波控短路过渡CO2焊接恒频自适应控制系统

针对短路过渡CO2焊接工艺的特殊性,基于熔滴与熔池短路阶段电源输出回路电阻的变化特征,确定了有利于消除瞬时短路及提高熔滴过渡规则性的焊接电源输出电流波形.在对短路过渡频率及焊丝伸出长度进行实时检测的基础上,采用MC68HC11A1单片机为主控CPU,建立了焊丝伸出长度变化前馈补偿-短路过渡频率负反馈控制的波控短路过渡CO     

短路频率计

在二氧化碳气体保护焊中,采用短路过渡时,每秒钟熔滴过渡到熔池的次数叫做短路频率。以直径φ1.2毫米的焊丝为例,比较合适的短路频率约为60～100次/秒。短路频率大小与燃弧电压、焊接电流以及焊丝直径有关。频率较大时,熔滴较小。一般说来,焊接过程就较稳定。焊缝成形就较好。     

短路过渡CO_2焊接短路历程分析与控制

在剖析短路历程对短路过渡CO2焊接的焊接过程稳定性、焊接工艺性能和焊接质量影响的基础上,首先对短路历程不同阶段熔滴液桥的受力分析可知,短路初期较大的焊接电流将阻碍熔滴在熔池中的顺利铺展,而短路中后期的脉冲大电流将强化电磁力对液桥缩颈的形成;进而在依据短路期间电源输出回路电阻变化曲线对短路进程进行判断的基础上,采用在短路初期施加小电流、在中后期施加脉冲大电流、在缩颈破断前降低焊接电流的短路电流控制方法,对短路历程的控制进行了实验研究。结果表明,短路历程的一致性得到有效控制,短路过渡CO2焊接的焊接工艺性能得到显著改善。     

短路过渡CO2焊接短路历程分析与控制

在剖析短路历程对短路过渡CO2焊接的焊接过程稳定性、焊接工艺性能和焊接质量影响的基础上，首先对短路历程不同阶段熔滴液桥的受力分析可知，短路初期较大的焊接电流将阻碍熔滴在熔池中的顺利铺展，而短路中后期的脉冲大电流将强化电磁力对液桥缩颈的形成；进而在依据短路期间电源输出回路电阻变化曲线对短路进程进行判断的基础上，采用在短路初期施加小电流、在中后期施加脉冲大电流、在缩颈破断前降低焊接电流的短路电流控制方法。对短路历程的控制进行了实验研究。结果表明，短路历程的一致性得到有效控制，短路过渡CO2焊接的焊接工艺性能得到显著改善。     

焊接电流波形对波控短路过渡过程及焊缝形状尺寸的影响

利用电参数与熔滴过渡图像同步检测系统研究波控短路过渡CO2焊峰值燃弧电流Iap、基值燃弧电流Iab以及拖尾时间tw(由峰值燃弧电流切换到基值燃弧电流所用的时间)等电流波形参数对过渡过程和焊缝成形尺寸的影响。结果表明,燃弧时间随着峰值燃弧电流和拖尾时间的增大而增大;短路时间随着峰值燃弧电流的增大而缩短,不随拖尾时间的变化而变化。基值燃弧电流对短路时间和燃弧时间的影响不大。平均燃弧电流随着峰值燃弧电流的增大而减小,随着基值燃弧电流和尾拖时间的增大而增大。随着峰值燃弧电流的增大,熔宽增大,余高减小;而熔深则先减小后增大。基值燃弧电流和拖尾时间的增大均会使熔深和熔宽增大,余高减小。     

IGBT逆变弧焊电源CO2气体保护焊飞溅的波形控制

随着逆变焊机的发展和数字技术的应用,逆变CO2气体保护焊电源可通过调节焊接电源输出的电流与电压来控制熔滴过渡,改善焊缝成形,降低飞溅.根据熔滴过渡不同阶段的要求产生电流与电压控制信号,进行波形控制可实现调节短路电流上升速度,以减小短路峰值电流,降低短路爆炸能量;减少瞬时短路的次数;通过短路后期液桥颈缩电压上升率切断短路电流,消除电爆炸能量.以此有效减少CO2气体保护焊短路过渡产生的飞溅量,为低飞溅CO2气体保护焊的设计与实现提供有力保证.     

波控短路过渡CO_2焊接恒频自适应控制系统

针对短路过渡ＣＯ２焊接工艺的特殊性,基于熔滴与熔池短路阶　段电源输出回路电阻的变化特征,确定了有利于消除瞬时短路及提高熔滴过渡规则性的焊接　电源输出电流波形。在对短路过渡频率及焊丝伸出长度进行实时检测的基础上,采用ＭＣ６８ＨＣ　１１Ａ１单片机为主控ＣＰＵ,　建立了焊丝伸出长度变化前馈补偿—短路过渡频率负反馈控制的波控短路过渡ＣＯ２焊接恒频自适应控制系统,以提高焊接工艺过程的稳定性、抑制焊丝伸出长度变化对焊接工艺过程的扰动。     

高强度X80钢的GMAW熔滴过渡行为研究

高强度X80钢管道的主线焊接方式为GMAW,根焊时采用内部短弧控制.本文研究了X80钢的GMAW熔滴过渡行为,采用高速摄影设备,拍摄观察了熔滴过渡过程,并提取了短路过渡中对应的电信号,研究了它们之间的动态响应过程.研究发现,熔滴过渡过程中受电磁力的影响较大,合适的焊接参数可以使熔滴平稳过渡.     

