Performance analysis of relay-aided free-space optical communication system over gamma-gamma fading channels with pointing errors

The average bit error rate(ABER) performance of a decode-and-forward(DF) based relay-assisted free-space optical(FSO) communication system over gamma-gamma distribution channels considering the pointing errors is studied. With the help of Meijer’s G-function, the probability density function(PDF) and cumulative distribution function(CDF) of the aggregated channel model are derived on the basis of the best path selection scheme. The analytical ABER expression is achieved and the system performance is then investigated with the influence of pointing errors, turbulence strengths and structure parameters. Monte Carlo(MC) simulation is also provided to confirm the analytical ABER expression.     

Error rate performance analysis of coded free-space optical links over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels

Error control coding can be used over free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate turbulence-induced fading. In this paper, we derive error performance bounds for coded FSO communication systems operating over atmospheric turbulence channels, considering the recently introduced gamma-gamma turbulence model. We derive a pairwise error probability (PEP) expression and then apply the transfer function technique in conjunction with the derived PEP to obtain upper bounds on the bit error rate. Simulation results are further demonstrated to confirm the analytical results.     

Outage performance of multihop free-space optical communication system over exponentiated Weibull fading channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors

The outage performance of the multihop free-space optical (FSO) communication system with decode-and-forward (DF) protocol is studied by considering the joint effects of nonzero boresight pointing errors and atmospheric turbulence modeled by exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. The closed-form analytical expression of outage probability is derived, and the results are validated through Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the detailed analysis is provided to evaluate the impacts of turbulence strength, receiver aperture size, boresight displacement, beamwidth and number of relays on the outage performance for the studied system.     

Bi‐directional relay‐assisted FSO communication systems over strong turbulence channels with pointing errors

This paper presents the capacity and average bit error rate (BER)‐based performance analysis of a two‐way relay‐assisted free‐space optical communication system, over an atmospheric turbulent channel modeled by the Gamma–Gamma distribution and also affected by path loss and misalignment errors. A half‐duplex, decode‐and‐forward, two‐way, optical relay is considered, which establishes communication between two terminals, when direct communication is not possible because of non line‐of‐sight propagation or large distance. For the presented system and channel models and considering heterodyne detection at the receiver, we formulate the statistics of the instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio, followed by calculation of exact analytical expressions of capacity and BER. The mathematical expressions are formulated in terms of easily computable Meijer's G‐function. This mathematical analysis is accompanied with several numerical examples to illustrate the effect of the key system parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pointing error effects on performance of free-space optical communication systems using SC-QAM signals over atmospheric turbulence channels

In this paper, we theoretically analyze pointing error effects on performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems using subcarrier intensity quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) signals over atmospheric turbulence channels. Unlike previous studies, we take into account both atmospheric turbulence channels and the pointing error effect. In order to model atmospheric turbulence channels, we employ a log-normal distribution for weak-to-moderate turbulent condition and a gamma–gamma distribution for strong turbulent condition. Moreover, we study the pointing error effect by taking into account the influence of beamwidth, aperture size and jitter variance. In addition, we use a combination of these models to analyze the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error to FSO/SC-QAM systems. Finally, we derive analytical expressions to evaluate the average symbol error rate (ASER) performance of such systems. Numerical results present the impact of pointing error on the performance of FSO/SC-QAM systems and how we use proper values of aperture size and beamwidth to improve the performance of such systems. In addition, simulation results of FSO/SC-QAM performance over strong atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors show that the closed-form expression can provide a precision for evaluating ASER of such systems.     

Gamma-gamma大气湍流下自由空间光通信的性能

自由空间光通信在各种应用中得到了广泛关注,但大气湍流效应导致系统链路性能恶化.假设大气湍流信道是无记忆平稳遍历并且为加性高斯白噪声(AWGN),自由空间光通信系统采用开关键控(OOK)强度调制直接检测(ID/DD),研究了gamma-gamma大气湍流信道下自由空间光通信的性能.利用MeijerG函数推导出了自由空间光...     

Performance analyses of subcarrier BPSK modulation over M turbulence channels with pointing errors

An aggregated channel model is achieved by fitting the Weibull distribution, which includes the effects of atmospheric attenuation, M distributed atmospheric turbulence and nonzero boresight pointing errors. With this approximate channel model, the bit error rate (BER) and the ergodic capacity of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems utilizing subcarrier binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation are analyzed, respectively. A closed-form expression of BER is derived by using the generalized Gauss-Lagueree quadrature rule, and the bounds of ergodic capacity are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation is provided to confirm the validity of the BER expressions and the bounds of ergodic capacity.     

Performance of coherent DPSK free-space optical communication systems in K-distributed turbulence

Closed-form solutions for the bit-error rate of a freespace, heterodyne optical communication system is derived when the optical beam is subjected to K-distributed optical turbulence. It is assumed that the scintillation index is confined to the range (2,3) or that the number of scatterers in the propagation path is a random variable.     

