Electrothermal compact macromodel of monolithic switching voltage regulator MC34063A

In this paper a new electrothermal compact macromodel of the monolithic switching voltage regulator MC34063A for SPICE is proposed. This macromodel, valid for the transient analysis, is composed of two essential parts: the electrical model consisting of the most important fundamental blocks as: the oscillator, the comparator, the RS flip-flop, the output stage as well as the lumped thermal model. The correctness of the macromodel is verified experimentally. The values of the macromodel parameters are determined from the measurements and the catalogue data. Some of the calculated characteristics are compared with the measuring results.     

基于ICPT原理的高压变换器应用

针对全电子引信系统安全性,提出一种基于感应耦合式无线电能传输(ICPT)原理的高压变换器,利用初、次级谐振原理实现能量传输。分析了ICPT系统工作原理,基于基波法建立了倍压整流电路等效阻抗和负载电压数学模型。采用Matlab仿真研究了系统工作频率、间隙距离变化对负载电压的影响。仿真结果表明,通过改变工作频率和间隙距离,可得到稳定的负载电压。针对仿真结果,搭建了基于ICPT原理的高压变换器系统实验平台,进一步验证了理论和仿真结果的正确性。     

Self-sustained phase-shift modulated resonant converters: modeling, design, and performance

This paper presents an improved control technique for the full bridge series, parallel, and series-parallel resonant converters. This control technique combines a self-sustained oscillation mode with a phase shift modulation technique that can significantly reduce the range of frequency variation necessary for obtaining zero voltage switching in the resonant converters. This frequency reduction provides optimized component ratings and operating frequency. A simple and accurate low order mathematical model based on the sampled data technique that fully describes the steady-state, and dynamic performance of the resonant converters, has been developed. A refinement algorithm is developed to enhance the accuracy of the modeling technique and the converter design. The improved converter performance and the feasibility of the developed dynamic model have been investigated using the series-parallel resonant converter topology with a capacitive output filter. Finally, MATLAB numerical solutions, PSIM simulation results, and experimental results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed work.     

Discrete time modeling and control of the voltage source converterfor improved disturbance rejection

A new voltage source converter control approach is presented, based on multivariable z-domain control techniques. Using time-averaging theory in the synchronous reference frame, a linear time-varying model of the converter is developed. The new model may be directly employed as an efficient simulation tool and used as a basis for developing discrete time inverter controls. Application of digital control techniques results in current step tracking in one switching period, with zero overshoot. While DC load fluctuations are rapidly compensated through nonlinear feedforward, AC system voltage disturbances are rejected through a positive and negative sequence bias estimation scheme. As a result, the converter may operate at its current limit under even severe AC voltage unbalance and only a balanced AC current will flow, thus ensuring full protection of the semiconductor devices in all three converter legs. Experimental results validate both the time-varying simulation model as well as the proposed control design     

Transient Simulation of Lossy Interconnects Based on a Dispersive Hybrid Phase-Pole Macromodel

A transient simulator for interconnect structures that are modeled by lossy transmission lines is outlined in this paper. Since frequency-dependent RLGC parameters must be employed to correctly model skin effects and dielectric losses for high-performance interconnects, we first study the behaviors of various lossy interconnects that are characterized by frequency-dependent line parameters (FDLPs). We then developed a frequency-domain dispersive hybrid phase-pole macromodel (DHPPM) for such lines, which consists of a constant RLGC propagation function multiplied by a residue series. The basic idea is to first extract the dominant physical phenomenology by using a propagation function in the frequency domain that is modeled by frequency-independent line parameters (FILPs). A rational function approximation is then used to account for the remaining effects of FDLP lines. By using a partial fraction expansion and analytically evaluating the required inverse Fourier transform integrals, the time-domain DHPPM can be decomposed as a sum of canonical transient responses for lines with FILP for various excitations (e.g., trapezoidal and unit step). These canonical transient responses are then expressed analytically as closed-form expressions involving incomplete Lipshitz-Hankel integrals of the first kind and Bessel functions. The closed-form expressions for these canonical responses are validated by comparing with simulation results from commercial tools like HSPICE. The DHPPM simulator can simulate transient results for various input waveforms on both single and coupled interconnect structures. Comparisons between the DHPPM results and the results produced by commercial simulation tools like HSPICE and a numerical inverse fast Fourier transform show that the DHPPM results are very accurate.     

SOI/SOS MOSFET compact macromodel taking into account radiation effects

A compact BSIMSOI-RAD macromodel for SOI/SOS CMOS transistors is developed that takes into account the radiation effects. An automated procedure for determination of macromodel parameters is described and shown to be useful for analyzing radiation hardness of CMOS IC fragments depending on the total absorbed dose. The simulation time is estimated.     

