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1.
International comparisons suggest a relationship between prostate cancer incidence and dietary fat, an inference supported
by migration studies, the changing incidence rates and levels of animal fat consumption in Japan and the results from some
case-control studies. Overall, however, epidemiological studies have been inconclusive, and although prostate cancer is one
of the hormone-dependent tumors, evidence of interactions between dietary fats and male endocrine function is incomplete.
Laboratory experimentation has shown that n−6 fatty acids stimulate and n−3 fatty acids inhibit human prostate cancer cells
in culture; also, feeding diets rich in marine oils suppresses growth of these cells as solid tumors in athymic nude mice.
These growth effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to involve both prostaglandins and leukotrienes and to interconnect
with autocrine regulation by epidermal growth factor-related polypeptides.
Based on a paper presented at the Sympsoium on Lipids in Cancer held at the AOCS Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 1990. 相似文献
2.
Bertram I. Cohen Takahiro Mikami Nariman Ayyad Yasuko Mikami Erwin H. Mosbach 《Lipids》1995,30(4):299-305
The type of dietary fat strongly affects the incidence of gallstones in the hamster model of cholesterol cholelithiasis. The
present study was designed to determine whether dietary fats could affect gallstone formation by altering the microstructure
(vesicular/micellar ratio) of cholesterol in bile. Golden Syrian hamsters from Sasco (Omaha, NE) or Charles River (Wilmington,
MA) were fed nutritionally adequate semipurified diets to which were added: (i) 4.0% butterfat without added cholesterol;
(ii) 1.2% palmitic acid plus 0.3% cholesterol; or (iii) 4.0% safflower oil plus 0.3% cholesterol. Gallstone incidence and
the percentage of cholesterol in vesicles and micelles were determined after two- or six-week feeding periods. Three out of
ten Sasco hamsters fed the 1.2% palmitic acid diet for two weeks had cholesterol stones, while none of the eight Charles River
animals had stones. In the Sasco hamsters, a significant proportion of the biliary cholesterol was found in void volume vesicles
(28.8%) and small vesicles (17.1%); Charles River hamsters had negligible proportions (1.1%) of cholesterol in void volume
vesicles and 15.4% in small vesicles. Cholesterol gallstones were most abundant in Sasco hamsters fed 1.2% palmitic acid for
six weeks (nine out of ten animals); the mean cholesterol saturation index of the bile was 1.27. A significant proportion
of the biliary cholesterol was eluted in the void volume vesicles (21.4%) and in small vesicles (15.0%). Five of the eight
identically treated Charles River hamsters had cholesterol stones; the cholesterol saturation index averaged 1.36, and the
biliary cholesterol was present in void volume vesicles (31.3%) and small vesicles (14.3%). Vesicles were not detected in
the bile of hamsters fed cholesterol-free diets, and none of these animals developed cholesterol gallstones. Safflower oil
diets inhibited stone formation even though the cholesterol saturation index was above unity. After six weeks, biliary cholesterol
transported in void volume vesicles was highest for Sasco hamsters (13.3%) as compared to Charles River animals (6.9%), but
total cholesterol transported in void volume vesicles plus small vesicles was similar in both groups (33.5% vs. 26.2%), respectively.
These results suggest that in both strains of hamsters dietary fat influences gallstone formation by modulating the vesicular/micellar
distribution of biliary cholesterol. Apparently, the presence of cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles in bile is associated with
cholesterol gallstone formation. 相似文献
3.
This study examined the effect of castration and dietary hormonal supplementation on cholesterol cholelithiasis in male hamsters.
Animals fed a standard lithogenic diet developed cholesterol gallstones (17%) after 6 wk, while castrated hamsters did not
form any stones. Addition of a synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone, to the lithogenic diet induced cholelithiasis in castrated
animals (50%). The biles of normal and castrated-hormone supplemented hamsters had cholesterol saturation indices of 1.0 and
1.1, respectively, while the bile of the castrated animals remained unsaturated (0.6). The ratio of cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic
acid in bile increased after castration, but returned to normal levels following hormonal supplementation. Biliary cholesterol
carriers were separated by ultracentrifugation. Animals in the stone-forming groups (normal and castrated-hormone treated)
had a significant proportion of their biliary cholesterol in vesicles (44 and 46%, respectively); castrated hamsters had less
cholesterol in vesicle form (9%). The molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in vesicles was reduced after castration (0.93
vs. 0.42) and increased by hormonal supplementation (1.89). In conclusion, when compared to normal male hamsters fed a standard
lithogenic diet, castration reduced the cholesterol saturation of bile, lowered the vesicular/micellar ratio in bile, and
inhibited cholesterol cholelithiasis. Dietary androgen supplementation increased the lithogenicity of bile, resulting in stone
formation in castrated animals. 相似文献
4.
