硝酸银在聚酰亚胺薄膜表面化学镀铜中作用

硝酸银在化学镀的过程中常作为催化剂,实验研究发现,硝酸银在聚酰亚胺薄膜表面化学镀铜时,不仅起到催化剂的作用,还有增加聚酰亚胺薄膜和化学镀铜层结合力的作用。实验采用Na OH溶液对聚酰亚胺表面进行改性,利用不同浓度的硝酸银溶液进行活化,将吸附在聚酰亚胺薄膜表面Ag+还原,进行化学镀铜。使用红外光谱仪对聚酰亚胺的表面结构进行表征和分析,利用3M胶带粘贴法测试镀铜层与聚酰亚胺薄膜的结合力,利用X-射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜表征铜镀层结构及表面微观形貌。结果表明,当硝酸银在一定浓度范围内变化时,硝酸银浓度对化学镀铜层质量和化学镀铜沉积速度无明显影响,但对镀铜层与聚酰亚胺薄膜的结合力影响很大。     

聚酰亚胺/银复合薄膜的制备及表面微结构表征

聚酰亚胺(PI)是一种具有优异性能的聚合物材料,广泛应用于航空航天、微电子和通讯等高技术领域。近年来,对聚酰亚胺材料的研究正朝着高性能化、多功能化和低成本化方向发展。其中聚酰亚胺/银(PI/Ag)复合薄膜是近年来研究异常活跃的领域,表面银层的存在使复合薄膜获得优异的光学性能、电性能和磁性能。本文采用离子交换技术制备聚酰亚胺/银(PI/Ag)复合薄膜。首先,PI薄膜在氢氧化钾(KOH)溶液的作用下进行表面化学刻蚀,然后在硝酸银溶液(AgNO)的作用下进行离子交换,在3PI薄膜表面形成了含有Ag+的复合层。最后,附有Ag+的PI薄膜经过热处理后重新亚胺化使Ag+形成Ag。对复合薄膜分别进行了扫描电镜测试(SEM)、原子力显微镜测试(AFM)、X射线衍射(XRD)性能表征。SEM的测试结果表明复合薄膜表面银层的致密程度随着AgNO3处理时间和浓度的增加而增加,但是当AgNO3处理时间和浓度继续增加到一定程度时反而减少;AFM的测试结构表明随着Ag NO3处理时间的增加,薄膜表面银层平整度增加,对于AgNO3处理浓度而言,取0.04M左右为宜。XRD测试表明薄膜表面纳米Ag颗粒的结晶性能良好,均为面心立方结构。     

不同还原体系银油墨打印对聚酰亚胺基板化学镀铜制备印制电路板的影响

先在普通打印机上用活化导电银油墨将线路图打印在聚酰亚胺(PI)基板上,固化后再化学镀铜制得印制电路板(PCB)。研究了导电银油墨的还原剂对不同体系镀液化学镀铜层厚度、导电性、结合力和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,油墨的还原剂相同时,甲醛体系化学镀铜层的综合性能优于乙醛酸镀液。导电银油墨的最佳还原剂为丙酸,即油墨的最佳配方为:丙酸0.5 mol/L,Ag NO3 0.5 mol/L,10%(质量分数)OP乳化剂适量。采用0.5 mol/L丙酸油墨–甲醛镀液体系制得厚度为3.10μm的铜镀层,其抗氧化时间为44 s,电阻率为1.00×10-7?·m,与PI基板间的结合力良好,综合性能最佳。     

涤纶织物上激光诱导沉积银粒子活化种用于化学镀铜的研究

用激光辐射预先经聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)–AgNO_3胶体溶液处理的涤纶织物,在涤纶织物表面制备出银纳米粒子,再以银纳米粒子为活化点成功地催化织物进行化学镀铜。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对涤纶织物表面上银粒子的形态、结构和粒径分布进行了表征,探讨了PVP在激光诱导银粒子沉积过程中的保护作用。激光辐射能有效地将涤纶织物表面的Ag~+还原成金属Ag纳米粒子。在激光辐射过程中,PVP能保护银粒子并起到辅助还原作用。适宜的PVP与AgNO_3的质量比为2∶1。在银粒子的催化作用下,涤纶织物表面能够顺利进行化学镀铜而得到均匀分布的铜沉积层。     

