废水厌氧处理沼气发电CDM项目开发的可行性研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的开发,既有利于发达国家温室气体减排任务的实现,又有利于发展中国家的技术进步.文章结合梅河口市海山纸业有限责任公司废水厌氧处理沼气发电工程,对废水厌氧处理沼气工程回收利用CDM项目的可行性进行了分析研究和效益评价.结果表明,年发电量9873.6 MWh的沼气发电工程项目,可实现年减排温室气体49817 t CO2当量;如果该项目成功注册为CDM项目,按照目前CER的最低购买价格10欧元/t计算,每年可获得CER收入498170欧元,在项目20a运行期内累计可获得CER收入资金996.34万欧元.不仅能大大减少甲烷的排放量,也减排了因替代其它能源产生电能而带来的温室气体,同时企业获得了能够用于可持续发展的资金收益.     

农村沼气工程温室气体减排分析

分析了沼气工程的温室气体减排效果,以及出售这些减排权可以带来的额外经济效益,并对沼气工程清洁发展机制、项目开发需要解决的问题进行了探讨,为农村沼气工程的开发提供了新路。     

沼气技术的减排效果与CDM项目合格性探讨

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》确定的三个灵活履约机制之一，如何充分了解和有效利用该机制促进我国可持续发展是一个需要深入研究的问题。介绍了大中型沼气工程与农村户用沼气池对温室气体减排的效果，对两者作为CDM项目的合格性问题进行了分析，重点探讨了其额外性问题，最后对CDM项目可能带来的经济效益、先进技术转移机遇进行了展望，并给出了一些建议。     

CDM促进江西省养猪业沼气利用及减排潜力研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)给江西省养猪业沼气利用带来新的契机.阐述了江西省养猪业沼气利用现状以及甲烷回收利用CDM项目发展状况,对江西省养猪业大中型沼气工程和户用沼气池的减排温室气体的潜力作了定量的分析,研究结果显示:江西省养猪业产沼气潜力约3.65亿m3/a,可减少温室气体排放108万t CO2当量.     

以多种方法学分析猪场CDM沼气工程项目

在小型CDM项目的开发过程中,有时单一小项目方法学不能满足整个项目开发过程的需求,因此需要多种方法学的综合应用.文章以采用升流式厌氧同体反应器(USR)工艺,利用沼气供热和发电的某猪场沼气工程为例,对照小型CDM项目方法学AMS.I.C,AMS.I.D,AMS.III.D的适用条件,发现其中任何单一方法学均无法独立适用.为解决这类问题,同时采用了3种方法学对案例项目进行分析,为今后此类项目的实施提供范例.     

清洁发展机制(CDM)给江西结构调整带来新机遇

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》三个温室气体减排机制之一,目前全球所开发的CDM项目大部分与能源直接有关,因此CDM项目在很大程度上能够促进项目开发国的能源可持续利用.文章分析了当前全球CDM项目发展态势,以及中国CDM开发情况,结合江西省能源现状和发展目标,探讨了CDM在江西省能源结构调整所起的作用,提出江西省对积极开发CDM项目应采取的相应对策.     

规模奶牛场粪污处理系统CDM项目开发案例分析

通过具体的案例.对规模奶牛场粪污处理系统实施CDM项目的额外性论证和减排量估算进行了详细的分析.结果表明:项目具有很好的额外性,在北方地区存栏6 000头左右的规模奶牛场,粪污处理系统实施CDM项目后可实现年减排约1万tCO2当量;通过出售这些减排量可以带给项目额外的经济收益,对项目内部经济性有很大改善.如不计减排收入,项目的收益率为7.7%,计人后,收益率提高到12.0%;通过实施CDM项目可以对我国规模奶牛场沼气工程的发展起到良好的促进作用.     

我国CDM项目的现状与思考

本文回顾了截止到2006年12月中国CDM项目合作在全球碳市场的现状,对比分析了中国、印度、巴西、墨西哥的CDM项目开展情况。分析表明:我国目前已注册成功的CDM项目产生CERs的93.86%来自非二氧化碳、非甲烷气体减排项目,而来自提高能源效率、发展新能源和可再生能源及回收利用甲烷和煤层气项目的CERs仅占6.14%。实施非二氧化碳、非甲烷气体减排项目只能带来减排量上的收益,很难带来先进的技术,对促进本国的经济、社会、环境实现可持续发展的作用不明显,所以我国未来CDM项目合作还需政策的进一步引导,以提高CDM项目对促进可持续发展的作用。本文最后提出了进一步开发我国CDM项目合作的一些建议。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)的发展与思考

文中简要介绍了清洁生产发展机制(CDM)、CDM项目立项流程、CDM项目国内外发展现状及中国CDM项目的实施情况,并根据CDM项目实施现状,提出了对开发CDM项目的思考和关于组织CDM项目的建议.     

中国CDM项目提交注册阶段的常见审查问题分析与对策

随着我国清洁发展机制(CDM)项目活动的活跃,加之联合国CDM执行理事会(EB)对CDM项目的要求越来越严格,我国越来越多的CDM项目在提交注册阶段被要求审查。本文对我国CDM项目中在EB38次会议后被要求审查的基准收益率、投资分析、敏感性分析、普遍性分析、考虑CDM证据和废能回收利用项目的基准线情景选取等问题进行总结和分析,并探讨回答审查问题的相应对策及建议,为相关机构和项目业主回答EB的审查问题和以后更好地编写项目设计文件(PDD)提供帮助,以促进我国CDM项目开发进程。     

Can the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver?