Human and pig milk triacylglycerols contain a large proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) which is predominately esterified in
the 2-position. Other dietary fats contain variable amounts of 16:0, with unsaturated fatty acids predominantly esterified
in the 2-position. These studies determined if the amount or position of 16:0 in dietary fat influences the composition or
distribution of liver, adipose tissue, lung, or plasma fatty acids in developing piglets. Piglets were fed to 18 d with sow
milk or formula with saturated fat from medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), coconut or palm oil, or synthesized triacylglycerols
(synthesized to specifically direct 16:0 to the 2-position) with, in total fatty acids, 30.7, 4.3, 6.5, 27.0, and 29.6% 16:0,
and in 2-position fatty acids, 55.3, 0.4, 1.3, 4.4, and 69.9% 16:0, respectively. The percentage of 16:0 in the 2-position
of adipose fat from piglets fed sow milk, palm oil, and synthesized triacylglycerols were similar and higher than in piglets
fed MCT or coconut oil. Thus, the amount, not the position, of dietary 16:0 determines piglet adipose tissue 16:0 content.
The effects of the diets on the plasma and liver triacylglycerols were similar, with significantly lower 16:0 in total and
2-position fatty acids of the MCT and coconut oil groups, and significantly higher 16:0 in the plasma and liver triacylglycerol
2-position of piglets fed the synthesized triacylglycerols rather than sow milk or palm oil. The lung phospholipid total and
2-position 16:0 was significantly lower in the MCT, coconut, and palm oil groups, but similar in the synthesized triacylglycerol
group and sow milk group. The lung phospholipid total and 2-position percentage of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was significantly
lower in all of the formula-fed piglets than in milk-fed piglets. The physiological significance of this is not known. 相似文献
5.
Dietary fat alters biliary lipid secretion in the hamster 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dietary fat has been found to alter the incidence of cholesterol gallstones in hamsters: butterfat intensifies while safflower
oil reduces lithiasis. We now report how dietary fat affects bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in this model. Male hamsters
were fed one of three experimental diets: a control diet (containing 0.3% cholesterol); control diet +4.0% butterfat; or control
diet +4.0% safflower oil. After three weeks, bile samples were collected via an external biliary fistula. The endogenous bile
acid pool was depleted for 120 min followed by increasing rates of taurocholate infusion for 160 min. Basal secretion of biliary
lipids was measured during the bile acid depletion period. Basal bile flow and bile acid output were not significantly different
in the three groups. Dietary butterfat increased basal cholesterol output compared to the control diet (0.037 vs. 0.025 μmol/min·kg,
respectively); safflower oil did not change cholesterol output (0.027 μmol/min·kg). Hamsters fed butterfat or safflower oil
secreted more phospholipid (0.171 and 0.178 μmol/min·kg, respectively) than controls (0.131 μmol/min·kg). The cholesterol/phospholipid
output ratio of the butterfat group was higher than the safflower oil group (0.220 vs. 0.153, respectively). Effects of dietary
fat on several relationships between bile flow and biliary lipid secretion were analyzed by linear regression using the data
for the entire bile collection period (bile acid depletion and taurocholate infusion). Butterfat and safflower oil did not
change either bile acid dependent or bile acid independent bile flow. Hamsters fed butterfat had a higher linkage coefficient
(slope) of cholesterol vs. bile acid output than the safflower oil group (0.023 vs. 0.009, respectively). The linkage coefficient
of phospholipid vs. bile acid output of the butterfat group was higher than the controls (0.278 vs. 0.185, respectively).
In summary, butterfat induced a high cholesterol and phospholipid secretion with a high cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio;
safflower oil induced a high phospholipid secretion with a low cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio. Butterfat and safflower
oil have different effects on biliary lipid secretion. These differences in biliary lipid secretion may explain, in part,
how butterfat and safflower oil differ in affecting gallstone formation in hamsters. 相似文献
6.
