磁化处理对脂肪酸物理性质的影响

为进一步研究磁化处理对脂肪酸精馏过程的影响，在不同磁感应强度的磁场中，研究了磁化处理对脂肪酸物理性质的影响。研究结果表明，磁场对脂肪酸的物理性质有一定的影响，脂肪酸经磁化处理后，其密度基本不变，器度及表面张力下降，但磁化效果与磁感应强度不成正比，而是有一个最佳值，该最佳值为0．15—0．2T。定量计算表明，脂肪酸经磁化处理后，黏度下降5％--7％，表面张力下降5％—6％。     

C18脂肪酸甲酯的高真空间歇精馏工艺研究

采用工业油酸甲酯为原料,以塔顶操作压力和回流比为主要考察因素,探讨高真空间歇精馏工艺条件对C18脂肪酸甲酯分离提纯的影响。最后用Aspen软件模拟高真空间歇精馏过程。结果表明:一次精馏可以富集得到油酸甲酯与亚油酸甲酯总含量超过98%的产品,其中油酸甲酯最高含量为89.1%;在一次精馏的基础上进行二次精馏,塔顶可获得含量高达94.7%的油酸甲酯产品;Aspen软件模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

薄膜精馏生产药品级亚油酸工艺研究

该文研究了以混合脂肪酸为原料,通过薄膜精馏制备药品级亚油酸的工艺。考察了不同的精馏温度和回流比对饱和脂肪酸分离效果的影响,确定了三级分离工艺。在蒸发温度90℃、压力1 000 Pa条件下,进行一级薄膜蒸发,脱除物料中的溶剂、水等轻物质;在精馏温度238℃、压力300 Pa和回流比为10条件下,进行二级薄膜精馏,分离出轻组分饱和脂肪酸,获得碘价148gI/100g的重组分样品;在蒸发温度265℃、压力300 Pa条件下,进行三级薄膜蒸发,收集轻组分不饱和脂肪酸。轻组分样品碘价达到151.8 gI/100g,亚油酸含量为58.00%,符合了药品级亚油酸的要求。     

提高脂肪酸精馏效率的工艺改进

介绍了现有多塔连续真空精馏脂肪酸工艺和产品质量参数,并对影响精馏脂肪酸产品质量的因素进行分析.通过改进多塔连续真空精馏系统中的进料方式、填料层、蒸气压力、物料精馏温度等工艺参数,提高了脂肪酸的精馏效率和产品质量.     

磁化对废水混凝处理效果的影响研究

采用磁化法处理制浆造纸厂二沉池出水,磁化次数对磁化效果的影响较小,磁化具有记忆效应,静置状态下磁化记忆效应可达24h,搅拌条件可显著缩短磁化记忆效应时间至小于8h。磁化可显著促进废水混凝处理的沉淀效果,最佳磁化反应条件为:磁场强度为750mT,过水流速为4.4m/s。在最佳磁化条件下,磁化可显著促进混凝处理过程的絮体增大,提高絮体的沉降速率,降低絮体的差异度。     

新疆主要葵花籽品种脂肪酸组成分析

参照国标GB/T17377—2008,对新疆葵花籽及其油品脂肪酸组成进行测定分析,并与新疆地区菜籽油、大豆油、棉籽油脂肪酸组成比较,根据葵花籽品种的脂肪酸组成的特性反映其油品的食用价值,为更好的食用和应用提供科学依据。     

脱臭工艺条件对棕榈油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了脱臭温度和脱臭时间对棕榈油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响.结果表明:脱臭温度和脱臭时间对棕榈油中反式油酸含量的影响很小;脱臭温度对棕榈油中反式亚油酸含量影响显著,脱臭时间对其影响的显著性次之;在脱臭温度255℃以下和脱臭时间40 min以下棕榈油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢,相对含量低;在脱臭温度255℃以上和脱臭时间40 min以上棕榈油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度快,但生成量相对较少,其最高含量为0.637％.     

