An ultra compact back-lighted thyratron for nanosecond switching applications

An ultra-compact back-lighted thyratron (BLT), which is also named as mini-BLT, with effective volume of 15 cm^{3 was developed to serve as a high voltage switch in compact transient plasma ignition systems. The mini-BLT can hold off 40 kV and was used to conduct a peak current up to 4.5 kA. A 30 ns switching delay with 2 ns jitter was achieved when triggered by a 70 mJ, 355 nm laser pulse. Delay and jitter increase as the photon energy of the trigger pulse decreases. The plasma density in the switch measured at a peak current of 3.2 kA is 9×1014 cm-3. The mini-BLT was successfully used as the switch in a 100 ns, 60 kV pulse generator for generation of streamers in a plasma ignition system.}     

场畸变触发开关新型触发电极的设计与实验

气体触发开关是脉冲功率电路的重要组成器件。针对工程中对低抖动、长寿命气体触发开关的需求,结合三电极场畸变型触发开关,设计一种拥有较多孔隙的多环型触发极结构。对三种主电极-触发极分别为平板-多环、平板-圆盘、球冠-圆盘的开关进行击穿特性实验研究,结合电场仿真对比分析实验结果。实验结果表明:在22.4k V/40ns的触发脉冲和5.0~7.5k V的工作电压下,平板-多环结构的开关时延及抖动比较稳定,开关时延基本在81.0~84.5ns之间,抖动为0.8~1.1ns。平板-多环电极结构开关时延、抖动均明显优于平板-圆盘结构,其开关时延、抖动与球冠-圆盘结构基本相同但使用寿命优于球冠-圆盘结构。     

Effects of laser triggering parameters on runtime and jitter of a gas switch

Parameters affecting the runtime and jitter of a laser triggered gas switch have been studied. Experiments tested a variety of switch parameters including percentage of selfbreak and switch pressure. The effects of laser beam parameters were also considered, including focal length, laser energy, laser spark length, and laser wavelength. Experiments were performed on the Tiger pulsed power machine. Measurements were taken on a spark gap switch built from the trigger section of a Rimfire switch. A Marx bank consisting of 32, 3.1 uF, capacitors that fed into a 7 nF intermediate storage capacitor was used to drive the switch into a 4 ? resistive load. The test switch was pressurized to 306 kPa (30 psig) with SF6 and operated near 1 MV. A New Wave Tempest Nd:YAG laser was used to trigger breakdown of the switch. The laser was focused at the mid-gap between the switch electrodes using lenses with focal lengths between 30 cm and 100 cm. Focused laser energy in the switch ranged from <5 mJ to 80 mJ. The effects of switch and laser beam parameters on the runtime and jitter of a laser triggered gas switch are presented. The end goal of the research is to determine optimal conditions for improved switch performance.     

激光触发多级开关触发延迟及其抖动的研究

实验研究了激光触发多级多通道开关触发延迟时间及其抖动与激光脉冲能量等实验光学参量之间的关系。建立了基于Boltzmann方程的激光触发间隙零维数值模拟模型,并与基于T H Martin经验公式的过压自击穿间隙击穿时延计算程序相结合,对实验现象进行了初步的理论解释。     

激光触发变压器型脉冲调制器的实验研究

本文设计了一台激光触发变压器型脉冲调制器并开展了单次及1Hz重频实验研究。该调制器由水介质同轴脉冲形成线、激光触发开关、脉冲变压器、假负载等组成。在调制器主开关导通电压为-795k V时,激光到达开关25ns后调制器主开关导通,在负载上得到了电压-402k V、电流26k A、脉冲宽度128ns的准方波高功率电脉冲。当调制器主开关分别为氮气、六氟化硫时对调制器激光触发气体开关的延时、抖动特性进行了实验研究,266nm激光触发时,氮气具有较小的延时和抖动;同时对自击穿和激光触发两种情况下负载电压的前沿特性进行了对比,最后对实验结果进行了分析。     

