruit Moth, Stathmopoda masinissa: Identification and Laboratory Bioassay of (4E, 6Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol Derivatives

Three electroantennogram (EAG)-active components were detected by gas chromatography coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC–EAD) analysis of a hexane extract of the pheromone glands of the persimmon fruit moth, Stathmopoda masinissa. These compounds were identified as (4E,6Z)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16:Ald) and the corresponding acetate (E4,Z6-16: OAc) and alcohol (E4,Z6-16:OH) by mass spectral, GC retention time (RT), and microchemical test data. The characteristic base peak of the aldehyde at m/z 84 provided a crucial piece of information suggesting the possibility of a 4,6-diene structure. The (4E,6Z)-isomer elicited the strongest EAG responses among the four geometrical isomers of each synthetic 4,6-hexadecadienyl compound. In a laboratory bioassay, only E4,Z6-16:OAc elicited male moth behavioral activity significantly different from the control; the activity of the acetate was not affected by addition of the aldehyde and alcohol. A preliminary field trial confirmed that E4,Z6-16:OAc as a single component attracted male moths. The possible roles of E4,Z6-16:Ald and E4,Z6-16:OH as components of lures for field use remain to be determined.     

Mint root borer,Fumibotys fumalis (Guenee): Identification and field tests of female sex pheromone gland components

Compounds identified in sex pheromone gland extracts of femaleFumibotys fumalis (Guenee) consisted of (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of 100:18: 8:4, respectively. The compounds were identified by electroantennographic, gas Chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and chemical derivatization procedures. In mint fields synthetic components in gray elastomeric septa at ratios found in the sex pheromone gland and at doses of 3 or 10 mg of the diene produced trap catch comparable to traps baited with three females.Lepidoptera: Pyralidae     

Sex pheromone of the avocado pest,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The major volatile components in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofAmorbia cuneana consisted of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. The identification was based on electroantennogram bioassay of gas Chromatographic effluent from sex pheromone gland extract, relative retention times on polar and nonpolar gas chromatographic columns, chemical degradation (ozonolysis, saponification), mass spectrometry, chemical synthetic methods, and field tests. Based on mass spectrometry and retention times by capillary gas chromatography, traces of (E)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and 1-tetradecanol acetate were also present in the extract. Traps baited with a combination of synthetic (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates caught more males than did traps baited with females.This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a commercial product in this paper does not constitute a recommendation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Isolation, Identification and Field Tests of the Sex Pheromone of the Carambola Fruit Borer, Eucosma notanthes

Two components, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12:Ac) and (Z)-8-dodecenol (Z8-12:OH), were isolated from sex pheromone glands of the carambola fruit borer, Eucosma notanthes, and were identified by GC, and GC-MS, chemical derivatization, and comparison of retention times. The ratio of the alcohol to acetate in the sex pheromone extracts was 2.7. However, synthetic mixtures (1 mg) in ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 were more effective than other blends in trapping male moths in field tests.     

Female sex pheromone of the pickleworm,Diaphania nitidalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Heptane extracts of the ovipositors from pickleworm adults (Diaphania nitidalis) were found to contain (E)-11-hexadecenal along with proportionally smaller amounts of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E)- and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, hexadecanol, hexadecanal, and a trace amount of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal. Assays conducted in a flight tunnel and in the field showed that a synthetic mixture of the five unsaturated compounds elicited behavioral responses from pickleworm males that were indistinguishable from those elicited by extracts of the female or by mate-calling females. When any component was deleted from the set of five unsaturated compounds, the intensity and extent of male responses to the resulting mixtures were significantly attenuated. The female sex pheromone of the pickleworm resembles the pheromone of a congeneric species,D. hyalinata, but bioassays indicated that (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, produced byD. hyalinata but not by the pickleworm, plays a role in pheromonal specificity.     

Identification of Female Sex Pheromone of the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata and Antagonistic Effects of Geometrical Isomers

An EAD-active component in a female abdominal tip extract of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (= M. testulalis), was identified as (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (E10,E12–16:Ald). In laboratory bioassays, the purified synthetic E10,E12–16:Ald with 99% isomeric purity had attractancy to male moths equal to the crude extract. However, the unpurified chemical with 92% isomeric purity did not show any attractancy. Addition of 0.1 ng EZ isomer or 1 ng of EZ, ZE, or ZZ isomers of 10,12–16: Ald to 1 ng of the purified synthetic pheromone antagonized its attractancy as did addition of each isomer to 1 female equivalent of the crude extract. These results suggest that it is necessary to develop formulation and release techniques that maintain extremely high isomeric purity of the synthetic pheromone for male trapping in the field.     

Female Sex Pheromone of a Carpenter Moth, Cossus insularis (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

This study describes the identification of a sex pheromone component of a cossid moth, Cossus insularis. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) analysis of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) collections of volatiles released by live female moths showed that two compounds elicited EAG responses from the antennae of male moths. These compounds were identified as (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate (E3-14:Ac) and (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate (Z3-14:Ac) by mass spectral analysis and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The ratio of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac was 95:5 in the effluvia of a female. In field bioassays, sticky traps baited with blends of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac showed that E3-14:Ac is an essential component of the pheromone. However, the role of Z3-14:Ac is unclear, because E3-14:Ac as a single component was as attractive to male moths as blends of E3-14:Ac and Z3-14:Ac, including the 95:5 blend released by live female moths.     