Nariman Ayyad Bertram I. Cohen Erwin H. Mosbach Shigeo Miki Takahiro Mikami Yasuko Mikami Richard J. Stenger 《Lipids》1993,28(11):981-986
In the present study, we examined the effect of the following factors on a hamster model of cholesterol cholelithiasis: (i)
the source of the golden Syrian hamsters (Sasco, Omaha, NE or Charles River, Wilmington, MA), (ii) the sex of the experimental
animals and (iii) their age (4 wkvs. 8 wk of age). All hamsters were fed a semipurified diet which contained cholesterol (0.3%) and palmitic acid (1.2%). No cholesterol
gallstones formed in any of the female hamsters regardless of age or source. The 4-week-old male hamsters from Sasco had the
greatest incidence of gallstones (93%). The 8-week-old male hamsters tended to have a lower incidence of cholesterol gallstones
than the younger ones, regardless of the commercial supplier (67vs. 93% for Sasco and 27vs. 40% for Charles River). Female hamsters has higher liver and serum cholesterol levels than the male hamsters; Charles River
hamsters had lower serum cholesterol concentrations than the Sasco animals. Total biliary lipid concentrations were highest
in Sasco male hamsters, but biliary cholesterol (mol%) was lower in the males than in the females (4.2–4.5%vs. 6.1–7.1%) regardless of age. The cholesterol saturation indices were higher in the Sasco females than the corresponding males;
these values were lower in the Sasco hamsters than the Charles River animals, regardless of age or sex. The male Sasco hamsters
had a higher total biliary bile acid concentration (98.9 mg/mL) than the Sasco females (58.9 mg/mL) and the Charles River
animals (24.6% mg/mL for males and 38.2 mg/mL for females). The percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid in bile was significantly
lower, and the percentage of cholic acid was higher in all females as compared to males. We conclude that there is a sex,
age and “strain” difference in cholesterol cholelithiasis in hamsters; it is important to consider these factors when working
with the hamster model of gallstone disease. All female hamsters were markedly resistant to the induction of cholesterol gallstone
disease. 相似文献
7.
Sheila M. Innis Roger Dyer Louis Wadsworth Paul Quinlan Deborah Diersen-Schade 《Lipids》1993,28(7):645-650
Platelet lipid composition is important to normal platelet morphology and function, and is influenced by dietary fatty acids
and cholesterol. The fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of infant formulas differs from those of human milk, but
the possible effects on platelet lipids in young infants is not known. This was studied in piglets fed from birth to 18 d
of age with one of eight formulas differing in saturated fatty acid chain length, or content of 18∶1, 20∶5n−3 plus 22∶6n−3,
or cholesterol. A reference group of piglets fed sow milk was also studied. Sow milk has a fatty acid composition and cholesterol
content similar to that of human milk. Piglets fed formulas high in 18∶1 (34.9–40.8% wt fatty acids) and low in 16.0 (≤6.5%
wt fatty acids) had lower platelet counts and greater platelet size than piglets fed sow milk (40.4% 18∶1, 30.7% 16∶0). Piglets
fed formulas high in 16∶0 (27–29.6%) and 18∶1 (40–40.6%), or low in both 16∶0 (5.9–6.1%) and 18∶1 (10.8–11.2%), had similar
platelet counts and size to piglets fed sow milk. Platelet phospholipid % 20∶4n−6 was lower in all the groups of piglets fed
formula than in the group fed sow milk. Addition of fish oil with 20∶5n−3 plus 22∶6n−3 to the formula further decreased platelet
phospholipid 20∶4n−6. Addition of cholesterol to the formula increased the platelet phospholipid % 20∶4n−6 and platelet volume. 相似文献
8.
M. A. Sullivan-Gorman J. M. Anderson N. M. DiMarco J. Johnson I. Chen J. Ashby G. U. Liepa 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1987,64(8):1196-1199
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary cottonseed protein and casein on plasma and biliary lipids,
plasma amino acids and gallstones in hamsters. Thirty-four male hamsters (60 ± 5 g) were fed either the lithogenic “Dam Diet”
(containing 20% casein, 74.3% sucrose and 5.7% vitamin-mineral mix) or a similar diet that contained 20% cottonseed protein
for 30 days. Both diets contained protein as a protein isolate. The concentration of alpha-aminobutyric acid was significantly
elevated in the casein-fed group. Significant differences in the total plasma cholesterol or lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations
were not observed between the two dietary groups.
