象限探测器的输出特性及优化

为减小象限探测器输出信号非线性误差对系统测控精度的影响,文中提出了探测器最大线性工作区间的匹配条件,以及分段线性化的探测器输出特性优化方法.通过光能积分建立象限探测器输出信号数学模型,分析了输出信号线性特性与光斑和光敏面半径比、信号采样精度、象限间光电特性均匀性等之间的关系,给出对应探测器输出最优线性特性的光斑和光敏面半径比值,采用分段线性化方法拟合探测器输出特性参数.仿真说明,与多点标定、全区间最小二乘拟合相比,该方法将探测器输出线性区间内最大、平均非线性误差降低至1/10,相应地在探测器光敏面积一定、测量精度不降低的条件下,将探测器线性区间扩展了20%～30%.     

太赫兹阵列探测器响应度校准溯源研究

提出了一种太赫兹阵列探测器响应度校准溯源方法。首先,使用阵列探测器的每一像元对太赫兹辐照场中心进行逐一扫描,识别有效像元、死像元和过热像元,并对有效像元响应值进行归一化处理,获得阵列探测器的相对辐照度响应值。其次,使用中心像元对太赫兹辐照场进行扫描测量,扫描总面积大于太赫兹光斑尺寸,保证太赫兹功率被完整测量,获得中心像元与其他有效像元的太赫兹功率响应值。最后,用标准太赫兹功率计标定高莱功率计,扩展太赫兹功率校准量限,实现微瓦级太赫兹辐射功率测量溯源,用高莱功率计测得的太赫兹辐射源总功率对阵列探测器测得的积分响应值进行校准,得到阵列探测器辐照度响应绝对值。对探测器进行测量校准和不确定度分析,测得辐照度响应度的相对扩展不确定度为Urel=20%(k=2),测量结果可溯源至国家太赫兹辐射功率标准。     

大面积塑料闪烁探测器剂量线性测量及修正

针对γ射线剂量增大时,大面积塑料闪烁探测器剂量线性会变差这一问题,采用能谱测量方式对塑料闪烁探测器的剂量线性进行修正。首先在单能辐射场中,探测器通过能谱测量电路在上位机形成辐射场能谱,然后按照能量线性规律算出每道址的权重因子,以标准剂量仪所测剂量率为参考值得到修正公式,接下来对待测辐射场进行能谱采样,根据每道计数和修正公式,得到修正后的总计数率和剂量率,从而对塑料闪烁探测器的剂量线性进行修正。结果表明:经过修正以后,在137Cs辐射场中剂量测量最大相对误差由-24.32%变为-6.90%,在60Co辐射场中最大相对误差由-72.22%变为-27.78%。可以看出,经过修正的探测器剂量线性得到很大改善,可为辐射场中γ射线剂量的准确测量提供技术参考。     

基于电校准的激光功率计响应非线性测量技术研究

响应非线性是热电型激光功率探测器的主要特性,表现为不同功率下探测器响应度的变化,对测量准确度具有重要影响。本文基于电校准方法,针对瓦级至百瓦级激光功率探测器的响应非线性测量技术展开研究。设计并建立了电校准装置,实现了不同功率下电校准响应度的自动测量。与常用的稳压或稳流模式不同,该装置具有稳功率输出模式,对于温度系数较大的电校准加热器可显著提高加载功率的稳定性。在研究中基于两种陶瓷加热器制备了2台电校准激光功率探测器,开展了电校准响应非线性测试。结果显示,对于具有较大温度系数的MCH陶瓷加热器,稳功率模式下加载功率不稳定度达到0.025%,远低于稳压模式下的2.0%。得益于较高的功率稳定性和测量过程的自动化,0.49～189 W功率范围电校准响应度的测量不确定度优于0.10%,提高了电校准响应非线性测量的准确度。     

光学探测器非线性度测试仪的研制

本文介绍了一种高精度的硅光电探测器线性度测量系统,给出了该系统的原理、结构和测量方法,分析了测量不确定度及适用范围,该系统可应用于精度要求高的光学探测器线性度的测量.     

