气固两相流饲料输送管道结构优化研究

目的 针对饲料输送管道气固两相流对弯管壁面冲蚀磨损严重的问题,提出一种在弯管外侧加设辅助气流的新型结构.方法 运用计算流体力学方法,采用离散相模型(Discrete Phase Model,DPM)研究普通和新型弯管的冲蚀磨损情况,模型的有效性通过普通弯管压降梯度实验加以验证.通过分析两种弯管的流场分布情况,进一步研究空气进口速度、颗粒质量流量和颗粒粒径等因素对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响.结果 随着空气进口速度的增加,弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率先减小、后增大,但新型弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了7.1％～8.5％,且当空气进口速度为35 m/s时,平均冲蚀磨损速率最小.当颗粒质量流量增加时,弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率基本呈线性增长,但新型弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率的增长速率略小于普通弯管,且平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了8.2％～9.7％.当颗粒粒径增加时,弯管的平均冲蚀磨损速率先急剧增大、后平缓变化,但新型弯管平均冲蚀磨损速率降低了8.2％～17％.结论 通过研究发现,弯管外侧均存在冲蚀磨损,但新型结构均能有效减小弯管的冲蚀磨损.颗粒质量流量对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响最大,且颗粒质量流量越大,平均冲蚀磨损速率越大.颗粒粒径对降低弯管冲蚀磨损的效果最好,且颗粒粒径越小,效果越佳.     

大口径热煨弯管三层PE防腐涂层技术研究

弯管三层PE防腐涂层的成型技术是采用预制冷复合带,经专用缠绕机缠绕在加热的弯管表面,并通过管本体的热传导,熔融中间粘接剂带和聚乙烯胶带,包裹在弯管基体表面,与已经喷涂成型的环氧粉末形成弯管三层PE防腐涂层.此技术解决了弯管三层PE防腐涂层的世界性难题.     

非平面弯管成形过程的回弹补偿研究

回弹是管材弯曲卸载后必然发生的现象,严重影响弯管生产的精度和效率.通过等曲率弯曲试验研究,建立了弯管回弹前后半径之间的数学关系式,对离散成若干段圆弧的弯管回弹分别给与补偿,通过针对离散圆弧的拼接方法即可将整个弯管补偿后的形状确定,并由弯管补偿后的形状确定加工弯管的模具型面,为准确加工空间弯管提供一种新方法.根据此方法制造的模具所加工出的弯管与检验模具型面进行对比,验证出此方法可有效的并较准确地加工出非平面弯管.     

基于试验的CO2输送弯管电化学腐蚀模拟

在CO2饱和水溶液中对X70、X80和X90管线钢进行电化学试验.使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立三电极体系的简化模型,基于试验数据验证了模拟方法的适用性.最后建立X80管线钢弯管的几何模型,对其进行电化学腐蚀模拟,分析弯管表面电位和腐蚀电流密度分布,及弯管不同部位的电流密度.结果表明:弯管表面电位分...     

控轧钢钢管热煨弯管的应用与发展趋势

油气长输管道用弯管一直依赖进口UOE钢管来煨制,如果使用螺旋缝焊管热煨弯管,可以提高我国弯管制造技术和水平,同时可节约大量的外汇,降低管道建设的成本.通过国内外热煨弯管的应用和研究情况对比分析,认为采用螺旋缝焊管热煨弯管是可行的.     

16Mn钢油气集输管线弯管失效分析

用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析方法对油气井集输用16Mn钢弯管失效件的显微组织、宏观形貌和产物组成进行了分析.结果表明,输送介质中的CO2腐蚀引起弯管内壁变形处出现腐蚀坑,并在输送压力和油、气、固多相流的冲刷作用下使弯管顶端内表面产生应力腐蚀,从而导致弯管发生破裂.     