A significant elevation in the absolute concentration of biliary cholesterol was observed in the casein-fed hamsters. Cottonseed
protein-fed animals exhibited a significantly elevated concentration of bile acids. The ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic:glycocholic
acid was significantly higher in the cotton-seed protein-fed group. This study reports that an elevated concentration of biliary
cholesterol with a concomitant decrease in bile acid concentration yields a condition favorable to gallstone formation. It
is proposed that cottonseed protein may have a specific effect on the bile acid pool by increasing the ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic
acid:glycocholic acid which, in turn, prevents formation of cholesterol gallstones. 相似文献
9.
Odilia I Bermudez Claire Toher Gabriela Montenegro-Bethancourt Marieke Vossenaar Paul Mathias Colleen Doak Noel W Solomons 《Nutrition journal》2010,9(1):20
Background
Consumption of healthy diets that contribute with adequate amounts of fat and fatty acids is needed for children. Among Guatemalan children, there is little information about fat intakes. Therefore, the present study sought to assess intakes of dietary fats and examine food sources of those fats in Guatemalan children. 相似文献10.
Arne Nordøy 《Lipids》1999,34(1):S19-S22
The effects of dietary fats have been established in epidemiological and intervention studies and through relationship to risk factors for development of coronary heart disease (CHD). During a period where the impressive effects of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors on the mortality of CHD dominate the medical journals, it is important to realize the major effects of dietary fatty acids on a series of events included in the multifactorial disorder of CHD. 相似文献
11.
M. Keelan K. Doring M. Tavernini E. Wierzbicki M. T. Clandinin A. B. R. Thomson 《Lipids》1994,29(12):851-858
Diabetes-associated changes in intestinal uptake of nutrients are modified by isocaloric variations in the type of dietary
lipids, and are associated with alterations in the phospholipid and fatty acyl content of the intestinal brush border membrane.
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that diet- and diabetes-associated changes in enterocyte microsomal
membrane phospholipids are due to variations in the activity of two phospholipid metabolizing enzymes, 1,2-diacylglycerol:
CDP choline cholinephosphotransferase (CPT) and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT). Adult female Wistar rats
were fed one of four semisynthetic diets—beef tallow low in cholesterol (BT), beef tallow high in cholesterol (BTC), fish
oil low in cholesterol (FO) or fish oil high in cholesterol. In half of the animals, diabetes mellitus was produced by injection
of streptozotocin. Jejunal and ileal enterocyte microsomes (EMM) were isolated and analyzed for cholesterol and phospholipids,
as well as for CPT and PEMT activities. In control animals, feeding FO reduced EMM total phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine
(PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol. Feeding FO resulted in a greater than 95% reduction in the activity
of CPT. Diabetes was associated with increased jejunal EMM total phospholipids including sphingomyelin (SM) and PE, without
associated changes in CPT or PEMT. Dietary cholesterol supplementation did not effect EMM total cholesterol or phospholipid
composition in control rats fed BT or FO, but was associated with an increase in EMM cholesterol in diabetic rats fed BT or
FO. A decrease in total phospho-lipids due to a decline in SM, PC and PE in diabetic rats fed FO was not associated with changes
in the activities of CPT or PEMT in EMM. Thus (i) enterocyte microsomal membrane cholesterol and phospholipid contents are
influenced by diabetes, dietary cholesterol and the type of fatty acid in the diet, and (ii) changes in phospholipid composition
are not fully explained by alterations in the activities of CPT and PEMT. 相似文献
12.
K. K. Carroll 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(6):516-528
Some characteristics of the fatty acid composition of animal tissue lipids are described and the origins of tissue fatty acids
are discussed briefly. The effect of dietary fat on composition of tissue lipids is discussed. Types of dietary fatty acids
for which experimental work is described include polyunsaturated fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, fatty acids with chain
length greater than C18,trans unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, acetylenic fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids and
oxygenated fatty acids. The individuality of fatty acids is discussed in relation to their roles as components of tissue lipids. 相似文献
13.