脱臭工艺条件对棉籽油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了脱臭温度和脱臭时间对棉籽油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明:脱臭温度和脱臭时间对棉籽油中反式油酸含量的影响很小;脱臭温度对棉籽油中反式亚油酸含量影响显著,脱臭时间对其影响的显著性次之;在一定的脱臭时间,不同脱臭温度下,棉籽油中总反式脂肪酸最多含量为最少含量的100倍以上;在一定的脱臭温度,不同脱臭时间下,棉籽油中总反式脂肪酸最多含量约为最少含量的1.7～5.5倍,且在255℃以下随脱臭时间延长,棉籽油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢、相对含量低。     

脱臭工艺条件对花生油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了脱臭温度和脱臭时间对花生油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明:脱臭温度和脱臭时间对花生油中反式油酸含量的影响很小;脱臭温度对花生油中反式亚油酸含量影响显著,脱臭时间对其影响的显著性次之;在脱臭温度255℃以下和脱臭时间40 min以下花生油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢,相对含量低;在脱臭温度255℃以上和脱臭时间40 min以上花生油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度快,相对含量高,其最高含量为4.081%。     

Effect of fatty acid profile in vegetable oils and antioxidant supplementation on dairy cattle performance and milk fat depression

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of unprotected vegetable oils differing in fatty acid profiles with or without a commercial antioxidant (Agrado Plus, Novus International, St. Charles, MO) on dairy cattle performance, milk fatty acid profiles, and milk fat depression. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by production (high and low) and assigned to Agrado Plus or no Agrado Plus diets as the main plot in this experiment. The 6 cows in each of the fixed effect groups (high with and without Agrado, low with and without Agrado) were then assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square as a split plot with 21-d periods. The 6 dietary treatments in the split-plot Latin square were no added oil (control), or 5% DM as oil from palm (PO), high-oleic safflower (OSAF), high-linoleic safflower (LSAF), linseed (LNSD), or corn (CO). Added oil replaced corn starch in the total mixed ration. Diets were formulated to have similar crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and consisted of 41.2% alfalfa silage, 18.3% corn silage, and 40.5% concentrate mix (dry matter basis). Feeding Agrado Plus did not affect milk, milk fat, or milk protein production or milk fatty acid composition in this study. No significant differences were found between oil feeding versus control for dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein yield, but oils other than PO significantly decreased milk fat concentration and proportion and yield of milk short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C_<16). Feeding PO effectively maintained milk fat yield (1.18 kg/d) and concentration (3.44%), whereas the oils rich in linoleic acid (CO and LSAF) significantly decreased milk fat yield (0.98 and 0.86 vs. 1.14 kg/d) and concentration (3.05 and 2.83 vs. 3.41%) compared with control. Similar lactation performance between OSAF and LNSD suggests that oleic and linolenic acids are roughly equal in potency of milk fat depression.     

油酸与亚油酸比例对煎炸油中单环氧 脂肪酸单体含量的影响

油脂煎炸过程中,脂肪酸会氧化形成具有高吸收率和潜在毒性的单环氧脂肪酸。通过对薯条间歇式煎炸,研究煎炸油的油酸与亚油酸比例对单环氧硬脂酸含量、单环氧油酸含量以及顺、反式单环氧脂肪酸相对含量的影响。结果表明:单环氧脂肪酸含量随煎炸时间的延长呈现增长趋势;油酸含量高的煎炸油倾向于生成更多的单环氧硬脂酸,亚油酸含量高的煎炸油倾向于生成更多的单环氧油酸;煎炸过程逐渐积累更多的反式单环氧脂肪酸,顺式单环氧脂肪酸可能会转化为反式单环氧脂肪酸。     

Addition of olive oil to dairy ewe diets: effect on milk fatty acid profile and animal performance

The effects of ruminant diet supplementation with linoleic or different polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) have been well documented. Less abundant information, however, exists on the effects of incorporating monounsaturated FA, such as oleic acid, on lipid metabolism or animal performance. The purpose of this work was to assess the effects of feeding dairy ewes a diet supplemented with high levels of olive oil (OO) on milk yield and composition, paying particular attention to the FA profile. Twenty-four Assaf ewes were fed ad libitum with 2 diets, control or supplemented with 6% OO (2 lots of 6 animals per diet) for 4 wk. Milk yield and composition and dry matter intake were recorded weekly. Milk FA composition was determined by gas chromatography and conjugated linoleic acid profile by silver ion HPLC. Milk yield increased in ewes receiving OO, with no differences in dry matter intake. The OO diet decreased the milk protein percentage but increased the milk fat, protein, and total solids yield. Medium-chain saturated FA (C10:0 to C16:0) content was reduced with OO supplementation, whereas C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 content increased. Leaving aside trans-11, most trans C18:1 isomers, mainly trans-10, increased in supplemented ewes. The main conjugated linoleic acid isomer (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) decreased with OO supplementation, whereas trans-7, cis-9 and trans-9, cis-11 C18:2 exhibited a remarkable increase. These results support the argument that the supplementation of ewe diets with high levels of OO does not have any detrimental effects on animal performance but substantially modifies the FA profile.     