Switching characteristics of vacuum gap switch employing UV‐laser triggering

The switching time and arc‐ignition probability of a sustained main discharge in a laser trigger vacuum gap were measured. The third harmonic beam of an Nd:YAG pulse laser (wavelength 355 nm, energy 5 mJ/pulse, power density 4 × 10⁷ W/cm²) was used to trigger the gap. The main electrodes 85 mm in diameter were made of oxygen‐free copper. The gap length was 1.6 mm and the experimental chamber was evacuated to about 1.3 × 10⁴ Pa by a turbomolecular pump. The UV beam from the laser was focused at normal incidence onto the grounded cathode. The switching time decreased and the arc‐ignition probability increased with increasing applied voltage. The switching time was 326 ns at 15 kV with a circuit inductance of 107 μH. Its jitter was 24.8 ns. The advantageous results obtained with the UV beam are compared to the previously reported data on triggered vacuum gaps. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(3): 8–13, 2000     

高介碳酸钡陶瓷沿面闪络伪火花开关的研究

为了满足脉冲功率技术和脉冲电流试验技术对放电开关的要求,笔者设计了BaTiO3高介电常数的电介质沿面闪络伪火花开关的触发装置。通过对表面放电触发器的实验发现:在伪火花开关的工作气压范围内,高介沿面闪络触发器显示出很强的电荷发射能力和快速的电荷注入能力,在气压为7 Pa时,触发器能够在30 ns内释放1.5μC,触发电流的上升陡度为1.2×1011A/s,发射的电子数达到9.4×1012。对自放电电压为28 kV的伪火花开关,可靠工作的最低电压可降低到130 V,放电时延为35～100 ns,最小抖动为6～25 ns。     

多级多通道气体火花开关的同步放电特性

具有广阔应用前景的气体开关是快脉冲直线型变压器(LTD)这种新型初级储能脉冲功率源的关键部件,为提高其工作性能,对多级多通道气体开关多路同步放电特性进行了初步的实验研究。在优化设计标称电压200kV多级多通道气体火花开关的电极支撑结构后采用绝缘子内抠槽平面支撑结构,使用圆环形凸面结构电极代替圆环形平面电极。利用电磁场分析软件计算开关的电场分布表明:直流高压作用下,开关各间隙电压分布较均匀;触发脉冲作用下触发间隙电场畸变明显。10只开关的同步放电实验研究结果表明,10只气体开关的自击穿特性和触发特性有一定个体差异,其中5只开关并联放电同步性能良好,输出电流脉冲能有效叠加;工作气体为0.14MPa氮气,正负充电60kV,5只开关并联放电,能够产生上升沿约100ns,峰值约100kA的电流脉冲。     

激光触发真空开关触发稳定性及时延特性

为了研究影响激光触发真空开关(LTVS)导通时延及抖动特性的关键因素,搭建LTVS高电压大电流实验平台,分别改变触发激光能量、工作电压、触发极性以及触头间距等参数,考察其对LTVS导通时延和抖动特性的影响,并对LTVS的导通机制及触发稳定性进行理论分析。实验结果表明:在一定范围内,增加触发激光能量、增加主间隙电压、采用阴极触发方式或者缩短触头间距均可减少开关的导通时延及时延抖动;LTVS的导通是激光轰击触发极产生初始等离子体的热过程与主间隙两端电场加速初始等离子体扩散过程共同作用的结果,实验中所得到的结论对LTVS的优化具有重要意义。     

铁电体触发赝火花开关实验研究

本文阐述了铁电体触发开关的工作原理,进行了铁电体触发开关的实验研究。得出了气压与开关导通时间和延时的关系,并对此实验结果进行了分析。在开关间距为3mm、真空度为2.5Pa、阴极腔的深度为19mm、小孔直径为4mm的条件下测得开关的抖动小于3ns。实验结果表明触发电压的高低对开关抖动的影响很大,随着触发电压的升高开关的抖动越来越小。当触发电压达到6kV左右时,开关的抖动小于1ns。     