The component fatty acids of the fat elaborated byAspergillus terreus Thom, which was found to be a promising mold for the production of fat, have been studied. The fat has, based on gas liquid
chromatographic evidence, 0.1% lauric, 1.9% myristic, 23.4% palmitic, 0.1% palmitoleic, 0.3% stearic, 14.1% oleic, 39.4% linoleic
and 20.7% linolenic acids. The presence of large proportions of linoleic and linolenic acids suggests technological interest
for the fat. 相似文献
14.
David R. Newkirk Alan J. Sheppard Willard D. Hubbard 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1978,55(7):548A-549A
Nine brands of mayonnaise and five brands of imitation mayonnaise were purchased from supermarkets in the Washington, DC,
area. The samples were analyzed for total fat, fatty acids, sterols, and moisture. Little variation in total fat and saturated
fatty acid values was observed among the brands of mayonnaise. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of mayonnaise ranged
from 28.0 to 47.9 g/100 g product. The cholesterol levels were divided between two ranges, 50-55 and 75-79 mg/100 g product.
In contrast, there was wide variation in the lipid composition of the different brands of imitation mayonnaise. The total
fat values for these products varied from 14.3 to 50.4 g/100 g product. The cholesterol content varied between 0 and 72 mg/100
g product; the latter figure equals the cholesterol content of many of the mayonnaise samples. 相似文献
15.
Madan G. Sood Jagjit Singh 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1985,35(1):11-13
Cladosporium herbarum grown as a surface culture in a chemically defined medium of sucrose and inorganic salts gave a high yield of fat (29.2%). The component acids of this fat have been found to be palmitic (34.2%); oleic (15.9%); linoleic (34.2%) and linolenic (15.7%). The combined proportion of linoleic and linolenic acids being about 50 per cent, the fat will be of great value for the manufacture of oil-modified resins as the films produced by such resins do not become yellow with age. 相似文献
16.
R. M. Kyte 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1956,33(4):146-149
Summary and Conclusions 1. The constituent fatty acids determined by the Hilditch method in the fat from the sample of pink salmon eggs are reported.
Forty-five per cent of the fatty acids were 20 and 22 carbon atoms long, with an average unsaturation of 7.3 hydrogen atoms
for the C20 acids and 11.8 hydrogen atoms for the C22 acids.
2. The Hammond and Lundberg correlation of refractive index, carbon chain length, and unsaturation was used to measure the
alteration that occurred in the fatty acid esters of salmon egg fat during the vacuum distillation step of the Hilditch method
of analysis. The alteration by heat of the unsaturate fraction in the vacuum distillation was significant even in the first
overhead subfractions. Analysis by the Hilditch method resulted in low values for unsaturation and chain length of the constituent
fatty acids in the unsaturated fat.
The Fishery Products Laboratory is operated jointly by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Fisheries Experimental
Commission. 相似文献
17.
Bertram I. Cohen Takahiro Mikami Nariman Ayyad Akira Ohshima R. Infante Erwin H. Mosbach 《Lipids》1995,30(9):855-861
The effects of β-muricholic acid and hyocholic acid on cholesterol cholelithiasis were examined in two animal models. The
following experiments were carried out: A) In a gallstone prevention study, prairie dogs were fed the lithogenic diet with
or without 0.1% β-muricholic or 0.1% hyocholic acid for eight weeks. B) In a second prevention study, hamsters were fed the
lithogenic diet with or without 0.1% β-muricholic acid or 0.1% hyocholic acid for six weeks. C) In a gallstone dissolution
study, hamsters were fed the lithogenic diet for six weeks to induce stones; stone dissolution was examined during administration
of a cholesterol-free purified diet with or without 0.1% β-muricholic acid or 0.1% hyocholic acid. In the prevention study
in prairie dogs (A), both bile acids failed to prevent stone formation, the cholesterol saturation index of bile was 0.89
in the lithogenic controls, remained unchanged with hyocholic acid and increased to 1.52 in the β-muricholic acid group. In
the prevention study in hamsters (B), β-muricholic acid completely inhibited the cholesterol cholelithiasis (0% stone incidence);
the cholesterol saturation index of bile was 1.78 (compared to lithogenic controls, 1.37). Hyocholic acid reduced stone incidence
to 16% with a cholesterol saturation index of 0.98. In the dissolution study in hamsters (C), preexisting cholesterol gallstones
were not dissolved by either hydrophilic bile acid after feeding these bile acids for an additional six weeks; at the end
of the experiment, the cholesterol saturation indices were below unity. These studies suggest that, in the hamster animal
model, hydrophilic bile acids may be useful for the prevention of gallstones but not dissolution of preestablished cholesterol
gallstones. 相似文献
18.