单电源三丝MIG焊的交替燃弧特性

三丝焊作为一种高效的焊接方法受到重视,而电弧形态及燃弧特性是反映焊接过程稳定性,决定焊缝成形及质量的重要因素。试验中搭建三丝熔化极惰性气体保护(Metal inert-gas,MIG)焊系统,利用Mult Daq电信号采集系统采集焊接电流和电弧电压波形,借助高速摄像系统同步拍摄电弧形态及熔滴过渡过程,实时监测焊接过程。观察不同电弧电压下的焊丝燃弧情况及熔滴过渡方式,研究短路过渡和大滴过渡形式下的交替燃弧机理,以及电弧电压对单电源三丝MIG焊交替燃弧过程的影响。结果表明,当焊接电源供给能量较小时,并联的三根焊丝上的电流分配呈现"此消彼长"的规律而导致电弧在焊丝间交替燃烧,且焊丝在电弧空间中的位置决定了焊丝上的电流分配。随着电弧电压的增加,交替燃弧频率减小。当电弧电压达到34 V时,三根焊丝同时燃弧,无交替燃弧现象,交替燃弧频率变为0 Hz。     

钛型渣系气保护药芯焊丝熔滴过渡及其控制

从熔滴过渡形态及分类、过渡形态与工艺性关系、熔滴过渡机理、熔滴过渡影响因素及控制等方面．探讨了钛型渣系气保护药芯焊丝熔滴过渡及其控制原理。结果表明．该焊丝熔滴过渡的基本形态是非轴向滴状过渡．在电弧电压较纸瞬时，亦会发生短路过渡行为这类焊丝熔滴过渡形态对工艺性的影响，取决于焊接规范参数的变化．主要是焊接电流．并通过影响熔滴过渡指数．进而使工艺性指标发生之，依据该焊丝熔滴形成过程特点，建立了药芯焊丝熔滴过渡受力模型，焊接电流变化时．不同的作用力对熔滴过渡起主要作用。通过调整药芯组成物，选择焊丝截面形状，改变焊丝直径和钢带厚度．优化焊接工艺参数．改变作用于熔滴上相关力的大小或方向．最终实现对熔滴过渡的控制。     

超声辅助MIG焊接中超声作用特性研究

超声辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Ultrasonic assisted metal inert gas,U-MIG)焊是一种新型熔化极焊接方法,利用外加声场将相应声学效果引入焊接熔池达到改善接头性能的目的。通过试验系统化研究超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡以及接头宏观形貌的作用规律,主要目标是更好地理解超声在不同焊接条件下的作用特点。对高速摄像采集的电弧数据进行处理,结果发现随电弧电压增加,超声对电弧的压缩效果也逐渐增大;而随送丝速度增加,焊接电流增大,电弧压缩效果减弱。针对熔滴受力特点分析,可以看出超声作用后熔滴会受到一个促进熔滴过渡的附加力作用。在焊接电流为200 A时,该附加力达到最大,约为2.8×10-3 N,继续增大焊接电流,该附加力逐渐降低。对比不同送丝速度时焊缝宏观形貌,结果显示为了获得更高的焊接效率不能无限提高送丝速度,存在一个最佳的参数匹配值。结合平面驻波理论分析,随温度增加,声辐射力逐渐减弱,这在一定程度上也会削弱附加力作用效果。利用熔池薄膜模型探讨电弧、熔滴过渡以及熔池振荡三者之间的关系,超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡的影响均可改变熔池的振荡特性,这间接表现为接头形貌的改变。通过试验与理论分析,为U-MIG焊接方法进一步发展与应用打下坚实基础。     

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接熔池表面流动行为

焊接熔池流动行为是影响焊缝成形和接头质量的关键因素之一,其特征难以直接获取。试验采用ZrO₂颗粒作为示踪粒子,利用高速相机观察示踪粒子运动轨迹,开展高氮钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接熔池表面流动行为的研究。研究结果表明：单独激光焊接时,其熔池的流动主要受匙孔尺寸变化的影响;单独电弧焊接时,其熔池的流动则主要受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响;而激光-电弧复合焊接时,其熔池的流动既受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响,同时,匙孔的存在也会影响其熔池的流动。在激光-电弧复合焊接过程中,示踪粒子的直线移动距离随着焊接电流和电弧电压的增加而增加;而激光功率的改变对其直线移动距离的影响并不显著。研究结果揭示了不同焊接工艺及其参数对高氮钢焊接熔池表面流动行为的影响规律,为高氮钢焊接工艺的选择提供了理论依据。     

