Data Entry for Mobile Devices Using Soft Keyboards: Understanding the Effects of Keyboard Size and User Tasks

As mobile, handheld computing devices become more common and are used for an ever-increasing variety of tasks, new mechanisms for data entry must be investigated. Personal digital assistants often provide a small stylus-activated soft keyboard, as do some mobile phones that include touch screens. However, there is little data regarding the importance of keyboard size or the users' tasks, the effectiveness of these keyboards, or user reactions to these keyboards. In this article, an experiment designed to investigate these issues in the context of a palm-style QWERTY keyboard is described. In this study, 30 novices completed 6 realistic tasks using either a small, medium, or large soft keyboard. The results not only confirm that keyboard size does not affect data entry rates but that making the keyboard smaller does not increase error rates or negatively impact preference ratings. However, tasks that required users to switch between the alphabetic keyboard and the numeric keyboard do result in significantly slower data entry rates. A model that accurately predicts the time required to enter predefined text is presented, and directions for future research are discussed.     

CAD软件中键盘命令解释器的设计与实现

在CAD软件中提供一个键盘命令解释器会给用户带来极大的方便。论文详细地讨论了键盘命令解释器的设计与实现,并给出了有关的类定义及算法。同时还讨论了键盘命令解释器中一些高级功能的设计思想。     

User navigation in computer applications

An abstract model of keyboard navigation that is based on real-world requirements is described. The importance of keyboard navigation is discussed, and the current approaches to keyboard navigation are reviewed. Several requirements for a successful model of keyboard navigation, including that keyboard navigation and direct manipulation must coexist in the same application, are described. Examples of successful use of the proposed approach to keyboard navigation in application development are presented     

基于Linux-MiniGUI的嵌入式系统中键盘输入设备的实现

详细介绍了嵌入式系统中人机交互常用输入设备(小键盘)在基于Linux-MiniGUI的嵌入式系统中的添加方法.开发特定的键盘输入主要有两部分工作要完成,即键盘驱动程序开发和键盘输入引擎开发.从这两个方面入手,描述了Linux字符设备的驱动程序开发流程,而后介绍了在MiniGUI中添加自己的键盘输入引擎的方法,从而完成了在基于Linux-MiniGUI的嵌入式系统中添加输入设备的整个过程.     

一种基于单片机的网络键盘的设计与实现

针对工业设备智能维护领域,通过研究分析PS/2键盘的接口、电气特性及协议规范,利用单片机实现了标准的PC机键盘。并结合网络技术,设计并实现了一种网络键盘,称之为IP-KeyBoard,其扩展了传统键盘的作用范围,可以对远程设备进行调试、参数设置等本地键盘操作。在局域网环境下,实验验证了网络键盘远程操作的可行性。     

A virtual reality keyboard with realistic haptic feedback in a fully immersive virtual environment

This study presents a 3D virtual reality (VR) keyboard system with realistic haptic feedback. The system uses two five-fingered data gloves to track finger positions and postures, uses micro-speakers to create simulated vibrations, and uses a head-mounted display (HMD) for 3D display. When users press a virtual key in the VR environment, the system can provide realistic simulated key click haptic feedback to users. The results of this study show that the advantages of the haptic VR keyboard are that users can use it when wearing HMDs (users do not need to remove HMDs to use the VR keyboard), the haptic VR keyboard can pop-up display at any location in the VR environments (users do not need to go to a specific location to use an actual physical keyboard), and the haptic VR keyboard can be used to provide realistic key click haptic feedback (which other studies have shown enhances user performance). The results also show that the haptic VR keyboard system can be used to create complex vibrations that simulate measured vibrations from a real keyboard and enhance keyboard interaction in a fully immersive VR environment.     

