热塑性聚氨酯弹性体对高固体含量改性双基推进剂力学性能的影响

采用动态热机械分析(DMA)和拉伸强度测试方法研究了两种热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPUE)对改性双基推进剂力学性能的影响,用扫描电镜从微观上分析了TPUE对推进剂力学性能的作用机理.结果表明,加入TPUE可明显改善推进剂的力学性能,增强固体填料与粘结剂体系界面间的粘接强度,减少脱湿现象,使得推进剂高温(50 ℃)及常温(20 ℃)下的延伸率增加50%以上,低温下(-40 ℃)的抗拉强度增加15%,延伸率增加16%.从自由体积增大、活化能Eαa下降解释了α松弛的变化原因.同时认为推进剂的高温力学性能与α松弛tanδ的峰强度和活化能Eαa相关,低温力学性能与β松弛tanδ的活化能Eβa或 "脆化参数"m相关.     

浇铸型高能CMDB推进剂的力学性能

研究了硝化棉种类和含量、高氯酸铵粒径,以及双基球和黑索今含量等对复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着含氮量12.0%的NC的降低,CMDB推进剂20℃和50℃下的拉伸强度和延伸率均显著降低。在CMDB推进剂中添加适量含氮量13.0%的NC和12.6%的NC均有助于提高推进剂拉伸强度;含氮量13.0%的NC不利于改善推进剂的延伸率;而含氮量12.6%的NC有助于提高推进剂的低温延伸率,但对推进剂高温延伸率影响不显著。在CMDB推进剂中添加适量的双基球对提高推进剂的拉伸强度和延伸率均有利。AP的粒径对CMDB推进剂力学性能影响显著,小粒径的AP有利于提高推进剂的拉伸强度,而大粒径的AP有利于改善推进剂的延伸率。随着RDX取代AP量的逐渐增大,CMDB推进剂在高温和常温下的拉伸强度先增大后减小,而延伸率先增减小后增大。     

黑索今含量对BAMO-AMMO基推进剂力学性能的影响

采用单轴拉伸实验考察了不同含量黑索今（RDX）固体填料对BAMO（聚双叠氮甲基-氧杂环丁烷）-AMMO（聚叠氮甲基-甲基氧杂环丁烷）基推进剂的拉伸力学性能影响。实验结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,推进剂拉伸强度增加,延伸率减小,在含量为75%~85%时呈现平台效应。采用动态热机械分析（DMA）考察了不同固体填料含量BAMO-AMMO基推进剂的动态力学性能,分析了固体填料含量影响的机理。DMA分析结果表明,推进剂的玻璃化转变温度随RDX含量的变化规律与延生率变化规律一致,RDX含量增加,延伸率增大,玻璃化转变温度升高,损耗角正切值增大。     

碳纳米管(CNTs)对Al-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能及力学性能的影响

为了研究碳纳米管(CNTs)对含Al改性双基(Al?CMDB)推进剂燃烧性能和力学性能的影响,采用吸收?压延的方法制备了推进剂样品,用靶线法测试了推进剂的燃速,并计算了压强指数;测试了推进剂样品在高低常温时的拉伸强度及延伸率。通过扫描电镜、火焰照片、燃烧波、熄火表面形貌及元素分析和DSC分析了碳纳米管影响Al?CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的原因。结果表明,在Al?CMDB推进剂中加入0.7%碳纳米管在6～20 MPa可提高推进剂的燃速,其中6 MPa下燃速提高最多,为4.98 mm·s~(-1);6～20 MPa下压强指数从0.57降低为0.45。管径10～20 nm的碳纳米管能提高Al?CMDB推进剂高低常温的拉伸强度及延伸率。碳纳米管对推进剂的热分解峰温影响不明显,但可使推进剂分解放热量增加。     

叠氮超支化共聚物的制备、表征及其增塑GAP-ETPE推进剂的应用

以3,3-二(氯甲基)氧杂环丁烷(BCMO)和3-乙基-3-氧杂丁环甲醇(EHO)为原料,通过调节单体BCMO、EHO混合摩尔比m,再经阳离子开环聚合和叠氮化反应制备了一系列叠氮超支化共聚物(r-POB-m).采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和元素分析等对其结构进行了表征,结果表明该共聚物具有高分子量(>4400 g?mol-1)、高含氮量(达到43％)且支化度可控.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、哈克流变仪及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分别对其结晶性、黏度和化学相容性进行了测试,结果表明当m=4时,r-POB-4为无定形态且工艺黏度最低,同时与推进剂主要组分相容性良好,适合作为增塑剂.r-POB-4增塑GAP基含能热塑性弹性体(GAP-ETPE)推进剂时,推进剂的断裂延伸率提高了约70％,稠度系数降低了约49％,粘流活化能降低了约20％,且优于端叠氮基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAPA)增塑剂,表明叠氮超支化共聚物作为增塑剂可有效改善ETPE推进剂的力学性能和工艺性能.     

