基于阶次双谱的齿轮箱升降速过程故障诊断研究

针对齿轮箱升降速过程中振动信号非平稳的特点，将常规的阶次分析与双谱分析技术相结合，提出了基于阶次双谱的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先对齿轮箱升降速瞬态信号进行时域采样，再对时域信号进行等角度重采样，转化为角域平稳信号，最后对角域重采样信号进行双谱分析，就可提取轴承的故障特征。通过对轴承内圈故障实验信号的分析表明，该方法能有效地识别轴承的故障。     

阶次包络谱在轴承故障诊断中的应用

旋转机械的升降速过程包含丰富的状态信息,因而旋转机械的升降速过程对于旋转机械的故障诊断具有独特的价值.将常规的阶次分析技术与包络谱相结合,提出基于阶次包络谱的齿轮箱故障诊断方法.首先对齿轮箱升降速瞬态信号进行时域采样,再对时域信号实行等角度重采样,转化为角域平稳信号,最后对角域重采样信号进行包络谱分析,就可提取轴承的故障特征.通过对轴承内圈、外圈故障实验信号的分析,表明该方法能有效诊断轴承的故障.     

运用HHT边际谱的柴油机故障诊断

提出了一种基于希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transformation,简称HHT)边际谱的柴油机故障诊断方法。在3110柴油机上进行了气门间隙变化和断油等故障的模拟试验,测取了柴油机在断油工况和气门间隙异常工况下的气缸盖振动信号,并采用抽区间采样分析法对缸盖振动信号进行了时域特性分析。通过对故障敏感段信号的HHT边际谱分析,得出了在各工况下信号随时间和频率变化的精确表达,并以边际谱的最大峰值作为特征向量,采用马氏距离(Mahalanobis距离)进行分类,判断柴油机的工作状态和故障类型。试验分析表明,该方法即使在小样本的情况下也能有效地识别柴油机气门间隙变化和断油故障。     

运用阶次跟踪和奇异谱降噪诊断齿轮早期故障

针对齿轮箱升降速过程中振动信号非平稳的特点,将阶次跟踪分析与奇异谱降噪技术相结合,提出了一种针对齿轮早期故障的诊断方法。首先对齿轮箱加速时测得的瞬态信号进行时域采样,再对时域信号进行等角域重采样,转化为角域伪稳态信号;然后对角域信号进行奇异谱降噪处理,以减小背景噪声的影响;最后对降噪后的信号进行阶次谱分析。通过对齿轮箱早期故障信号的分析表明,该方法能准确地识别出齿轮的故障特征。     

基于阶次跟踪和变换时频谱的轴承故障诊断

综合利用阶次跟踪和Teager-Huang变换时频分析技术,进行齿轮箱起动过程轴承故障诊断.首先,对齿轮箱升降速瞬态信号进行时域同步采样,并对时域信号进行等角度重采样转化为角域平稳信号,再对角域信号进行EMD分解,将振动信号分解成不同特征时间尺度的单分量固有模态函数.然后,用Teager能量算子计算各固有模态函数的瞬时频率和瞬时幅值,进而得到Teager-Huang变换时频谱.通过对齿轮箱起动过程轴承故障振动信号的分析表明,该方法能有效地识别轴承故障.     

利用倒阶次谱和经验模态分解的轴承故障诊断

针对齿轮箱升降速过程中振动信号非平稳的特点,将阶次跟踪分析与希尔波特-黄变换技术相结合,提出了基于倒阶次谱和经验模态分解的滚动轴承故障诊断方法.首先,对齿轮箱加速时测得的瞬态信号进行时域采样,对时域信号进行等角度重采样,转化为角域伪平稳信号,然后对角域信号进行经验模态分解.最后,对包含轴承故障信息的高频固有模态函数进行倒阶次谱分析,就可以提取轴承的故障特征.通过对轴承内圈和外圈故障信号的分析表明,该方法能准确识别轴承的故障类型和部位.     