嵌入式软键盘UI一致性与功能差异性的研究

为了解决嵌入式WinCE系统所带软键盘按钮小和嵌入式设备触模操作便捷性要求之间矛盾,本文提出设计软键盘代替WinCE系统所带软键盘。为了解决嵌入式系统中多个数据输入的软键盘界面与嵌入式系统资源有限的矛盾,在设计中,提出了一种将软键盘界面与增加数据功能、删除数据功能、显示数据功能、数据合法性检查功能等键盘处理逻辑分离的技术,不同功能模块调用统一软键盘界面,实现了软键盘UI一致性和功能差异性,从而节省了系统资源;此外,为了减少软键盘按钮数,在小触模屏条件下触模按钮做得更大,提出了系统附加数据单位字符技术,这种技术也提高了用户数据输入速度。综合运用这些技术,完成了基于WinCE平台软键盘开发研制,实际应用表明提高了操作便捷性。     

面向个人的词码输入方式及其软件支持系统PLED

对非专业键盘操作人员来说,汉字的输入仍然是起制约作用的瓶颈问题.为了解决这一困难,我们提出一种高度灵活自治的中文信息输入方式——面向个人的词码输入方式.文中还详细介绍了一个支持这种方式的中西文屏幕编辑软件PLED(Personal Lexical Editor).     

双CPU实现远程多键盘鼠标交互

首先简述了计算机键盘和鼠标的原理，而后提出了一种利用双８９Ｃ２０５１ＣＰＵ实现远程键盘和鼠标的交互方法，并给出了电原理图，通信协议和软件流程图。实践表明，该方法具有结构简单，价格低，稳定可靠等特点。     

一种小型一体化专用键盘的设计

介绍一种计算机通用键盘小型化、专用化的设计方法,解决微机通用键盘在产品设备中的一体化问题。该设计方法简单易行,实用可靠,对各种仪器设备专用键盘的设计具有普遍意义。     

The effect of six keyboard designs on wrist and forearm postures

There is increasing evidence that alternative geometry keyboards may prevent or reduce arm pain or disorders, and presumably the mechanism is by reducing awkward arm postures. However, the effect of alternative keyboards, especially the new designs, on wrist and arm postures are not well known. In this laboratory study, the wrist and forearm postures of 100 subjects were measured with a motion analysis system while they typed on 6 different keyboard configurations. There were significant differences in wrist extension, ulnar deviation, and forearm pronation between keyboards. When considering all 6 wrists and forearm postures together, the keyboard with an opening angle of 12 degrees , a gable angle of 14 degrees , and a slope of 0 degrees appears to provide the most neutral posture among the keyboards tested. Subjects most preferred this keyboard or a similar keyboard with a gable angle of 8 degrees and they least preferred the keyboard on a conventional laptop computer. These findings may assist in recommendations regarding the selection of keyboards for computer usage.     

Design of an alternative keyboard layout for the Greek language

This study constitutes a first attempt to design an alternative keyboard layout for the Greek language that satisfies ergonomic requirements. The criticisms leveled at the standard keyboard layout, the opportunities offered by recent changes in the technology of editing devices, and the increasing number of new keyboard users are among the reasons justifying this study. Ten ergonomie requirements were considered during the design process. The designed keyboard layout was compared to the standard Greek keyboard by two different evaluations. The first evaluation, which was analytical, was based on the ergonomie requirements and the frequencies of letters and digrams in the Greek language. The second evaluation, which was experimental, was aimed at comparing the typing performance as well as the ease of learning of the two keyboard layouts. The results showed that: (1) the designed keyboard layout satisfies the ergonomie requirements much better, and (2) there were no significant differences in the typing performance between the two keyboards, for equal typing training and for small typing periods. It is concluded that the improved layout could be used as a programmed alternative alongside the standard keyboard.     

基于S3C2440A的液晶触摸乱序密码键盘设计

针对固定密码键盘存在的问题,设计了一种乱序密码键盘。给出了乱序密码键盘的组成,重点介绍了主要硬件和软件的设计方法。测试结果表明,乱序密码键盘的随机性很好,具有较高的安全性和保密性。     

Product development of an ergonomic keyboard

The first truly 'ergonomic' keyboard for modern VDUs was shown to the public in April 1983 in Zurich. This split keyboard was the result of a research programme carried out by the Department of Hygiene and Work Physiology, ETH, Zurich. The ergonomic factors of the keyboard were convincing to the press, computer manufacturers and users. The steps from models of this keyboard to the final product and related problems of industrial design and engineering are explained. This will help in understanding the distinctive time lags between the results of scientific research and the availability of a product in the market-place.     