不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成的研究

采用索氏提取法和GC-MS法测定并分析了6个不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成。结果表明:不同产地亚麻籽含油率在36.59%~44.88%之间,含油率与产地的生长季积温呈显著负相关(r=-0.839 5,P=0.036 6);亚麻籽油中相对含量最高的5种脂肪酸分别是亚麻酸(53.36%~65.84%)、亚油酸(10.14%~16.39%)、油酸(10.03%~12.37%)、硬脂酸(3.98%~9.85%)和软脂酸(2.41%~7.97%),不饱和脂肪酸含量高达77.51%~92.39%。综合含油率及不饱和脂肪酸相对含量等因素,最终确定甘肃陇南作为优质亚麻籽油生产地具有一定优势。     

Oxidation and textural characteristics of butter and ice cream with modified fatty acid profiles

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate oxidation and firmness of butter and ice cream made with modified milkfat containing enhanced amounts of linoleic acid or oleic acid. The influence of the fatty acid profile of the HO milkfat relating to product properties as compared with the influence the fatty acid profile of the HL milkfat was the main focus of the research. Altering the degree of unsaturation in milkfat may affect melting characteristics and oxidation rates, leading to quality issues in dairy products. Three milkfat compositions (high-oleic, high-linoleic, and control) were obtained by modifying the diets of Holstein cows. Ice cream and butter were processed from milkfat obtained from cows in each dietary group. Butter and ice cream samples were analyzed to determine fatty acid profile and firmness. High-oleic milkfat resulted in a softer butter. Solid fat index of high-oleic and high-linoleic milkfat was lower than the control. Control ice cream mix had higher viscosity compared with high-oleic and high-linoleic, but firmness of all ice creams was similar when measured between -17 and -13 degrees C. Nutritional and textural properties of butter and ice cream can be improved by modifying the diets of cows.     

脱臭工艺条件对米糠油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了脱臭温度和脱臭时间对米糠油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明,脱臭温度和脱臭时间对米糠油中反式油酸含量的影响很小;脱臭温度对米糠油中反式亚油酸含量影响显著,脱臭时间对其影响的显著性次之;在一定的脱臭时间下,不同脱臭温度下米糠油中总反式脂肪酸含量最多的约为最少的30-40倍,在250℃以下米糠油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢、相对含量低;在一定的脱臭温度下,不同脱臭时间时米糠油中总反式脂肪酸含量最多约为最少的8倍,且在250℃和270℃时,脱臭时间在40 min以下米糠油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢、相对含量低。     

马鲁拉油与6种植物油理化性质、脂肪酸组成、营养物质比较

比较了马鲁拉油和6种常见植物油(橄榄油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油、紫苏籽油、亚麻籽油)的脂肪酸组成、理化性质及角鲨烯、维生素E和β-谷甾醇等营养物质含量的差异。结果表明:马鲁拉种仁出油率高达51.93%;马鲁拉油中角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇含量分别为2.5 mg/100 g和183.5 mg/100 g;马鲁拉油中的油酸含量高达76.94%,橄榄油中油酸含量为67.39%;与常见植物油相比,马鲁拉油富含单不饱和脂肪酸,脂肪酸比例均衡,且富含营养物质,适于人体的吸收,具有开发应用的潜力。     

Influence of starter culture ratios and warm room treatment on free fatty acid and amino acid in Swiss cheese

