基于仿生学和北斗技术的水质检测机器鱼研究与设计

针对常规水质检测方法,存在检测效率低、范围小的问题,提出以研制仿生机器鱼为平台的低成本水质检测方案。以鱼体结合尾鳍的BCF推进模式作为研究对象,分析鱼体波包络曲线的游动机理。运动学参数化计算研究BCF鱼体推进运动姿态,结合CFD流体分析优化机器鱼系统,搭建基于北斗系统BDS的导航定位和水质样本采集系统,并通过实验样机验证了机器鱼检测水质的可行性。     

微小型仿生机器鱼设计与实时路径规划

提出一种结构紧凑, 运动灵活, 装配多传感器, 可自主游动的微小型仿生机器鱼系统设计方案. 在仿鲹科加月牙尾模式鱼类运动研究的基础上, 给出了微小型机器鱼推进、转弯等运动的控制方法. 结合运动控制和传感器信息处理, 给出了基于红外传感器的自主避障算法和基于光敏传感器的主动趋光算法, 进而提出了基于这两种传感器信息感知的动态光源跟踪方法. 通过实验, 给出了机器鱼尾部摆动频率、幅度和运动速度之间的关系, 验证了机器鱼追踪动态光源算法, 表明了本文所提系统设计方案和算法的有效性.     

弹性装置提高机器鱼推进效率的研究

以JamesLighthill的鱼类的细长体理论为基础 ,利用能量守恒定理、动量定理和波动理论来分析计算仿生机器鱼在推进中的效率 .建立了以尾鳍弹性元件阻尼系数为参数的推进效率公式 .对推进效率进行了数值仿真 .通过仿真分析得出尾鳍增加弹性元件使大型水下推进器的推进效率大为提高 ,对将来大型水下自动航行器(AUV)的进一步研制提供了一个新的思路 .     

基于人工侧线的相邻仿生机器鱼感知研究

侧线系统是鱼类重要的感知器官,鱼类可以通过侧线器官实现对周围环境的感知,从而进行捕食、避敌以及一些群体行为.鱼类尾鳍摆动时会形成反卡门涡街,研究反卡门涡街对于仿生机器人的位姿和运动状态感知具有重要意义.以仿生机器鱼为平台、以侧线系统为依据,在机器鱼上实现人工侧线系统,当前方不同相对横向位置处机器鱼尾鳍摆动时,利用人工侧线实现对尾鳍摆动产生的反卡门涡街进行信息感知,从而间接识别机器鱼的相对横向位置,为群体机器鱼的相互感知提供了新思路.     

仿生机器鱼研究的进展与分析

介绍了仿生机器鱼具有效率高、机动性好、噪音低、对环境扰动小的特点和几种分类方法, 以及国内外在鱼类推进机理和仿生机器鱼研制方面的成果和现状, 在此基础上分析了机器鱼研究的主要内容: 鱼类推进理论模型、仿生机器鱼机械结构、仿生机器鱼游动的推进速度、运动方程、Q效率、Q功率等方面的客观规律, 特别是其控制性能和相关技术问题.     

基于柔性鳍单元的尾鳍推进微型机器鱼设计研究

论述了一种微型机器鱼.首先对亚鲹科、鲹科和鳐科模式游动动作进行了简化和抽象,确定柔性弯曲是这三种模式的一种简化的游动动作.然后从乌贼鳍的肌肉性静水骨骼鳍的结构得出灵感,提出并研制了能够实现柔性弯曲的柔性鳍单元;它应用动物弹性机制,由形状记忆合金（shape memory alloy,简称SMA）丝驱动.再对SMA丝进行了热力学分析,从而优化其驱动.最后,基于柔性鳍单元,设计了无线遥控的尾鳍推进微型机器鱼,并进行了游动试验;实现了亚鲹科和鲹科模式游动动作.该机器鱼无任何转动、滑动部件,能够实现快速、安静的隐蔽性游动.     

基于CPG模型的仿生机器鱼运动控制

仿生机器鱼的研究已经成为一个富有挑战性的热点问题.为了控制机器鱼自身的运动和姿态,本文研究了胸鳍对机器鱼运动的影响,并且基于CPG模型,提出了一种运动控制方法.采用的控制模型由4个振荡器构成,可根据反馈的信息产生节律信号以控制机器鱼胸鳍和尾鳍的运动.根据CPG模型参数与反馈输入之间的关系,设计了机器鱼俯仰和转弯反馈控制方法,利用反馈的信息自主调节CPG参数,达到控制胸鳍运动模式的目的.仿真实验验证了控制模型和反馈策略的有效性.     