Improved small-signal analysis for the phase-shifted PWM power converter

A closed form cycle by cycle analysis forms the basis for a new zero-voltage switching (ZVS) phase-shifted PWM (PSPWM) full bridge power converter small-signal model. The paper derives the small-signal response equations. The PSPWM converter has an implicit "slew interval," making the converter dynamics difficult to analyze using traditional averaging techniques. The converter control to output transfer function under continuous conduction mode operation and using voltage-mode control does not exhibit a second order pole associated with the output L-C filter, making it different from a conventional PWM converter. This new PSPWM converter model shows that the output L-C filter is separated into two real poles, with one pole held at constant frequency independent of operating conditions. A characteristic pole depends only upon the converter switching frequency and inductor values. This characteristic pole is fundamental to understanding the PSPWM converter natural and forced responses. The new small-signal model is shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results.     

Phasor-Domain Modeling of Resonant Inverters for High-Frequency AC Power Distribution Systems

The circuit modeling and analysis of resonant inverters is complex because the state variables such as inductor currents and capacitor voltages are AC dominant. The phasor dynamic modeling method maps the periodical time-varying state variables into stationary frame for each harmonic of interest. Correspondingly, the circuit is decomposed into two DC subcircuits, the state variables of which are the time-varying Fourier coefficients of the original AC variables. A small-signal model can be derived by applying small perturbation and linearization to the Fourier coefficients. A phasor-domain modeling method is used to investigate the resonant inverters in high-frequency AC power distribution systems. A resonant inverter system with five energy storage elements is modeled and simulated, and compared with switch simulation for both steady state and transients. The phasor model simulation matches the switch model simulation in both steady state and transients, but takes much less computing time. In addition, this model closely relates to the power converter topology in time domain, and therefore, keeps the physical meaning of the state variables. It can be used for high accuracy of modeling, simulation, and circuit analysis and control design. It can be extended to a higher order of resonant topologies including parasitic components. A high-frequency AC system with two pulse-phase-modulation-controlled resonant inverters is modeled and simulated, and the current distribution control is investigated with the phasor model. The model simulation is compared with switch-level simulation and experimental results.     

多层弯曲磁微执行器的宏模型

首先介绍了多层弯曲磁微执行器的基本工作原理。根据磁路定律和等效磁荷方法 ,提出了考虑边缘漏磁效应的执行器工作的宏模型。计算结果与 ANSYS模拟和已有的实验结果进行了比较。该宏模型可以在设计执行器时应用     

A new macromodeling approach for nonlinear microwave circuits basedon recurrent neural networks

A new macromodeling approach is developed in which a recurrent neural network (RNN) is trained to learn the dynamic responses of nonlinear microwave circuits. Input and output waveforms of the original circuit are used as training data. A training algorithm based on backpropagation through time is developed. Once trained, the RNN macromodel provides fast prediction of the full analog behavior of the original circuit, which can be useful for high-level simulation and optimization. Three practical examples of macromodeling a power amplifier, mixer, and MOSFET are used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed macromodeling approach     

HSPICE macromodel of PCRAM for binary and multilevel storage

A general macromodel of the phase change random access memory (PCRAM) elements for use in HSPICE-based computer simulator is proposed in this paper by introducing physical models of PCRAM elements. It can simulate the dc and transient behavior of PCRAM element. In this paper, the model was integrated with the standard R/W circuit and successfully simulated the R-I curve and dependence between amplitude and width of programming pulses. A comparison between experimental and simulation results were also given. Furthermore, by including the partial crystallization states, the macromodel was developed for simulating the multilevel storage.     

Fixed-frequency phase-controlled full-bridge resonant converterwith a series load

A fixed-frequency phase-controlled full-bridge parallel resonant converter (PCPRC) that consists of a phase-controlled parallel resonant inverter (PCPRI) and an input-inductor rectifier is analyzed. The input impedances of the resonant circuits represent inductive loads for both switching legs at f/f₀>1.24 and therefore zero-voltage-switching turn-on can be achieved for all the transistors. The fundamental frequency approximation is used to derive expressions for the voltage transfer function and the efficiency of the PCPRI. The behavior and performance characteristics of the PCPRI are then studied. Three types of input-inductor rectifiers are considered and a design procedure is developed. A 30 W PCPRC is designed and tested. The theoretical calculations were in good agreement with experimental results. The converter exhibits an excellent efficiency. The measured efficiency was 92% at full load. The converter is capable of regulating the DC output voltage from full load to no load and over a wide line voltage range     

Simplified Macromodel of MTLs With Incident Fields (SiMMIF)