Minor components in the sex pheromone of legume podborer: Maruca vitrata development of an attractive blend

The legume podborer, Maruca vitrata (syn. M. testulalis) (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a pantropical pest of legume crops. Sex pheromone was collected by gland extraction or trapping of volatiles from virgin female moths originating in India, West Africa, or Taiwan. Analysis by GC-EAG and GC-MS confirmed previously published findings that (E,E)-10,12- hexadecadienal is the most abundant EAG-active component with 2–5% of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol also present. At least one other EAG response was detected at retention times typical of monounsaturated hexadecenals or tetradecenyl acetates, but neither could be detected by GC-MS. Laboratory wind-tunnel bioassays and a field bioassay of blends of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal with (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and a range of monounsaturated hexadecenal and tetradecenyl acetate isomers indicated greatest attraction of males was to those including (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and (E)-10-hexadecenal as minor components. In subsequent trapping experiments in cowpea fields in Benin, traps baited with a three-component blend of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal and these two minor components in a 100:5:5 ratio caught significantly more males than traps baited with the major component alone, either two-component blend, or virgin female moths. Further blend optimization experiments did not produce a more attractive blend. No significant differences in catches were found between traps baited with polyethylene vials or rubber septa, or between lures containing 0.01 and 0.1 mg of synthetic pheromone. Significant numbers of female M. vitrata moths, up to 50% of total catches, were trapped with synthetic blends but not with virgin females. At present there is no clear explanation for this almost unprecedented finding, but the phenomenon may improve the predictive power of traps for population monitoring.     

Identification, Synthesis, and Field Evaluation of the Sex Pheromone from the Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella

Using male antenna as the sensing element, three electroantennographic detection (EAD)-active peaks were detected from pheromone gland extracts of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella. Based on gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-infrared data, the semiochemicals were tentatively identified as a novel pheromone, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, a previously identified attractant, (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienal, and (Z)-7-hexadecenal in a ratio of 30:10:1, respectively. Identification was confirmed with synthetic compounds, which gave retention times identical to those of the natural products on three capillary columns with polar and nonpolar phases. While traps baited only with the previously identified attractant alone did not catch any males in Brazil, binary and tertiary mixtures with the major constituents caught significantly more male moths than traps baited with five virgin females. This paper and the following paper (Moreira et al.) were submitted within a few days of each other. The editors and the authors agreed that they should be published in tandem.     

Sex pheromone of female african white rice stem borer,Maliarpha separatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Sierra Leone: Identification and field testing

Analysis of ovipositor washings of femaleMaliarpha separatella from Sierra Leone by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennograph (EAG) indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically active compounds. The GC retention times of these compounds were consistent with those of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol. Analysis by El and CI mass spectrometry of ovipositor washings confirmed these identifications and also indicated the presence of the saturated analog, tetradecan-1-ol. There was no evidence, from these analyses, of the corresponding aldehydes or acetates. The EAG-active compounds were present in the ovipositor washings in a ratio of approximately 23.51, with the major component constituting approximately 0.4 ng per ovipositor. GC-MS analysis of entrained female effluvia confirmed that the EAG-active compounds were released by virgin females. Field testing of the EAG-active compounds indicated that (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol and (E,E)10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol were attractive to male moths in ratios of between 9:1 and 39:1, while (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol was found to reduce trap catch when added to blends of the other two compounds.     

Identification and Field Evaluation of Components of Female Sex Pheromone of Millet Stem Borer, Coniesta ignefusalis

Five active compounds were detected during analyses of ovipositor washings and effluvia from virgin female Coniesta ignefusalis moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennographic (EAG) recording from a male moth. These were identified as (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol (Z7–12:OH), (Z)-5-decen-1-ol (Z5–10:OH), (Z)-7-dodecenal (Z7–12:Ald), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14:OH) by comparison of their GC retention times, mass spectra, and EAG activities with those of synthetic standards. Laboratory tests of dispensers for these compounds showed that release rates from polyethylene vials increased to relatively uniform values after three to four days, but release from septa was very rapid and nonuniform and decreased to low levels after two to three days. Trapping tests in Niger showed that the major component, Z7–12:OH, and two of the minor components, Z5–10:OH and Z7–12:Ald, were essential for attraction of male C. ignefusalis moths. The most attractive blend contained these three components in a 100:5:3.3 ratio in a polyethylene vial, which emitted the components in similar proportions to those produced by the female C. ignefusalis moth. Water traps baited with this blend containing 1 mg of Z7–12:OH caught more male C. ignefusalis moths than traps baited with newly emerged female moths. Addition of up to 10% of the corresponding E isomers of the pheromone components had no effect on catches, but addition of the other two minor components detected, Z7–12:Ac and/or Z9–14:OH, to the attractive blend at naturally occurring levels caused significant reductions in trap catch.     

Sex pheromone of femaleMyelois cribrella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Females ofMyelois cribrella contain about 20 ng/gland of the primary sex pheromone components (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in proportions of 4115, respectively. These physiologically active components are accompanied by a number of related compounds such as (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, hexadecyl acetate, (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, octadecyl acetate, octadecan-1-ol, and eicosyl and docosyl acetates. Octadecyl acetate, the most abundant component, represents about 42 ng/female moth; however, no physiological activity could be attributed to it. In field tests, a trap baited with a 1-mg mixture of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in a ratio of 121 caught more male moths than three live female moths.Pheromones, 58. Pheromones, 57: Bestmann et al. (1987).