基于FastICA的阶次倒谱分析在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用研究

声测法作为一种非接触测量,应用于齿轮箱故障诊断时有着极大优势,但由于声信号易受到环境干扰从而影响诊断精度。将FastICA与阶次倒谱相结合,提出了一种基于FastICA的阶次倒谱方法。首先对瞬态声信号运用FastICA算法进行分离处理,分离出包含故障信息的有用源信号,然后对估计的源信号进行角域重采样,得到角域伪稳态信号,再通过倒谱分析得到基于FastICA的阶次倒谱,最终可得到故障的特征参量。应用于齿轮箱瞬态过程中的故障声信号分析,增强了信噪比,找到了故障特征,提高了齿轮箱声测故障诊断的精度。     

盲分离与Hilbert-Huang结合应用于航空发动机振动信号分析

在航空发动机故障诊断中,首要任务是分析故障信号提取故障特征。针对航空发动机非平稳振动信号,提出了利用盲分离(BSS)获得发动机的振源信号,结合Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)对振源信号进行时频分析提取故障特征的方法。首先利用仿真信号验证了此方法的有效性,然后分析了某航空涡扇发动机空中停车故障并与直接应用HHT分析的结果进行比较,证实了盲分离与HHT的结合能更准确地提取航空发动机非平稳故障特征。     

基于VMD阶比跟踪的变转速齿轮箱齿轮故障特征提取

针对变转速工况下齿轮箱齿轮阶比信号互相干扰故障特征难以提取的问题,提出了基于VMD(Variational Mode Decomposition)和阶比跟踪技术结合的齿轮箱齿轮故障特征提取方法。该方法通过计算阶比跟踪技术对振动信号进行角域重采样;获得重采样信号后,利用VMD按照中心阶比不同,自适应地将重采样信号分解,再利用峭度准则从IMF(Intrinsic Mode Function)分量中选取出故障信号;最后对故障信号进行快速谱峭图处理和滤波平方包络解调。通过变转速下齿轮箱的齿轮故障试验和对比分析,表明该方法能有效提取出变转速下齿轮箱的齿轮故障特征,且降噪效果明显,特征突出,适用于变转速齿轮箱的齿轮故障特征提取。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的转子碰摩故障特征分析

Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)得出的时频图是分析非平稳信号的有效工具.应用HHT时频方法对转子早期局部碰摩和全局碰摩故障信号进行了分析,与传统的频谱分析比较表明:HHT时频方法具有良好的时频聚集性,能够很好地反映转子系统早期故障信号的时频特征,可以有效地对转子系统碰摩早期故障进行诊断.通过对全局碰摩故障信号分析,说明碰摩过程中摩擦力是不均匀的,碰摩接触面积的增大在时频图上表现为基频成分的波动变化加剧和高频成分的增加.基于HHT的三维谱图和时频亮度谱图能清晰地显示碰摩故障的频率、时间和振幅信息,为工程实际中转子系统的早期碰摩故障诊断和全局碰摩特征分析提供了有效的依据.     

基于局部特征尺度分解的经验包络解调方法及其在机械故障诊断中的应用

提出一种基于局部特征尺度分解(Local characteristic-scale decomposition, LCD)和经验包络(Empirical envelope method, EE)解调的非平稳信号分析方法。该方法通过局部特征尺度分解将一个复杂信号自适应地分解为若干个内禀尺度分量之和,对得到的各个内禀尺度分量进行经验包络解调,得到各个分量信号的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率信息,从而得到原始信号完整的时频分布。采用仿真信号将基于LCD和EE解调的时频分析方法和希尔伯特黄变换方法进行对比,结果表明,新提出的信号分解和解调方法在抑制端点效应和迭代所需时间,瞬时特征的精确性等方面优于希尔伯特黄变换方法。针对滚动轴承和齿轮故障振动信号的调制特点,将基于LCD和EE的时频分析方法引入机械故障诊断中,对试验信号的分析结果表明,基于LCD和EE的时频分析方法能有效地提取机械故障振动信号的特征。     