Error rate performance of coded free-space optical links over strong turbulence channels

Error control coding can be used over free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate turbulence-induced fading. We present error rate performance bounds for coded FSO communication systems operating over atmospheric turbulence channels, which are modeled as a correlated K distribution under strong turbulence conditions. We derive an upper bound on the pairwise error probability (PEP) and then apply the union-bound technique in conjunction with the derived PEP to obtain upper bounds on the bit error rate. Simulation results are further demonstrated to verify the analytical results.     

Performance of APD-based, PPM free-space optical communication systems in atmospheric turbulence

In this paper, we characterize the performance of a direct-detection, avalanche photodiode-based free-space optical (FSO) communication system in terms of the overall bit-error rate. The system of interest uses pulse-position modulation (PPM) and is subjected to scintillation due to optical turbulence. Two scenarios are considered. In one case, a weak turbulence (clear-air) scenario is considered, for which the received signal intensity may be modeled as a log-normal random process. In the other case, we consider a negative exponentially distributed received signal intensity. To arrive at the desired results, it is assumed that the system uses a binary PPM (BPPM) modulation scheme. Furthermore, it is assumed that the receiver thermal noise is nonnegligible, and that the average signal intensity is large enough to justify a Gaussian approximation at the receiver. Union bound is used to assess the performance of M-ary PPM systems using the results of the BPPM scenario. Numerical results are presented for the BPPM case to shed light on the impact of turbulence on the overall performance.     

Markov chain model in maximum-likelihood sequence detection for free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels

In free-space optical communication links using intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), atmospheric turbulence-induced intensity fluctuations can significantly impair link performance. Communication techniques can be applied to mitigate turbulence-induced intensity fluctuations (i.e., signal fading) in the regime in which the receiver aperture D/sub 0/ is smaller than the fading correlation length d/sub 0/ and the observation interval T/sub 0/ is smaller than the fading correlation time /spl tau//sub 0/. If the receiver has knowledge of the joint temporal statistics of the fading, maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) can be employed, but at the cost of high computational complexity. We introduce a single-step Markov chain (SMC) model for the fading correlation and use it to derive two low-complexity, suboptimal MLSD algorithms based on per-survivor processing (PSP). Simulations are presented to verify the SMC model and the performance improvement achieved using these suboptimal per-survivor processing (PSP) algorithms.     

Performance bounds for coded free-space optical communications through atmospheric turbulence channels

Error-control codes can help to mitigate atmospheric turbulence-induced signal fading in free-space optical communication links using intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD). Error performance bound analysis can yield simple analytical upper bounds or approximations to the bit-error probability. We first derive an upper bound on the pairwise codeword-error probability for transmission through channels with correlated turbulence-induced fading, which involves complicated multidimensional integration. To simplify the computations, we derive an approximate upper bound under the assumption of weak turbulence. The accuracy of this approximation under weak turbulence is verified by numerical simulation. Its invalidity when applied to strong turbulence is also shown. This simple approximate upper bound to the pairwise codeword-error probability is then applied to derive an upper bound to the bit-error probability for block codes, convolutional codes, and turbo codes for free-space optical communication through weak atmospheric turbulence channels. We also discuss the choice of interleaver length in block codes and turbo codes based on numerical evaluation of our performance bounds.     

Gamma Gamma强海洋湍流下无线光通信系统的平均容量研究

建立了一个采用强度调制/直接检测(intensity modulation/direct detection,IM/DD)和开关键控(on-off keying,OOK)的水下无线光通信(Underwater wireless optical communication,UWOC)系统,通过采用 Gamma Gamma...     

Channel capacity and non-uniform signalling for free-space optical intensity channels

This work considers the design of capacityapproaching, non-uniform optical intensity signalling in the presence of average and peak amplitude constraints. Although it is known that the capacity-achieving input distribution is discrete with a finite number of mass points, finding it requires complex non-linear optimization at every SNR. In this work, a simple expression for a capacity-approaching distribution is derived via source entropy maximization. The resulting mutual information using the derived discrete non-uniform input distribution is negligibly far away from the channel capacity. The computation of this distribution is substantially less complex than previous optimization approaches and can be easily computed at different SNRs. A practical algorithm for non-uniform optical intensity signalling is presented using multi-level coding followed by a mapper and multi-stage decoding at the receiver. The proposed signalling is simulated on free-space optical channels and outage capacity is analyzed. A significant gain in both rate and probability of outage is achieved compared to uniform signalling, especially in the case of channels corrupted by fog.     