Male and female rats were fed diets containing 2% of calories as corn oil or that plus 40% of calories as beef tallow or corn
oil. After 3, 6, 12 and 18 months groups were given 4-14C-cholesterol ip, and feces were collected for 9 days. Just prior to necropsy3H-acetate was administered ip. Samples of serum, liver, heart and carcass were obtained for analysis. Concentrations of fatty
acids and cholesterol, synthesis of those and recovery of ring-labeled steroid are reported. Mortality from acute respiratory
disease was very high in male rats fed beef tallow or low fat diets and very low in those fed the corn oil diet. In females,
only beef tallow diet resulted in a high mortality rate, and this was lower and at a later age than in males. The most notable
effects of age were in relation to fatty acid synthesis and presence of14C-acidic steroid in the carcass. In 3-month-old rats both fats depressed fatty acid synthesis in comparison to the low fat
diet. At later ages beef fat ceased to depress fatty acid synthesis in both sexes. Corn oil continued to depress fatty acid
synthesis up to 12 months in males and 18 months in females. The presence of14C-acidic steroid in carcass was substantial in 6-month-old rats and constituted ca. 40% of recovered14C in 18-month-old rats. The possibility that the increase in acetate incorporation into fatty acids with age in fat feeding
is related to chain elongation rather than de novo synthesis is discussed. Both the presence and amount of acidic steroid
in the carcass are notable and may be of importance in constructing models of cholesterol turnover.
Presented in part at the AOCS Sterol Symposium, April 1970, and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology,
April 1971.
Scientific Series Paper No. 1536, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
19.
Weanling rats were fed fat free diets supplemented with 10% added fatty acids so that dietary effects on bone marrow fatty acids could be determined. The addition or deletion of linoleic acid from the fatty acid supplement resulted in alterations of the fatty acid patterns of bone marrow lipids but to a lesser degree than in erythrocyte lipids. With myristic acid supplementation, increased amounts of stearic acid were found in the lipid fractions, the difference between the bone marrow and erythrocyte lipids being less marked than when linoleic acid was fed. The activities of the bone marrow lipases varied with the dietary treatment. When linoleic acid was fed, higher rates of hydrolysis were observed with saturated fatty acid substrates. The reverse occurred when saturated fatty acids were fed. 相似文献
20.
In this study, the relationships between dietary fat [as measured by serum cholesterol ester fatty acids (CE-FA)], age, smoking,
body mass index, and serum lipids were analyzed in 151 subsistence horticulturalists, aged 20–86 yr, from Kitava, Trobriand
Islands, Papua New Guinea. Their diet consists of tubers, fruit, coconut, fish, and vegetables with a negligible influence
of western food and alcohol. Total fat intake is low [21% of energy (en%)], while saturated fat intake from coconuts is high
(17 en%, mainly lauric and myristic acid). In multivariate analysis, 11–43% of the variation of the serum lipoprotein composition
was explained by CE-FA, age, and smoking habits. The proportion of CE20∶5n-3 explained much of the variation of triglycerides
(TG, negative relation) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, positive) in both sexes and serum apolipoprotein
A1 (ApoA1, positive) in the males. CE16∶0 was positively related to TG and negatively related to HDL-C and ApoA1 in both sexes,
and in males it related negatively to total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDI-C). In males, negative
relationships were present between CE18∶2n-6 and TC and between CE14∶0 and serum lipoprotein(a). Smoking was independently
associated with lower ApoA1 in both sexes and with lower HDL-C and higher TG, TC, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B in males. In
conclusion, marine n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid showed the same potentially beneficial relationships with lipoproteins
and apolipoproteins as in western populations. The relations of palmitic acid to serum lipids may be explained in terms of
endogenous fat synthesis at a low-fat intake, rather than reflecting its relative intake. 相似文献