20钢无缝感应加热弯管研究

对φ325 mn × 8 mm的20钢无缝钢管分别进行860、940℃的感应淬火和940℃感应淬火+900℃正火,并对不同工艺加工的弯管进行性能研究.结果显示,随感应淬火温度的升高,弯管的强度、硬度升高,韧性降低,淬火态弯管整体性能不均匀.经正火处理的弯管,与淬火态的相比,强度和硬度降低,韧性升高,弯管整体性能趋于一致,其组织和力学性能与20钢管接近.     

高产天然气井放喷管汇弯管冲蚀磨损特性研究

目的 研究高产天然气井气固两相流对放喷管汇的冲蚀机理及规律.方法 利用CFD软件对放喷管汇冲蚀进行研究,使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程求其气相的运动状态,并用离散相模型(DPM)计算出颗粒运动轨迹.然后使用Oka冲蚀磨损模型开展弯管角度、弯管位置、放喷量等5种因素与壁面冲蚀规律研究,最后使用最大冲蚀速率、壁面质量损失以及管汇刺漏时间等3种指标评价管汇的冲蚀特性.结果 在控制单因素变量的前提下,随着含砂率从1％增长到5％时,弯管最大冲蚀速率增加了约4倍;随着放喷量从3.0×105 m3/d增加到5.1×106 m3/d时,最大值出现在1.0×106 m3/d附近,弯管最大冲蚀速率相比3.0×105 m3/d增加了3.7倍;当弯管角度从90°增加到165°时,最大冲蚀速率下降了85％,但120°弯管最大冲蚀速率最大;随着弯管距出口距离从5 m增加到30 m时,最大冲蚀速率下降了86％;当颗粒形状系数从0.67增加到1时,最大冲蚀速率增大了5倍.结论 含砂率与最大冲蚀速率相关度最大,弯管位置与最大冲蚀速率的相关度最小.最大冲蚀速率随含砂率、颗粒形状系数的增加而增大,随弯管角度和距出口直管段长度的增加而减小,但120°弯管冲蚀最严重.随放喷量的增加,弯管最大冲蚀速率呈现出先增大、后减小、最后趋于平稳的规律.     

基于廓形识别的弯管内表面精密磨削试验研究

目的 解决弯管内表面磁粒研磨工艺中手动采点所产生的随机误差大、研磨间隙无法保证以及位姿不准确等问题.方法 结合工业机器人与工业相机,设计并实现了弯管廓形中线的快速获取及研磨位姿计算的工艺方法.首先,分析了弯管内表面磁粒研磨工艺的基本原理,根据研磨过程中单颗磨粒的受力状态以及对研磨区域的磁场模拟,得出影响研磨压力的主要工艺参数;其次,利用工业相机获取弯管图像,通过图像处理算法,得到弯管的廓形中线;最后,将中线上的坐标点进行坐标转换、拟合、离散,并结合磁粒研磨工艺特点,计算出研磨过程中机器人的运动位姿,同时与手动采点法的试验结果进行对比分析,以检验该方法的可行性.结果 廓形识别法提取出的研磨轨迹较为平滑,用时少,能够保持稳定的研磨间隙且更贴近实际弯管中线.在相同试验条件下,对具有180°转角的铜弯管进行研磨,经廓形识别方法研磨60 min后,表面粗糙度Ra由原始的0.854μm降至0.236μm,达到最佳.表面划痕细致且均匀,无过磨、深度划痕等缺陷,平均研磨速率比手动采点法提高了约35.8％,粗糙度的下降率提高了约3.8％.结论 在弯管内表面磁粒研磨过程中,廓形识别法能快速准确地获取弯管廓形中线并计算机器人研磨位姿,在保持正确研磨位姿的同时,能够维持稳定的研磨间隙,可有效提高弯管内表面磁粒研磨效率及表面质量.     

S形薄壁铸钢管的工艺与实践

今年年初,我们生产了一批大口经,薄壁铸钢弯管。其中,S形薄壁铸钢弯管,难度较大。通过对S弯管工艺操作及缺陷防治的综合分析和生产实践,总结出以下几点工艺经验。1.S弯管的结构特点及工艺性分析S弯管(如图1所示)     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。