紫外光固化化学镀铜活化浆料的制备及性能研究

为了在PI(聚酰亚胺)薄膜上制备一种含银的紫外光(UV)固化化学镀铜活化浆料,采用电化学方法测定了聚酯丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯不同质量比得到的活化浆料引发化学镀铜的混合电位–时间曲线,研究了硝酸银和导电炭黑含量对活化浆料的附着力、催化活性及铜镀层导电性的影响,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对活化浆料和铜镀层的表面形貌、结构以及Ag元素分布等进行了研究。以聚酯丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯按质量比为4∶6组成复合预聚体,导电炭黑和Ag NO3的用量分别为10%和7%制备活化浆料,将其涂覆在PI薄膜上,UV固化后化学镀铜10 min,所得镀铜层颗粒细小、致密,与基材的结合力达100%,方阻为0.046?/□。     

聚酰亚胺塑料表面激光诱导活化化学镀铜

以硫酸铜和次磷酸钠为主要成分配制活化液,并将其均匀涂在改性后的聚酰亚胺基体表面。通过激光诱导使基体活化,施镀后得到平整、致密的化学镀铜层。研究了不同改性工艺对激光诱导活化化学镀铜效果的影响。采用接触角测量仪分析了不同改性工艺条件下基体的亲水性,并通过扫描电镜观察改性前后和激光诱导活化前后基体的表面形貌。结果表明:飞秒激光刻蚀改性后的基体具有良好的亲水性,其表面形成的刻蚀孔洞为激光诱导活化后生成的铜微粒提供了吸附场所,施镀后得到结合力良好的化学镀铜层。     

载银阴离子PS微球制备及催化性能

以对苯乙烯磺酸钠为稳定剂,采用阴离子稳定分散聚合法一步制备了单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)微球。并以该微球为模板通过化学沉积和化学镀2种方法制备Ag/PS复合微球,研究了不同制备方法和银氨溶液浓度对复合微球形貌的影响。通过傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重分析和紫外-可见光谱对微球的组成、结构、形貌、热稳定性及催化性能等进行了表征。结果表明:相比化学沉积法,化学镀法可以明显减少银粒子异相成核,提高微球表面包覆率;复合微球表面形貌可以通过银氨溶液浓度来调节,随银氨溶液浓度提高,制备的Ag/PS复合微球载银量和热稳定性提高;当银氨溶液浓度为3×10-2mol/L时,得到的Ag/PS复合微球表面结构均一,载银质量分数约为33.1%,对硼氢化钠还原对硝基苯酚反应的催化活性最好。     

化学镀镍溶液中Al~(3+)、Ti~(4+)和Cr~(3+)杂质对镀层性能的影响

为了研究化学镀镍液中Al3+、Ti4+和Cr3+三种杂质元素对镀层性能的影响,分别在化学镀Ni-P合金的基础镀液中引入了不同含量的杂质,制备了化学镀镍层,并通过扫描电镜、弯折试验及中性盐雾试验分析测试了镀层表面形貌、结合力及耐蚀性。结果表明,化学镀镍溶液中Al3+、Ti4+和Cr3+三种杂质均使镀层结合力和耐蚀性下降。     

AZ 31镁合金锡化膜上化学镀Ni-P层性能的研究

将化学转化与化学镀镍相结合,对AZ 31镁合金先进行锡酸盐转化处理,再在锡化膜上化学镀Ni-P层。对锡化膜及化学镀Ni-P层的成分、结构和耐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:AZ 31镁合金基体表面所形成的锡化膜是由细小、均一的近似球状的微粒密积而成,微粒间存在的间隙可为后续化学镀Ni-P层提供良好的吸附条件,对改善镀层与基体间的结合力有一定的作用。在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中的阳极极化曲线表明:锡化膜上化学镀Ni-P层的耐点蚀性能好于化学镀Ni-P层的。环形阳极极化曲线及盐雾和浸泡实验显示:锡化膜上化学镀Ni-P层具有更好的耐中性NaCl点蚀性能。     

氯化胆碱溶液中铜置换银机理及动力学研究

以AgNO3为主盐,在氯化胆碱和水的化学镀银溶液中,通过循环伏安法、紫外分光光度法和原子吸收分光光度法对铜基化学镀银的镀银机理及银沉积动力学进行了研究.结果表明,在化学镀银过程中,Ag+被还原为Ag单质沉积于铜基体上,而铜基体则被氧化成Cu+存在于溶液中.通过对氯化胆碱浓度、银盐浓度和施镀温度等影响因素的考察和计算,推导出该溶液中置换法化学镀银的表观活化能及动力学沉积速率方程.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。