红外探测器光谱响应率定标方法

采用新的方法对波长范围1-3μm的红外探测器绝对光谱响应率进行定标.红外探测器的光谱响应率定标是在两套定标系统上利用两种参考探测器实现的.首先在红外光谱比较系统上利用一个平响应的腔式热电堆探测器作为参考探测器,测量待测红外探测器相对于标准探测器的连续光谱响应率;然后在可见一近红外定标系统上,利用低温辐射计和激光器在几个单立波长上进行绝对光谱响应率测量.这样,通过计算就能得出待测红外探测器在每个波长上的绝对光谱响应率.采用上述方法对TS-76探测器进行光谱响应率定标,联合不确定度小于0.95%.     

"日盲"紫外电晕探测系统定标

"日盲"紫外电晕探测是电力设备检修与维护的主要手段之一.为了提供更为准确和客观的评价依据,需要对"日盲"紫外电晕探测系统进行辐亮度定标,从而确定目标辐亮度与增益控制电压、系统输出灰度值之间的关系.为此构建了由高稳定氘灯光源、积分球、光纤光谱仪等组成的定标装置.采用可溯源美国NIST的紫外标准氘灯对光纤光谱仪进行光谱辐照度标定,并以光纤光谱仪作为标准探测器对电晕探测系统进行定标.通过实验拟合出ICCD增益控制电压与系统增益之间的关系曲线,并给出了系统的标定方程.随后进行了三组不同增益的验证实验,实验结果表明在线性区内辐亮度推算值与测量值之间的最大相对误差为6.11%,均方根为3.22%.经分析,文中所采用的系统定标方案的不确定度为9.1%,基本可以满足了"日盲"紫外电晕探测系统的需求.此外,不同增益条件下的系统响应特性可以为"电晕"探测过程中进行自动增益调整算法的设计提供参考依据.     

光学探测器非线性度测试仪的研制

本文介绍了一种高粗度的硅光电探测器线性度测量系统,给出了该系统的原理,结构和测量方法,分析了测量不确定度及适用范围,该系统可用地精度要求高的光学探测器线性度的测量。     

太赫兹辐射空间特性测试系统中的衍射与反射效应北大核心CSCD

为了提高太赫兹(THz)辐射空间特性测量设备的测量精度,基于探测器扫描采样方法,利用软件仿真配合实验测量的方式,研究了太赫兹辐射空间特性测试系统中存在的影响因素。采用锥形反射结构和太赫兹辐射吸收涂层来减少系统内反射对测量结果的影响,对太赫兹辐射辐照度空间分布进行更准确测量,并在此基础上研究了太赫兹衍射图案随衍射孔径变化的规律,对太赫兹辐射收发设备的孔径进行合理优化,为高精度的太赫兹辐射空间特性测试的研究提供参考。分析了光束宽度的不确定度来源,结果显示:消除反射影响后的系统内反射对测试结果影响较小,引入不确定度分量仅为1.56%,合成扩展不确定度为7.6%。     

光刻机曝光面辐照度的测量

本文叙述了用标准探测器方法对光刻机曝光面辐照度的准确测量。标准探测器绝对光谱响应度的确定及修正,给出了现场测量结果,还给出了对光刻辐射计的标定结果。并对测量结果进行了分析     

Uncertainty analysis in the measurement of the spatial responsivity of infrared antennas

The measurement of a two-dimensional spatial responsivity map of infrared antennas can be accomplished by use of an iterative deconvolution algorithm. The inputs of this algorithm are the spatial distribution of the laser beam irradiance illuminating the antenna-coupled detector and a map of the measured detector response as it moves through the illuminating beam. The beam irradiance distribution is obtained from knife-edge measurements of the beam waist region; this data set is fitted to a model of the beam. The uncertainties, errors, and artifacts of the measurement procedure are analyzed by principal-component analysis. This study has made it possible to refine the measurement protocol and to identify, classify, and filter undesirable sources of noise. The iterative deconvolution algorithm stops when a well-defined threshold is reached. Spatial maps of mean values and uncertainties have been obtained for the beam irradiance distribution, the scanned spatial response data, and the resultant spatial responsivity of the infrared antenna. Signal-to-noise ratios have been defined and compared, and the beam irradiance distribution characterization has been identified as the statistically weakest part of the measurement procedure.     