用于避障研究的微型仿生机器鱼3维仿真系统

基于VC++6.0开发环境和OpenGL（open graphics library）国际图形标准,在Windows系统下开发了微型仿生机器鱼3维仿真系统。该系统可以降低用实体机器鱼进行机器鱼避障能力研究的成本和减少在研究过程中对实体机器鱼造成的损害。采用多边形建模的方法构建了虚拟微型仿生机器鱼模型,模拟了鱼类尾鳍的摆动。提出了一种模拟红外传感器探测障碍物的虚拟射线方法。并采用实时模糊决策算法设计了基于多传感器信息的复合模糊控制器,决策微型仿生机器鱼的避障行为。仿真实验表明,复合模糊控制器实时性好、效率高;无论是单个任意形状的障碍物还是多个连续障碍物,复合模糊控制器都能有效地引导仿生机器鱼避开障碍物,到达目标点。微型仿生机器鱼3维仿真系统为研究仿生机器鱼的自主避障能力提供了可靠、逼真、便利的平台。     

一种2自由度胸鳍推进仿生箱鲀机器鱼转弯特性研究

以2自由度胸鳍推进仿生箱鲀机器鱼为对象,研究其在单侧胸鳍推进、两侧胸鳍协同推进、以及单侧胸鳍与尾鳍协同推进等3种情形下的转弯特性.首先给出了胸鳍和尾鳍的正弦运动规律,并建立了3种情形下的转弯水动力学模型.然后利用数值方法分析了单侧胸鳍推进、单侧胸鳍/尾鳍协同推进时机器鱼实现给定半径转弯,以及两侧胸鳍协同推进时机器鱼实现原地转弯的特性,并给出了相应的转弯条件.实验结果表明,单侧胸鳍/尾鳍协同推进时的平均转弯角速度为0.26 rad/s;单侧胸鳍推进时的最大转弯角速度为0.314 rad/s,最小转弯半径为0.74倍体长;双侧胸鳍协同推进时原地转弯平均角速度为0.42 rad/s.与现有结果相比,所设计机器鱼转弯方式更为丰富,转弯机动性和转弯角速度较高.     

水下仿生机器鱼的研究进展I——鱼类推进机理

仿生机器鱼技术是近年来水下机器人领域研究的热点之一，它为研制高效、高机动性 和低噪声的水下运载器提供了新的思路．本文以鱼的脊椎曲线为研究对象，提出了一种新的 鱼类推进机理——波动推进，分析了波动推进过程中的运动阻力．通过鱼类游动观测实验和 仿生机器鳗鱼的研制，验证了该理论的有效性．     

Design and control of an IPMC wormlike robot.

This paper presents an innovative wormlike robot controlled by cellular neural networks (CNNs) and made of an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) self-actuated skeleton. The IPMC actuators, from which it is made of, are new materials that behave similarly to biological muscles. The idea that inspired the work is the possibility of using IPMCs to design autonomous moving structures. CNNs have already demonstrated their powerfulness as new structures for bio-inspired locomotion generation and control. The control scheme for the proposed IPMC moving structure is based on CNNs. The wormlike robot is totally made of IPMCs, and each actuator has to carry its own weight. All the actuators are connected together without using any other additional part, thereby constituting the robot structure itself. Worm locomotion is performed by bending the actuators sequentially from "tail" to "head," imitating the traveling wave observed in real-world undulatory locomotion. The activation signals are generated by a CNN. In the authors' opinion, the proposed strategy represents a promising solution in the field of autonomous and light structures that are capable of reconfiguring and moving in line with spatial-temporal dynamics generated by CNNs.     

SCARA based peg-in-hole assembly using compliant IPMC micro gripper

Robotic assembly is difficult as there always exist position errors between two mating parts. Compliance is added in a selective compliant assembly robot arm (SCARA) in the form of a two ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) fingers based micro gripper. This micro gripper is integrated at the end effector position of a SCARA robot. Peg-hole interaction is analytically modeled and based on it the force required to correct the lateral and angular errors by IPMC is calculated. A proportional-derivative (PD) controller is designed to actuate the IPMC to get the desired force for correcting the peg position before assembly. Simulations and experiments were carried out by developing an IPMC micro gripper and using it to analyze various cases of peg in hole assembly. The experimental results prove that adding compliance through IPMC helps in peg-in-hole assembly.     

An earthworm-like micro robot using shape memory alloy actuator

A novel bio-mimetic micro robot with wireless control and wireless power supply using shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator is developed. There have been many kinds of mobile micro robot using the micro actuators such as ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), micro motors and piezo actuators. These actuators generally require electric cable for power supply, which might highly influence the mobility of the micro robot. Therefore, a perfect wireless micro robot comprising telemetry and batteries is realized using only one SMA spring actuator and one silicone bellow. The SMA actuator and bellow play a role in contraction and extension of an earthworm muscle respectively. Based on theoretical analysis, specifications of a SMA actuator and a bellow are properly selected. For temporal stopping, setae of earthworm mimicked claws are employed. On the issue of control, the proposed robot is controlled according to On/Off signal via wireless communication. The operation is customized through tuning of on-/off-time of an actuator and using different type batteries such as a lithium, silver oxide and alkaline battery. After the design and experiment, we find out that the earthworm-like micro robot without wired power supply and control can move freely without limitation of working space and be fabricated easily.     