铁心式脉冲变压器的谐振充电特性

基于脉冲变压器的陡脉冲发生器是神光III能源模块主放电开关的触发方案之一。该类型触发器利用脉冲变压器对高压电容谐振充电,并通过陡化开关输出陡脉冲触发气体开关。分析杂散电阻和激磁电感对谐振充电变比和效率的影响,理论推导了环形铁心脉冲变压器的铁心体积最小值,并在实际工程中验证。设计了带载电容为1.08 nF,输出电压峰值为130 kV,绕组变比为65的干式铁心式脉冲变压器。研制了基于脉冲变压器谐振充电的气体开关触发器,其输出脉冲峰值大于120 kV,上升时间小于30 ns,能够稳定可靠地触发两电极气体开关。     

A corona-stabilised plasma closing switch

Corona-stabilised plasma closing switches, filled with electronegative gases such as SF6 and air, have been used in pulsed-power applications as repetitive switching devices for the last 10 years. Their high repetition-rate capabilities coupled with their relatively simple design and construction have made them suitable alternatives to thyratrons and semi-conductor switches. As well as having repetitive switching capabilities, coronastabilised plasma closing switches have the potential to operate at elevated voltages through the incorporation of multiple electrode sets. This allows high-voltage operation with inherent voltage grading between the electrodes. A further feature of such switches is that they can have relatively low jitter under triggered condition. This paper reports on some of the operational features of a new design of corona-stabilised, cascade switch that utilises air as the insulating gas. At pressures between 0 and 1 bar gauge the switch has be shown to operate over the voltage range of 40 to 100 kV with a jitter below 2 ns.     

脉冲激光波形和能量对多棒极型激光触发空开关性能影响的实验研究

研究了脉冲波形对自行设计的多棒极型激光触发真空开关的时延、抖动和最低导通电压等参量的影响.理论分析并且实验研究了单峰脉冲与双峰脉冲在开关的触发阶段和导通阶段对主电路导通特性的影响.结果证明相同能量且脉宽较短的单峰脉冲导致的时延、抖动均比双峰脉冲小,两者最低导通电压相等,为优化触发激光脉冲波形提供依据和参考.通过改变照射的单峰脉冲能量,并且用场致发射扫描电子显微镜观测,研究了不同能量脉冲对靶电极质量损耗以及成分损耗比例的区别,为进一步提高靶电极寿命提供依据和参考.     

多棒极型触发真空开关触发特性

主要研究多棒极型触发真空开关(TVS)的触发特性及其影响因素.研究表明,真空开关的触发时延主要由导通时延决定,增加触发电流的幅值和陡度(di/dt)可减小TVS的导通时延及其分散性.脉冲变压器直接触发TVS,可通过减小变压器漏感、提高触发电容的充电电压或增加触发电容电容量来降低导通时延及其分散性,但触发电容增加到一定值后对增加触发能量无帮助,没有必要继续增加.变压器直接触发方式可使导通时延减小至4ms左右,但分散性较大,且存在较小的触发回路电流导致的触发极熄弧现象.在脉冲变压器直接触发回路的基础上设计并研究了两种改进的触发回路:一种为脉冲变压器匹配续流回路,TVS导通时,通过续流回路的充电电容续流可使触发电流达kA级,导通时延减小至2～4μs,由于回路结构复杂,受到杂散参数影响,触发电流的幅值和陡度受到限制;一种为改进的触发回路,在触发极和阴极两端直接并接电容,导通时延可保持在1μs之内.最后研究并确定了并接电容选取依据和取值区间;对触发电压较小的TVS可在并接电容和触发极之间串联间隙,增大电容的充电电压和触发极能量,达到TVS可靠、精确触发的目的.     

Optimization of a low jitter, 50 kV, 100 Hz triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures

Recent research efforts at Texas Tech University on impulse antenna phased array has needed to develop a reliable high voltage, high repetition rate switch that will operate with ultra low jitter. An ideal jitter of a small fraction of the risetime is required to accurately synchronize the array to steer and preserve the risetime of the radiated pulse. In [1], we showed the initial test system with sub-ns results for operations in different gases and gas mixtures. This paper discusses in detail 50 kV, 100 Hz switch operations with different gases. The effects of gases and gas mixtures have on switch performance which includes recovery rate and in particular jitter will be investigated. Gases tested include, dry air, H², N², and SF₆, as well as H₂-N₂, and N₂-SF₆ gas mixtures. Switch jitter as a result of triggering conditions is discussed, also including a comprehensive evaluation of jitter as a function of formative delay in the various gases. The temperature of gas and its effects on switch jitter is also documented in this paper. A 50 Ω, 1 nF pulse forming line is charged to 50 kV and provides the low inductance voltage source to test the different gases. Triggering is provided by a solid state opening switch voltage source that supplies ~150 kV, 10 ns risetime pulses at a rep rate up to 100 Hz in burst mode. A hermetically sealed spark gap with a Kel-F - PCTFE (PolyChloroTriFluoroEthylene) lining is used to house the switch and high pressure gas.     

铁电体触发开关的实验研究

利用铁电体作为脉冲开关的触发源,是当前脉冲功率技术发展的一个重要研究方向,为掌握铁电体作为触发极的工作性能,阐述了铁电体触发开关在真空条件下的工作原理和实验结果,给出了铁电体触发开关的设计思路及电极结构图并进行了真空条件下铁电体触发开关的实验研究,在开关间距0.3mm、真空压力度8cPa的条件下测得开关的抖动<800ps。实验结果表明:触发电压的高低对开关抖动的影响很大,随着触发电压的升高开关的抖动越来越小,但触发电压超过某一值时开关的抖动又会增加;开关阴阳极之间的间距对开关抖动基本无影响,对于不同的铁电体触发极,其触发电压的最佳值不同。     

场畸变气体开关寿命预测

气体开关是脉冲功率装置的关键元件之一,快速准确地预测开关的工作寿命,对于确定开关乃至脉冲功率装置的维修周期、预防事故的发生等具有重要的作用。选取自击穿电压和触发抖动表征开关性能,定义开关失效率,建立开关寿命计算模型,预估气体开关寿命。进行不同放电电荷量和电流峰值时的触发放电验证实验,结果表明,开关工作寿命可以分为稳定和失效2个阶段,所建模型能够有效地预测开关最大放电次数,即开关工作寿命。     

紧凑型电感隔离快Marx发生器

为了实现脉冲功率装置小型化和实用化,作为初级储能装置的Marx发生器,采用紧凑型结构设计的直接驱动装置成为研究热点。为探索紧凑型Marx直接驱动负载的可行性及相关的设计方法,设计了一台采用电感作为充电和接地器件的紧凑型气体绝缘快前沿Marx发生器并进行了相关实验。初步的实验结果表明,Marx放电正常,充电19kV时,在26Ω负载上可得到145kV的高压脉冲输出。可看出Marx发生器直接驱动有其自身的优势,需要注意的是发生器与负载的连接问题。     

基于TVS的控制器设计

介绍TVS -A和TVS-B两种真空触发开关,通过实验研究它们的延时特性.同时为了便于调节触发能量,以此为基础设计了一个有关TVS控制电路.实验数据表明延迟时间和抖动时间随触发能量的提高而降低.延迟时间和抖动时间随主间隙电压的升高而大幅度地降低.通过提高主气隙电压,提高了触发的可能性.同时证明由于在触发结构上的改进,TVS -B比TVS -A有更优越的延时特性.     

基于Marx电路的全固态纳秒脉冲等离子体射流装置的研制

研制一套具有快边沿纳秒脉冲等离子体射流装置。该装置由基于Marx电路的并带有尾切开关的全固态纳秒脉冲发生器和具有针环电极结构的等离子体射流装置组成。其中,纳秒脉冲源主要由直流电源、控制电路和主电路组成,主电路为10级模块化设计的Marx电路,使用MOSFET作为主开关和尾切开关;控制电路产生同步触发脉冲信号,通过光纤进行隔离后同步驱动MOSFET工作。输出纳秒脉冲电压参数为:幅值0~8k V可调,脉宽100~1 000ns,重复频率1Hz~1k Hz,上升沿30ns左右,下降沿50ns以内。等离子体射流装置使用氩气作为工作气体,其结构为针-环电极结构。搭建等离子体射流实验平台,并能够产生稳定的等离子体,为进一步探索大气压等离子射流的应用奠定了基础。