Quality assurance and quality control methodologies used within the Austrian UV monitoring network

The Austrian UVB monitoring network is operational since 1997. Nine detectors for measuring erythemally weighted solar UV irradiance are distributed over Austria in order to cover the main populated areas as well as different levels of altitude. The detectors are calibrated to indicate the UV-Index, the internationally agreed unit for erythemally weighted solar UV irradiance. Calibration is carried out in the laboratory for determination of spectral sensitivity of each detector, and under the sun for absolute comparison with a well-calibrated, double-monochromator spectroradiometer. For the conversion from detector-weighted units to erythemally weighted units a lookup table is used, which is calculated using a radiative transfer model and which reflects the dependence of the conversion on the solar zenith angle and total ozone content of the atmosphere. The uncertainty of the calibration is about +/-7%, dominated by the uncertainty of the calibration lamp for the spectroradiometer (+/-4%). The long-term stability of this type of detectors has been found to be not satisfactory. Therefore, routinely every year all detectors are completely recalibrated. Variations of the calibration factors up to +/-10% are found. Thus, during routine operation, several measures take place for quality control. The measured data are compared to results of model calculations with a radiative transfer model, where clear sky and an aerosol-free atmosphere are assumed. At each site, the UV data are also compared with data from a co-located pyranometer measuring total solar irradiance. These two radiation quantities are well correlated, especially on clear days and when the ozone content is taken into account. If suspicious measurements are found for one detector in the network, a well-calibrated travelling reference detector of the same type is set up side-by-side, allowing the identification of relative differences of approximately 3%. If necessary, a recalibration is carried out. As the main aim for the Austrian UV monitoring network is the information of the public about the actual levels of UVB irradiance, the measurement results are published on-line in the Internet (http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index). For the previous day and backwards approximately 2 years, the distribution of maximal UVB levels over Austria is shown on a regional map. Additionally, near real-time data of most of the measurement stations are presented with a delay of usually less than half-an-hour. Together with these actually measured data there is also shown the diurnal variation of the maximal expected value of the UV-Index under ideal clear conditions.     

Characterization of an ultraviolet and a vacuum-ultraviolet irradiance meter with synchrotron radiation

We have constructed and characterized a simple probe that is suitable for accurate measurements of irradiance in the UV to the vacuum UV spectral range. The irradiance meter consists of a PtSi detector located behind a 5-mm-diameter aperture. The probe was characterized at various wavelengths ranging from 130 to 320 mm by use of continuously tunable synchrotron radiation from the Synchrotron Ultra-violet Radiation Facility III. We determined the irradiance responsivity by scanning a small monochromatic beam over the active area of the irradiance meter and measuring its response on a grid with regular spacing. The angular response was also determined and shown to be suitable for applications such as photolithography. In addition, we studied the radiation damage using a 157-nm excimer laser and found that the irradiance meter can endure more than 100 J/cm2 of 157-nm radiation before a noticeable change occurs in its responsivity. Many industrial applications such as UV curing, photolithography, or semiconductor chip fabrication that require accurate measurement of the irradiance would benefit from having such a stable, accurate LTV irradiance meter.     