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of high-speed designs has become imperative due to rapidly increasing radio-frequency interference and emerging technological trends such as higher operating frequencies, denser layouts, and multifunction convergent products. In this paper, a simplified macromodel of multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) exposed to incident fields is presented. The proposed formulation can also handle frequency dependence of resistance, capacitance, conductance, and inductance (RLGC) line parameters. The method employs the recently developed delay-extraction-based compact and passive MTL macromodel, while developing closed-form expressions for incident field analysis. An error bound for the proposed macromodel is also presented. The macromodel is simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) compatible and overcomes the mixed frequency/time simulation difficulties usually encountered during transient analysis, while guaranteeing the stability of the global transient simulation. The algorithm provides higher accuracy as well as significant speed gains for EMC analysis of transmission line networks as compared to the existing techniques.     

用修正特征法模型求解高速VLSI中有耗互连线的瞬态响应

本文提出了用于高速集成电路系统中有耗互连线瞬态响应求解的一个计算模型及其相应的算法。传统的特征法在用于求解无耗传输线或满足ＬＧ＝ＲＣ的有耗传输线时具有简单的递归形式和较高的计算效率,但不能用于一般的有耗传输线。本文在特征法的基础上,通过适当的参数修正,建立了一般有耗传输线瞬态响应的近似特征模型,导出了其对时间变量递归形式的计算公式。     

Small-signal and transient analysis of a full-bridge, zero-current-switched PWM converter using an average model

This paper presents a detailed small-signal and transient analysis of a full bridge zero-current-switched (FB-ZCS) PWM converter designed for high voltage, high power applications using an average model. The development shows the model follows directly from the converter's steady-state analysis and is produced by inspection of the converter's instantaneous waveforms. The method used in model development can be extended to other topologies that are not easily modeled by conventional methods. The derived model is implemented in a PSPICE subcircuit and used to produce the small-signal and transient characteristics of the converter. Results obtained in the analysis of the high voltage and high power design example are validated by comparison to the actual, switched-circuit simulations.     

A physical-based noise macromodel for fast simulation of switching noise generation

Efficient prediction of the substrate noise generated by large digital sections is currently a major challenge in System-on-a-Chip design. A macromodel to accurately and efficiently predict the substrate noise generated by digital standard cells is presented. The macromodel is generated from identification of the physical elements relevant to noise generation. Techniques to directly or indirectly compute the values of the elements in the cell macromodel are proposed. Using this macromodel, prediction of the noise generated by large digital sections can be easily done following a methodology based on high-level logic simulation. As a first step to validation, the macromodel accuracy is demonstrated in some circuits consisting of a reduced number of gates.     

The electrothermal macromodel of voltage mode PWM controllers for SPICE

In the paper the problem of modelling PWM voltage mode controllers for SPICE is considered. SPICE library isothermal macromodel and a new form of the authors' electrothermal (including selfheating) macromodel of SG3525A controller are presented and compared. To illustrate the correctness and usefulness of these macromodels, some results of measurements and calculations of SG3525A controller operating in the catalogue test circuit and in the real BOOST converter are given as well.     

A new approach for closed-form transient analysis of multiconductor transmission lines

A novel closed-form model for multiconductor transmission lines is presented. The proposed model is derived from the analytical characterization of half-T ladder networks, which using closed-form polynomials (named DFF and DFFz), allow one to exactly extract poles and residues of the two-port representation of multiconductor transmission lines, thus, generating a time domain macromodel that can be incorporated in a circuit simulator. Since the model is derived from a stable and passive equivalent network, its stability and passivity are strictly preserved. Simulation results for one, two, and three-conductor transmission lines with linear and nonlinear terminations are presented, confirming the validity of the proposed model.     

模拟相乘器的实用化动态宏模型

本文提出了一个能在SPICE通用电路分析程序上运行的模拟相乘器的实用化动态宏模型.较好地模拟了相乘器的3dB小信号带宽、矢量误差、上升速率、满功率响应、输入输出阻抗等动态参数.     

The macro-modelling of logic functions for the SPICE simulator

The traditional method of using the SPICE simulator to evaluate logic functions includes a transistor-level representation of the function, resulting in very long simulation times. Macromodels, which use no semiconductor junctions, are proposed for the pure combinational logic functions, INVERT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. A basic two-input topology is considered. In all cases, only one SPICE primitive performs the logic function. Thus, each gate can be readily expanded by adding input resistors, with virtually no speed penalty. A similar technique is applied to the construction of a macromodel of a digital-to-analog converter, yielding a topology of one SPICE primitive per converter, with no resistive networks, irrespective of the number of bits