外加高频磁场下电弧快速成形过程的电磁-流体耦合数值模拟

外加电磁作用是改善电弧快速成形零件组织和性能的有效方式之一。为了揭示高频磁场对熔池传热、对流和形态的影响机理,采用有限元电磁计算和有限体积流体分析耦合的方法,建立电磁场、熔池温度场和流体流动场分析的三维模型,分析工件和熔池中高频电磁力/热的分布特征,研究高频电磁力与表面张力、电弧力以及熔滴冲击共同作用下的熔池表面动态变形,对比分析有/无外加高频磁场情况下熔池温度分布和流体流动模式上的差异,并由此预测外加高频磁场对凝固组织和熔池形态的改变。结果表明,高频电磁力驱动熔池流体在垂直焊接方向的平面内形成单漩涡旋转对流,有利于熔断枝晶细化晶粒,熔池表面形状向远离线圈一侧倾斜,熔宽增大。金相和焊道横截面测试证实了上述模拟结果。     

外加磁场对高速GMAW电弧和熔池行为的主动调控效应

在熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)过程中,当焊接速度超过临界值后,焊缝成形变差,出现咬边和驼峰焊道,无法满足生产要求。研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因。自主研发外加磁场发生装置,向熔池施加横向电磁力,对后向液体流进行主动干预,并调控熔池流态,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成。在Q235低碳钢板上开展焊接工艺试验,获得了不同磁感应强度下的焊缝表面成形;采用高速摄像技术,拍摄焊接过程中的电弧和熔池图像,分析外加磁场对电弧形态、熔池流场和焊缝成形的影响规律,初步揭示外加磁场抑制驼峰焊道的机理。试验结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,减小后向液体流的动量,并能有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度。     

Numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in hybrid laser–TIG welding of aluminum alloy AA6082

This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model based on finite volume method to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow in laser–tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding process. To simplify the model and reduce the calculation time, keyhole dynamics are not considered; instead, a new modified volumetric heat source model is presented for the laser source to take into account the effect of the keyhole on the heat transfer into the workpiece. Due to the presence of arc current, an appropriate electromagnetic model based on the Maxwell equations are also solved to calculate electromagnetic forces in the weld pool. The results of computer simulation, including temperature, current density, electromagnetic, and melted material velocity field, are presented here. Furthermore, several dimensionless numbers are employed to recognize the importance of fluid flow driving forces in the weld pool. It is deduced that the fluid flow has an important effect on the weld pool shape. It is also founded that among the driving forces, Marangoni force is dominant fluid force in the weld pool. Besides, calculated results of hybrid welding process are compared with those of TIG and laser welding processes. The weld pool depth is relatively the same, but the width of the weld pool is highly larger in hybrid welding than lone laser welding. Eventually, the presented model is validated by comparison between calculated and experimental weld pool shape. It is founded that there is a good agreement as the capability of this model can be proved.     

Investigation on droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

Variable polarity plasma arc-gas metal arc welding (VPPA-GMAW) is a superior technology for welding thick plates of high-strength aluminum alloys. It integrates the advantages of energy focusing and high penetration depth in VPPA welding, and those of high welding efficiency and wide range of technological parameters in GMAW process. In this work, we investigated the droplet momentum in paraxial VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of 7A52 aluminum alloys, and the technological parameters of welding process was also optimized. The images of droplet transfer were captured by high-speed camera, while the droplet speeds and sizes were statistically analyzed by t tests of independent samples. The results showed that the speeds of droplet arriving at the weld pool were significantly between GMAW and VPPA-GMAW processes, and the droplet speed increases with increasing plasma currents within a certain range. Meanwhile, the droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW process is larger than that in conventional GMAW process. We also found that as the droplet momentum increased, the depression of weld pool grew more obvious and greatly facilitated the deep-penetration welding. In VPPA-GMAW process, it became more and more easier for the droplet to fall off the wire when the electromagnetic force gradually increased during pulse period. Droplet movement through the arc zone was further accelerated since the central pressure of arc column increased during base period. This research can provide some theoretical support for thick plate welding of high-strength aluminum alloys and help for deeper understanding of the hybrid arc coupling mechanism.     

Impacts of external longitudinal magnetic field on arc plasma and droplet during short-circuit GMAW

In gas metal arc welding, electromagnetic force, plasma stream force, gravity, and surface tension are the most important factors that affect metal transfer and spatter generation rate. In this paper, different kinds of external electromagnetic fields were introduced to gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The photos of arc plasma and droplet and electric signals covering welding current and arc voltage were acquired synchronously by an analysis and evaluation system based on LabView for GMAW. It was confirmed that the metal transfer frequency was improved, and spatter generation rate was diminished under controls of external electromagnetic fields. The influencing rules of external electromagnetic fields on electromagnetic force, the gravity, the plasma stream force, and surface tension were studied by three physical models, and the mechanism of external electromagnetic fields was revealed. This paper is for the purpose of discussing these factors and will make a profit for the application of electromagnetic coupling control to short-circuit GMAW.