红外虚拟键盘的设计构想

随着时代的发展，人们开始注重键盘的人性化设计，于是想到用光投影一键影，手敲击虚拟键盘光影，红外线摄像系统探测到模拟红外线敲击键信号。该文基于低温红外线探测技术和图像分析技术，提出红外虚拟键盘构想。阐述了在任何平面形成全尺寸虚拟投影普通键盘和手写键盘的技术设计和工作原理。     

基于手势识别的智能输入

针对在人机交互中键盘远远不能满足人们的要求,提出了一种手势识别算法,并结合键盘的按键实现智能输入．该算法采用肤色分割提取出手部区域,根据手形检测出大拇指和伸出的手指数目及位置,把手势转化为计算机所能接受的二进制语言．根据二进制数,结合键盘的按键,把不同手势定义为不同的按键,实现对计算机的智能输入．实验结果表明该算法具有一定的鲁棒性,并能达到较高的成功率．     

有线键盘改装成无线键盘的控制方法研究

通过PS-2键盘接口通讯协议和Wireless USB技术的研究,提出了一种在PS-2接口的有线键盘上设置一个无线发射器,在PC主机端设置一个USB接口接收器,将原来的有线键盘改装成无线键盘的方法。文中对无线发射器和USB接口接收器的硬件设计、无线通讯协议及软件设计等内容进行了详细地阐述。对IBM KB-2961的PS-2键盘进行了改装,实现所有按键的无线功能。该键盘的发射器和接收器,既充分利用了原来的有线键盘,节省了资源,同时又实现了键盘的无线功能。若对用户已有的有线键盘进行改装,在市场上具有很高推广价值。     

一种单片机键盘电路设计与消抖处理

本文设计了一种单片机键盘电路,这种键盘比传统的矩阵键盘更能节省I／O端口,并且不需要矩阵键盘扫描程序。所采用的消抖处理相对延时消抖有了很大的改进。文中以MSP430单片机为例,描述了这种键盘的工作原理,并给出4根I／O线键盘电路连接图及程序例子。     

Acceptance of the adjustable keyboard

The acceptance of a split keyboard with a user-adjustable angle (adjustable keyboard) and its impact on postural discomfort and general comfort of users was tested in a comparative laboratory experiment with 26 typists as subjects. The comparison was made with a standard keyboard. The results were interpreted using the findings of an earlier field study with another split keyboard with a fixed angle between the halves of the device. Both split keyboards improved postural comfort; however, the period of familiarization was much longer with the fixed-angle split keyboard. Since the adjustable keyboard allows a change, in the angle from 0 to 30^°, a person's posture can be adopted on a step-by-step basis. Thus, the new adjustable design has much better prospects of being accepted in practice than former attempts where the value was more academic than practical. The analysis of throughput and errors, under self-determined angles of the test object and with an angle comparable with those of fixed-angle split keyboards, reveals that users in work situations are not likely to accept fixed-angle split keyboards (30°) since throughput is substantially reduced during the long period of familiarization, accompanied by a substantial increase in errors. The results of this study confirm the assumption that new adjustable split keyboard design, once accepted by the users, may improve postural comfort, general comfort, and reduce fatigue. These effects could be demonstrated both in a short-term experiment and a long-term field study. The basic design feature of the adjustable keyboard, adjustability, is in agreement with the conclusions of recent studies on the introduction of ergonomically designed keyboards.     

Improving touchscreen keyboards: design issues and a comparison with other devices

The study explored touchscreen keyboards using high precision touch-screen strategies. Phase one evaluated three possible monitor positions: 30°, 45°, and 75° from horizontal. Results indicate that the 75° angle, approximately the standard monitor position, resulted in more fatigue and lower preference ratings. Phase two collected touch bias and key size data for the 30° angle. Subjects consistently touched below targets, and touched to the left of targets on either side of the screen. Using these data, a touchscreen keyboard was designed. Phase three compared this keyboard with a mouse-activated keyboard, and the standard QWERTY keyboard for typing relatively short strings of 6,19, and 44 characters. Results indicate that users can type approximately 25 words/minute (wpm) with the touchscreen keyboard, compared to 17 wpm using the mouse, and 58 wpm when using the keyboard. Possible improvements to touchscreen keyboards are suggested.