3-D Locomotion control for a biomimetic robot fish

This paper concerns with 3-D locomotion control methods for a biomimetic robot fish. The system architecture of the fish is firstly presented based on a physical model of carangiform fish. The robot fish has a flexible body, a rigid caudal fin and a pair of pectoral tins, driven by several servomotors. The motion control of the robot fish are then divided into speed control, orientation control, submerge control and transient motion control, corresponding algorithms are detailed respectively. Finally, experiments and analyses on a 4-link, radio-controlled robot fish prototype with 3-D locomotion show its good performance.     

Development of an artificial muscle linear actuator using ionic polymer–metal composites

We are developing an artificial muscle linear actuator using ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC)—electro-active polymers that bend in response to electric stimuli—and the goal of our study is applying the actuator to robotic applications, especially to a biped walking robot. In this paper, we will describe the structure of the actuator and an empirical model of the actuator which has two inputs and one output, and whose parameters are identified from input-output data. Based on the empirical model, basic experiments and position control of the linear actuator are demonstrated. Then, we consider walking control of a small-sized biped walking robot. In the application we assume that the developed actuators are connected both in series and in parallel to a joint of the walking robot so that the actuators supply enough torque to the robot, and that they are stretched and compressed enough. It is shown throughout simulations that the biped walking robot with the actuators can walk on level ground with a period synchronized with the period of the input signal.     

一种IPMC传感器实验平台设计

研究了一种离子交换聚合金属材料（IPMC）传感特性实验平台的设计,该方法利用STM32单片机作为主控芯片和精密电位器作为角度反馈,采用PID算法来控制直流伺服电机按照设定角度转动,以使IPMC薄片来回弯曲摆动,并且IPMC摆动频率和幅度可调,为后续IPMC输入不同信号的研究提供一个相应的平台。实验表明：这种新的实验平台对IPMC施加的变形信号更加稳定和准确。     

基于演算子理论的IPMC人工肌肉精确位置控制

IPMC(Ionic Polymer Metal Composite)人工肌肉是一种离子交换聚合金属材料,由于具有在低电压作用下可以产生较大弯曲的特性,已经被作为分布式传感器和执行器广泛应用于各种仿生机器人构建中。为了在各种仿生机器人中应用IPMC人工肌肉,期望的位置或偏移量必须能够精确地控制。针对这个问题,通过应用鲁棒右互质分解方法,本文设计一种基于演算子理论的IPMC人工肌肉精确位置控制系统,该系统不仅保证了鲁棒稳定性,而且能够实现精确的位置跟踪。最后,通过仿真和实验结果,系统的有效性进一步得到验证。     

仿生机器鱼俯仰与深度控制方法

提出一种基于重心改变法的仿生机器鱼俯仰姿态与深度控制方法, 用于实现机器鱼水中的浮潜运动. 该方法利用一种可调整位置的配重块结构, 改变机器鱼的重心位置, 进而实现机器鱼俯仰姿态的调节. 在对机器鱼内部配重块位置和机器鱼俯仰角的关系进行分析的基础上, 对一定速度下机器鱼的深度与俯仰角的关系进行建模, 提出由于尾部形变引起的俯仰姿态变化的补偿方法. 文中给出机器鱼原形样机的相关实验, 分析验证配重块位置变化和机器鱼重心及其姿态的调整, 深度控制等在多种情况下的结果.     

一种单构件双运动机理微小型机器人移动机构

传统微小型机器人的移动机构难以同时满足对高移动速度和高分辨力的需求,而宏微双重移动机构通 常存在结构复杂的缺点．针对这一问题,提出一种单构件双运动机理移动机构．该机构具有双重运动机理,即非谐 振条件下的粘滑运动机理和谐振条件下的碰撞运动机理,分别用于实现较高的运动分辨力和较高的运动速度．实验 结果表明,原理样机在前进与后退方向的运动分辨力分别可以达到0.896 mm 和0.456 mm,在10V 电压驱动下运动 速度可达172 mm/s．该机构结构简单,易于微小型化与批量制造,同时具有较高的运动速度与运动分辨力,可以提 高微小型机器人的运动性能．     

Bending control of Nafion-based electroactive polymer actuator coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Electrical bending control of Nafion-based ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is quite difficult. Unlike a conventional fully hydrated noble metal-coated Nafion type IPMC, however, highly dehydrated silver-coated Nafion type IPMC exhibited better electrical bending controllability. Embedding of the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into Nafion surface promoted adsorption of a larger quantity of silver on the Nafion surface, since the MWCNT surface served as adsorption sites for silver. A MWCNT-embedded Nafion coated with such a large quantity of silver (SCNT-Naf) exhibited large bending curvature under an applied voltage when in a highly dehydrated state, because of large scale induction of silver redox reaction. We could even achieve autonomous bending curvature control of the highly dehydrated SCNT-Naf quantitatively by automatically monitoring total charge imposed on it.