Quantification of water-soluble volatile free fatty acids (FFA) and free amino acids (FAA) was performed as a ripening index and an indirect measure of flavor development in Swiss-type cheeses. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of warm room treatment (WRT) and usage ratio of starter cultures, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus vs. propionibacteria, on the concentration of FFA and FAA in pilot plant-scale Swiss cheese. A capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used for the analysis of FFA in Swiss cheese. Free amino acids were analyzed by the Cd-ninhydrin method. Starter culture ratios did not affect development of FAA during the cheese ripening. However, duration of WRT had an effect on the concentration of FAA in the Swiss cheese. Free amino acids increased considerably during WRT. A continuous increase in FAA was shown during 70-d ripening time after WRT. The concentrations of C2:0 and C3:0 fatty acids were affected by starter culture ratios after 2-wk WRT, but these differences had mostly disappeared after 3-wk WRT. Similar concentrations of FFA and FAA reported in previous studies were developed in Swiss cheese with a 3-wk WRT and a 0.33:1 ratio of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus to propionibacteria.     

Comparing the fatty acid composition of organic and conventional milk

During a 12-mo longitudinal study, bulk-tank milk was collected each month from organic (n = 17) and conventional (n = 19) dairy farms in the United Kingdom. All milk samples were analyzed for fatty acid (FA) content, with the farming system type, herd production level, and nutritional factors affecting the FA composition investigated by use of mixed model analyses. Models were constructed for saturated fatty acids, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to monounsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 FA, total n-6 FA, conjugated linoleic acid, and vaccenic acid. The ratio of n-6:n-3 FA in both organic and conventional milk was also compared. Organic milk had a higher proportion of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids and of n-3 FA than conventional milk, and contained a consistently lower n-6:n-3 FA ratio (which is considered beneficial) compared with conventional milk. There was no difference between organic and conventional milk with respect to the proportion of conjugated linoleic acid or vaccenic acid. A number of factors other than farming system were identified which affected milk FA content including month of year, herd average milk yield, breed type, use of a total mixed ration, and access to fresh grazing. Thus, organic dairy farms in the United Kingdom produce milk with a higher PUFA content, particularly n-3 FA, throughout the year. However, knowledge of the effects of season, access to fresh grazing, or use of specific silage types could be used by producers to enhance the content of beneficial FA in milk.     

Feeding high oleic acid soybeans in place of conventional soybeans increases milk fat concentration

It is well established in the literature that feeding free vegetable oils rich in oleic acid results in greater milk fat secretion than does feeding linoleic-rich oils. The objectives of these experiments were to analyze the effects of oleic and linoleic acid when fed in the form of full-fat soybeans and the interaction between soybean particle size and fatty acid (FA) profile. Soybeans were included in diets on an iso-ether extract basis and diets were balanced for crude protein using soybean meal. Experiment 1 used 63 cows (28 primiparous, PP; 35 multiparous, MP) housed in a freestall barn with Insentec roughage intake control gates (Marknesse, the Netherlands). Cows were divided into 4 mixed parity groups within the same pen. Two groups were assigned to each of the 2 diets: whole raw Plenish (WP, high oleic; Dupont-Pioneer, Johnston, IA) soybeans or whole raw conventional (WC, high linoleic) soybeans. The MP cows exhibited significantly increased milk fat yield on the WP diet compared with the WC diet. A significantly greater C18 milk FA yield by the MP cows fed WP was observed compared with those fed WC, but no difference was present in the C16 or short-chain FA yield. No effects were seen in the PP cows. Experiment 2 used 20 cows (10 PP, 10 MP) in 2 balanced 5 × 5 Latin squares within parity. Cows received 5 diets: raw WP and WC diets, raw ground Plenish and conventional soybean diets (GP and GC, respectively), and a low fat control. A significant benefit was found for the GP diet compared with the GC diet for milk fat concentration and yield. In experiment 2, no difference was observed between cows fed the WP compared with the WC diet. In experiment 2, cows consuming the Plenish diets produced less milk than when consuming the conventional soybean diets. The soybean diets resulted in significantly more C18 and less <C18 FA compared with the low fat diet. The GP diet resulted in significantly more C18 FA than the GC diet and the ground soybeans resulted in less C16 FA compared with whole soybeans. In both experiments, cows fed the Plenish diets exhibited decreased trans-10 18:1, a FA often increased during milk fat depression, compared with those fed the conventional soybean diets, though differences were not observed in trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. These results indicate that feeding whole soybeans rich in oleic acid may result in some increased milk fat secretion compared with conventional whole soybeans containing high levels of linoleic acid. This advantage is clear for ground high-oleic soybeans compared with ground conventional soybeans.