Absolute linearity measurements on HgCdTe detectors in the infrared region

The nonlinearity characteristics of photoconductive and photovoltaic HgCdTe detectors were experimentally investigated in the infrared wavelength region by use of the National Physical Laboratory detector linearity measurement facility. The nonlinearity of photoconductive HgCdTe detectors was shown to be a function of irradiance rather than the total radiant power incident on the detector. Photoconductive HgCdTe detectors supplied by different vendors were shown to have similar linearity characteristics for wavelengths around 10 microm. However, the nonlinearity of response of a photovoltaic HgCdTe detector was shown to be significantly lower than the corresponding value for photoconductive HgCdTe detectors at the same wavelength.     

Differential spectral responsivity measurement of photovoltaic detectors with a light-emitting-diode-based integrating sphere source

We present an experimental realization of differential spectral responsivity measurement by using a light-emitting diode (LED)-based integrating sphere source. The spectral irradiance responsivity is measured by a Lambertian-like radiation field with a diameter of 40 mm at the peak wavelengths of the 35 selectable LEDs covering a range from 280 to 1550 nm. The systematic errors and uncertainties due to lock-in detection, spatial irradiance distribution, and reflection from the test detector are experimentally corrected or considered. In addition, we implemented a numerical procedure to correct the error due to the broad spectral bandwidth of the LEDs. The overall uncertainty of the DSR measurement is evaluated to be 2.2% (k = 2) for Si detectors. To demonstrate its application, we present the measurement results of two Si photovoltaic detectors at different bias irradiance levels up to 120 mW/cm(2).     

Absolute linearity measurements on a PbS detector in the infrared

The nonlinearity characteristics of a commercially available thin-film photoconductive PbS detector were experimentally investigated in the infrared using the National Physical Laboratory detector linearity characterization facility. The deviation from linearity of this detector was shown to be significant even for relatively low values of radiant power incident on the active area of the detector. For example, the linearity factor was approximately 0.8 when 0.6 microW of radiant power at a wavelength of 2.2 microm was illuminating a spot of 1 mm in diameter on the active area of the PbS detector. These figures demonstrate the poor linearity characteristics of this detector and provide a warning to other users of PbS detection systems. The deviation from linearity was shown to be a function of the size of the spot being illuminated on the detector active area, as well as the wavelength of the incident radiation. The deviation from linearity was shown to be a function of irradiance illuminating the detector for irradiance values lower than 1 microW mm(-2).     

光伏标准电池室外一级标定的不确定度分析

利用拉萨地区较好的阳光辐射条件,采用室外直接辐照度标定方法建立了标准光伏电池一级标定试验平台,提出了一级标定试验的实验条件及方法。对一级标定试验入射光辐照度、光谱失配修正、电池短路电流及温度等参数进行了不确定度分析及评定,标定结果具有较高的参考价值。室外一级标定采用绝对辐射计溯源至世界辐射基准,测量结果准确可靠,且具有较好的复现性。     

光谱失配对太阳电池短路电流测量准确性影响分析

讨论了基于太阳模拟器和标准太阳电池校准被测太阳电池的方法中,光谱失配对其结果准确性的影响。分析了2块标准太阳电池在2台不同太阳模拟器下的短路电流测试结果,根据待测电池、标准电池的相对光谱响应度以及太阳模拟器光谱和标准光谱辐照度,计算其光谱失配因子,并对比了光谱失配修正前后所得测试结果的偏差。计算方法和实验数据,为太阳电池的校准和测试提供了相关依据。     

Application of tomographic techniques to the spatial-response mapping of antenna-coupled detectors in the visible

A tomographiclike method based on the inverse radon transform is used to retrieve the irradiance map of a focused laser beam. The results obtained from multiple knife-edge measurements have been processed through a kriging technique. This technique allows us to map both the beam irradiance and the uncertainty associated with the measurement method. The results are compared with those achieved in the standard fitting of two orthogonal knife-edge profiles to a modeled beam. The application of the tomographiclike technique does not require any beam model and produces a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional method. As a consequence, the quality of the estimation of the spatial response map of an antenna-coupled detector in the visible is improved.