含硝酸酯推进剂液相组分的流变特性

采用流变学方法研究了CMDB、NEPE和BAMO推进剂液相组分的流变特性。结果表明,CMDB、NEPE和BAMO推进剂液料的流动曲线符合牛顿流体模型,CMDB推进剂液料的黏度在20~50℃范围内为0.012 8~0.053 7Pa·s,NEPE推进剂液料的黏度为0.287 4~1.284 0 Pa·s,BAMO推进剂液料的黏度为0.506 7~2.273 0 Pa·s;3种推进剂液相组分的表观流动活化能ΔEη分别为37.62 KJ/mol、39.28 KJ/mol和39.17 KJ/mol。     

高固体含量丁羟推进剂性能研究

为进一步提高HTPB推进剂的能量水平,从理论和实验两个方面研究了固体组分含量对HTPB推进剂的能量性能、燃烧性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随固体含量的增加,推进剂理论比冲增加,当固体含量为90%(高氯酸铵37%、黑索今36.6%、铝粉17.4%)时,其理论比冲可达270.62s;高氯酸铵43%、黑索今30%、铝粉17%时,燃速压力指数约为0.34,-40℃时的最大延伸率为48%。当固体含量为88%(高氯酸铵48%、黑索今23%、铝粉17%)时,调节HTPB推进剂配方填料粒度及级配,燃速可从7.0MPa下的7.0mm·s-1提高至10.9mm·s-1,燃速压力指数相当(约为0.4),20℃时的最大延伸率可达74%。     

P(BAMO/AMMO)基含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的性能研究

分别采用基团加和法和燃烧热法得到含不同聚(3,3'-双(叠氮甲基)氧杂环丁烷)(PBAMO)和氨基甲酸酯硬段含量P(BAMO/AMMO)基含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(ETPE)的生成热。研究了PBAMO、氨基甲酸酯硬段的含量对ETPE生成热的影响。采用最小自由能法优选出一组P(BAMO/AMMO)ETPE基推进剂配方。计算了理论比冲。测试了P(BAMO/AMMO)ETPE基推进剂的静态拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、摩擦感度、撞击感度和燃速压力指数。结果表明,随着PBAMO质量的增加、氨基甲酸酯硬段含量的降低,P(BAMO/AMMO)ETPE的生成热增加。优选的15/5/20/38.5/18/3.5-P(BAMO/AMMO)/Bu-NENA/RDX/AP/Al/催化剂推进剂的理论比冲为2699.51 N·s·kg-1(燃烧室压强为10 MPa)。此推进剂的静态拉伸强度为1.22 MPa,断裂延伸率为11.37%。包覆固体填料可显著降低推进剂预混物料的机械感度,使特性落高H50增加37 cm,摩擦感度下降36%,6~15 MPa压力范围内的燃速压力指数n=0.37。     

高剪切速率下硼与HTPB、PBT和GAP端羟基的反应活性

含硼富燃料推进剂具有较高的质量热值和体积热值,是固体火箭冲压发动机较理想的燃料之一,而无定形硼与黏合剂中的羟基可发生反应,导致推进剂药浆表观黏度增大快、药浆适用期缩短等问题。计算了分别以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)、3,3?二叠氮甲基氧丁环?四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)和聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)为粘合剂的含硼推进剂的理论体积热值,并采用双螺杆转矩流变仪和红外光谱研究了B/HTPB、B/PBT和B/GAP体系在高剪切速率混合过程中的流变和红外特性,分析了硼粉表面酸性杂质与粘合剂端羟基的反应活性。结果表明,经过合理配方设计,B/PBT/AP和B/GAP/AP的质量比为50∶20∶30时的体积热值均超过64.00 MJ·~(-3),大于B/HTPB/AP体系的体积热值(61.08 MJ·dm~(-3))。在剪切速率为355.56 s~(-1)、55℃条件下,含25%硼的B/HTPB体系表观黏度快速增加到260 Pa·s,混合110 min发生凝胶现象;含40%硼的B/PBT体系混合7 h黏度仅从3.63 Pa·s上升到10 Pa·s;含55%硼的B/GAP体系混合7 h黏度由5.96 Pa·s下降到0.33 Pa·s。B/HTPB混合体系红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐增强,C—O(伯醇)振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐减弱,而B/PBT和B/GAP体系混合420 min后红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰和C—O(伯醇、仲醇)振动吸收峰几乎没有变化。PBT和GAP端羟基与硼粉酸性杂质的反应活性比HTPB的端羟基的活性低很多,这有利于改善含硼推进剂药浆的工艺性能。     

丁羟四组元推进剂的宽温围压单向拉伸力学行为

为了研究丁羟四组元推进剂在宽温围压条件下的单向拉伸力学性能，采用宽温-围压气体试验系统研究了不同温度（-50 ℃、20 ℃和70 ℃）、不同围压（0.1 MPa、2 MPa与8 MPa）与不同拉伸速率（100 mm·min^-1、1000 mm·min^-1和4200 mm·min^-1）下推进剂力学性能的变化规律。采用SEM扫描电镜与微米CT相结合的手段从细观层面分析宏观力学性能发展的内在细观原因，以此揭示外载荷对高固含量推进剂力学性能的影响机制。研究表明，常温与高温条件下，推进剂的损伤以“脱湿”为主；低温常压下则主要为“脱湿”和颗粒的韧断，当围压增大时会向颗粒的脆断转变，但延伸率随围压的增大仍然增大，分析认为主要是围压抑制了孔洞的产生和损伤的演化；在高围压不同拉伸速率下，常温和高温下推进剂表现出来的力学性能较为接近，这是因为高温会使粘合剂基体与固体填料之间的相互作用减弱，推进剂出现更严重的脱湿，而高围压则会抑制“脱湿”而减弱温度的影响；采用时压等效叠加原理（TPSP）进行最大抗拉强度主曲线拟合分析时，在低温-50 ℃条件下，时间-压强压位移因子与对应围压之间的关系并不符合标准形式，对于高固含量的推进剂而言TPSP叠加原理具有一定的使用局限性。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.