改进的HHT方法在旋转机械不对中故障特征提取中的应用

HHT(希尔伯特-黄变换)能够将振动信号分解为有限的具有实际物理意义的模态分量,并由此可对机械故障信号进行特征提取,但噪声的干扰对分解过程和分解结果影响却很大。针对这一不足,本文提出了先利用小波变换技术对含噪故障信号进行消噪处理,再作HHT分析的方法;利用此方法对实测的不对中振动信号进行了故障特征提取和分析。结果表明,该方法克服了直接运用HHT分解方法由噪声带来的不必要的干扰,提高了参数提取的准确性,并由此提高了机械故障诊断率。     

Gear fault identification based on Hilbert–Huang transform and SOM neural network

Gear vibration signals always display non-stationary behavior. HHT (Hilbert–Huang transform) is a method for adaptive analysis of non-linear and non-stationary signals, but it can only distinguish conspicuous faults. SOM (self-organizing feature map) neural network is a network learning with no instructors which has self-adaptive and self-learning features and can compensate for the disadvantage of HHT. This paper proposed a new gear fault identification method based on HHT and SOM neural network. Firstly, the frequency families of gear vibration signals were separated effectively by EMD (empirical mode decomposition). Then Hilbert spectrum and Hilbert marginal spectrum were obtained by Hilbert transform of IMFs (intrinsic mode functions). The amplitude changes of gear vibration signals along with time and frequency had been displayed respectively. After HHT, the energy percentage of the first six IMFs were chosen as input vectors of SOM neural network for fault classification. The analysis results showed that the fault features of these signals can be accurately extracted and distinguished with the proposed approach.     

Fault diagnosis of partial rub and looseness in rotating machinery using Hilbert-Huang transform

Partial rub and looseness are common faults in rotating machinery because of the clearance between the rotor and the stator. These problems cause malfunctions in rotating machinery and create strange vibrations coming from impact and friction. However, non-linear and non-stationary signals due to impact and friction are difficult to identify. Therefore, exact time and frequency information is needed for identifying these signals. For this purpose, a newly developed time-frequency analysis method, HHT (Hilbert-Huang Transform), is applied to the signals of partial rub and looseness from the experiment using RK-4 rotor kit. Conventional signal processing methods such as FFT, STFT and CWT were compared to verify the effectiveness of fault diagnosis using HHT. The results showed that the impact signals were generated regularly when partial rub occurred, but the intermittent impact and friction signals were generated irregularly when looseness occurred. The time and frequency information was represented exactly by using HHT in both cases, which makes clear fault diagnosis between partial rub and looseness. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Eung-Soo Shin     

Time–frequency interpretation of multi-frequency signal from rotating machinery using an improved Hilbert–Huang transform

The Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) has proven to be a promising tool for the analysis of non-stationary signals commonly occurred in industrial machines. However, in practice, multi-frequency intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and pseudo IMFs are likely generated and lead to grossly erroneous or even completely meaningless instantaneous frequencies, which raise difficulties in interpreting signal features by the HHT spectrum. To enhance the time–frequency resolution of the traditional HHT, an improved HHT is proposed in this study. By constructing a bank of partially overlapping bandpass filters, a series of filtered signals are obtained at first. Then a subset of filtered signals, each associated with certain energy-dominated components, are selected based on the maximal-spectral kurtosis–minimal-redundancy criterion and the information-related coefficient, and further decomposed by empirical mode decomposition to extract sets of IMFs. Furthermore, IMF selection scheme is applied to select the relevant IMFs on which the HHT spectrum is constructed. The novelty of this method is that the HHT spectrum is just constructed with the relevant, almost monochromatic IMFs rather than with the IMFs possibly with multiple frequency components or with pseudo components. The results on the simulated data, test rig data, and industrial gearbox data show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional HHT in feature extraction and can produce a more accurate time–frequency distribution for the inspected signal.     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比跟踪算法的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