Block Markov superposition transmission over turbulence channels in outdoor optical wireless communication

Based on the equivalent genie-aided system,the bit-error rate of the block Markov superposition transmission system was analyzed and the union bound of the bit-error rate of the genie-aided system was derived.When the bit-error rate was extremely low at which the Monte Carlo simulation was time-consuming,the union bound could be adopted to evaluate the performance of the block Markov superposition transmission system.Simulations under turbulence conditions from weak to strong are performed which show that,in the low bit-error rate region,performance of the block Markov superposition transmission system matches well with the lower bound.It is also illustrated that the derived union bound matches well with Monte Carlo simulation result.At the BER of 10^-5,block Markov superposition transmission system with transmission memory 2 performs within 1 dB away from the Shannon limit.     

FSO通信系统接收性能的仿真研究

通过对自由空间光通信(FSO)系统组成原理的分析,利用OptiSystem光通信软件设计了FSO光传输链路仿真模型.在IM/DD调制方式下,结合眼图分析仪和误码率分析仪,对光链路接收性能进行分析,得到了很低的误码率,验证了无线光信号在较为恶劣天气下传输具有切实可行性.     

Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels

In free-space optical communication links, atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received light signal, impairing link performance. We describe several communication techniques to mitigate turbulence-induced intensity fluctuations, i.e., signal fading. These techniques are applicable in the regime in which the receiver aperture is smaller than the correlation length of fading and the observation interval is shorter than the correlation time of fading. We assume that the receiver has no knowledge of the instantaneous fading state. When the receiver knows only the marginal statistics of the fading, a symbol-by-symbol ML detector can be used to improve detection performance. If the receiver has knowledge of the joint temporal statistics of the fading, maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) can be employed, yielding a further performance improvement, but at the cost of very high complexity. Spatial diversity reception with multiple receivers can also be used to overcome turbulence-induced fading. We describe the use of ML detection in spatial diversity reception to reduce the diversity gain penalty caused by correlation between the fading at different receivers.     

基于CL-IPPM的单光源逆向调制自由空间光通信系统

在单光源逆向调制(modulating retro-reflecto r,MRR)自由空间光通信(free-space optical,FSO)系统中,光收发端在接收MRR 端上行 再调制信号时,会受到自身下行信号的串扰,导致系统误码率性能恶化。本文提出采用组合 逻辑(combinatorial logic,CL)反向脉位调制(inverse pulse position modulation,IP PM)方案来消除下行信号对上行再调制信号的串扰,进而降低单光源MRR FSO通信系统误码 率。本项研究设计了基于CL-IPPM的单光 源MRR FSO通信实验装置,进行了仿真及全双工通信实验。实验结果表明,使用CL-IPPM 方案的单光源MRR FSO系统增益约5dB。同时,光收发端和MRR端均采用IPPM时, CL-IPPM方案可获得较好的误码率性能。此外,本文利用微角锥棱镜阵列的伪相位共轭特 性来提升该系统的鲁棒性,将CL-IPPM方案与微角锥棱镜阵列结合应用于单光源MRR FSO 通信系统,可实现弱/中湍流强度下误码率为10－3以下的全双 工通信。     

基于LDPC编码的双工逆向调制自由空间光通信系统

在逆向调制(modulating retro-reflector,MR R)自由空间光通信(free-space optical,FSO)系统中, 激光信号在传输过程中受到双程大气湍流的严重影响,导致系统误码率性能恶化。本文提出 采用低密度奇 偶校验编码(low density parity check,LDPC)方法来降低MRR FSO通信系统的误码率, 并且尝试使用微角 锥棱镜阵列(microcorner cube retroreflector arrays,MCCRA)来改善MRR FSO信道的传 输稳定性。本项研究 中搭建了MRR FSO通信实验平台,进行了基于LDPC编码的频分双工MRR FSO通信实验。实验结 果表明 使用LDPC编码的MRR FSO系统增益约为3dB,使用微角锥棱镜阵列作为MRR FSO反射器件能够 通过补 偿大气湍流引起的相位畸变来提升系统性能。结果还证明了LDPC编码相较于MCCRA,更能够 提升MRR FSO系统的误码率性能。由此可见,将LDPC编码方式与微角锥棱镜阵列结合运用于MRR FSO系 统能获得更加优化的系统性能。     

Analysis of effective capacity for visible light communication systems with mobility support

Visible light communications (VLCs) are competitive and attractive candidates for next generation indoor communication networks which are required to support mobility and guarantee delay QoS (Quality of Service) for users. User movement in VLC systems changes the propagation path, including the distance, the angle of incidence and irradiance, all of which have a significant impact on channel gain and link capacity. In this paper, we present a user mobility model for indoor VLC systems with the help of discrete time Markov chain theory. Considering a service process with temporal correlation caused by user mobility, we derive the effective capacity (EC) for VLC systems which characterizes the capacity performance subject to the user’s statistical delay QoS. Moreover, the effect of the user’s mobility on effective capacity is revealed.