针对阶比跟踪转速获取硬件方法需要额外安装转速测量设备,软件方法精度不高、抗噪能力弱的问题,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱阶比跟踪故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计算法适于分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号的特点,采用其对齿轮箱的啮合频率分量进行估计以获取转速信号,依据转速信号对等时间间隔采样信号进行等角度重采样,将非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号,得到振动信号的阶次谱,判断齿轮箱故障。仿真算例与应用实例表明上述方法在瞬时频率估计方面具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,可以根据信号自身的特点自适应的选择基函数,准确地对转速进行估计,其与阶比跟踪算法的结合能有效诊断齿轮箱故障。     

A Feature Extraction Method for the Wear of Milling Tools Based on the Hilbert Marginal Spectrum

Abstract

The Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) can adaptively delineate complex non-linear, non-stationary signals when used as the Hilbert–Huang marginal spectrum through empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert transform, to highlight local features of signals. Characterized by high resolution, the Hilbert marginal spectrum has been widely applied in mechanical signal processing and fault diagnosis. In the research, an HHT based on the improved EMD was proposed to analyze the cutting force, vibration acceleration (AC), and acoustic emission (AE) signals during tool wear in the milling process. At first, the collected signals were subjected to range analysis, which revealed that tool wear was closely related to the signals collected during the cutting process. Then, EMD was applied to the signals, followed by variance analysis after calculating the energies of each intrinsic mode function (IMF) component. Afterwards, the IMF components significantly influenced by wear degree, while slightly influenced by the three cutting factors (cutting velocity, feed per tooth, and cutting depth), were selected as IMF sensitive to the degree of wear. The HHT was finally applied to the sensitive IMF components of signals containing major tool wear information, thus obtaining the Hilbert marginal spectra of the signals, which were able to reflect the changes in signal amplitude with frequency. On the basis of the Hilbert marginal spectrum, the method defined the feature energy function which was then used as the eigenvector for predicting tool wear in milling processes. The analysis of signals in four tool wear states indicated that the method can extract salient tool wear features.     

Wheel-bearing fault diagnosis of trains using empirical wavelet transform

Rolling bearings are used widely as wheel bearing in trains. Fault detection of the wheel-bearing is of great significance to maintain the safety and comfort of train. Vibration signal analysis is the most popular technique that is used for rolling element bearing monitoring, however, the application of vibration signal analysis for wheel bearings is quite limited in practice. In this paper, a novel method called empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is used for the vibration signal analysis and fault diagnosis of wheel-bearing. The EWT method combines the classic wavelet with the empirical mode decomposition, which is suitable for the non-stationary vibration signals. The effectiveness of the method is validated using both simulated signals and the real wheel-bearing vibration signals. The results show that the EWT provides a good performance in the detection of outer race fault, roller fault, and the compound fault of outer race and roller.     

Bearing fault diagnosis using FFT of intrinsic mode functions in Hilbert–Huang transform

A number of techniques for detection of faults in rolling element bearing using frequency domain approach exist today. For analysing non-stationary signals arising out of defective rolling element bearings, use of conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has been known to be less efficient. One of the most suited time–frequency approach, wavelet transform (WT) has inherent problems of large computational time and fixed-scale frequency resolution. In view of such constraints, the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) technique provides multi-resolution in various frequency scales and takes the signal's frequency content and their variation into consideration. HHT analyses the vibration signal using intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are extracted using the process of empirical mode decomposition (EMD). However, use of Hilbert transform (HT)-based time domain approach in HHT for analysis of bearing vibration signature leads to scope for subjective error in calculation of characteristic defect frequencies (CDF) of the rolling element bearings. The time resolution significantly affects the calculation of corresponding frequency content of the signal. In the present work, FFT of IMFs from HHT process has been incorporated to utilise efficiency of HT in frequency domain. The comparative analysis presented in this paper indicates the effectiveness of using frequency domain approach in HHT and its efficiency as one of the best-suited techniques for bearing fault diagnosis (BFD).