The paper investigates whether the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol has played a significant role in the development of rural communities, specifically investigating uptake of small-scale renewable energy projects. The investigation involved an assessment of 500 registered small-scale CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol in terms of their potential impact on the envisaged sustainable development goals for rural communities. Five case studies from the Indian subcontinent were also examined.     

Potential and bottlenecks of the carbon market: The case of a developing country,Nepal

The majority of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects are confined to a few countries. For many developing nations, entry into the carbon market, either through CDM or others, has been difficult. Thus, rationalizing CDM projects and the carbon market as a tool for sustainable development is often questioned. Many developing countries, such as Nepal, lack a quantification of CO₂ reduction potential and an assessment of bottlenecks necessary for the carbon market. In this context, this paper assesses the potential emission reductions from major sectors of Nepal and the accompanying bottlenecks of the carbon market. The analyses provide indications of the type and scale of the carbon mitigation opportunities in key sectors such as waste management, biogas utilization, promotion of electric vehicles, rice cultivation, bio-energy utilization, brick making, hydropower development and a few others. These might be helpful to decision-makers in Nepal as well as to the process of re-orienting CDM and other carbon markets to better understand the bottlenecks of developing countries.     

Rent extraction with a type-by-type scheme: An instrument to incorporate sustainable development into the CDM

Although the CDM is supposed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development, sustainable development is not incorporated into the market aspect of the CDM. By participating in the CDM, developing countries may end up losing all cheap emissions reduction possibilities, while obtaining little sustainability benefits. This paper proposes rent extraction with a type-by-type scheme as an instrument to incorporate sustainable development into the CDM. The rent extraction with a type-by-type scheme makes it possible for the CDM host country government to discourage the low-cost projects that have little sustainability benefits, and to extract more rent from the projects that are developed. The main challenge of implementing this instrument is the uncertainty of the opportunity cost, but the host country government can adjust the scheme for the uncertainty to achieve its goal. Therefore, the type-by-type scheme will better assist the host country in achieving sustainable development than a single-rate scheme.     

Explaining the differential distribution of Clean Development Mechanism projects across host countries

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol represents an opportunity to involve all developing countries in the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while also promoting sustainable development. To date, however, the majority of CDM projects have gone to emerging markets such as China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, while very few least developed countries have hosted projects. This paper investigates the differential distribution of CDM activities across countries. We develop a conceptual model for project profitability, which helps to identify potential country-level determinants of CDM activity. These potential determinants are employed as explanatory variables in regression analysis to explain the actual distribution of projects. Human capital and greenhouse gas emission levels influenced which countries have hosted projects and the amount of certified emission reductions (CER) created. Countries that offered growing markets for CDM co-products, such as electricity, were more likely to be CDM hosts, while economies with higher carbon intensity levels had greater CER production. These findings work against the least developed countries and help to explain their lack of CDM activity.     

中国水泥行业CDM项目发展现状及对策

本文介绍了清洁发展机制（CDM）的背景和其合格性要求,以及中国水泥行业的CDM项目发展现状。分析了水泥行业CDM项目中存在的一些问题;并就水泥行业开展CDM项目的重点领域进行了阐述。     

发电企业开发CDM项目的意义和潜力分析

《京都议定书》生效以后,CDM市场非常活跃。我国拥有非常大的CDM供给潜力,但由于CDM在我国开展时间不长,很多企业对CDM还不十分了解。本文分析了发电企业参与CDM活动的意义,并根据CDM开发规则对可成为CDM的项目潜力进行了分析,并提出有关开发建议。     

Small hydro power projects under clean development mechanism in India: A preliminary assessment

The clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol provides Annex-I countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in non-Annex-I countries to achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Small hydro power (SHP) projects could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development, if developed correctly. An attempt has been made to estimate the CDM potential of SHP projects in India. The preliminary estimates indicate that, there is a vast theoretical potential of CO₂ mitigation by the use of SHP projects in India. On the basis of available literature, the gross potential of SHP projects is more than 15 GW. The annual CER potential of technically feasible SHP projects in India could theoretically reach 24 million tons. Under more realistic assumptions about diffusion of SHP projects based on past experiences with the government-run programmes, annual CER volumes by 2012 could reach 7–20 and 13–24 million by 2020. CDM could help to achieve the maximum utilization potential of SHP projects more rapidly as compared with the current diffusion trend if supportive policies are introduced.     

A review of the biogas industry in China

This article presents an overview of the development and future perspectives of the Chinese biogas industry. The development of the industry has the potential to improve the rural environment and produce significant amounts of sustainable energy for China. Barriers to the development are the relatively weak environmental policies, imperfect financial policies and lack of long-term follow-up services. The rapid economic development of China has also seen a development in the scales of biogas plants constructed. Although the technology has been improved, this review has identified problems in the construction and operation of Chinese biogas plants, particularly in the efficiency of household systems. All levels of China's government acknowledge this and recent biogas projects have more focus on quality and less on the quantity. The intention is to gradually introduce stricter environmental policies, to provide better service systems, improve the financial policies that support the construction and follow-up service of biogas projects, promote the use of standardized engineering equipment and materials and standards for plant construction and production. This will promote the development of biogas projects at various scales further, and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases.     

Household biogas development in rural China: On policy support and other macro sustainable conditions

As a fuel, rural biogas is a promising renewable energy source. Policy support is a key initial impetus for industry development. This study explores household biogas development in rural China based on policy support found in literature. Relevant policies, which mainly include directive and guiding policies, economic inspiring policies, research policies, market policies, and other constructive policies, are gradually issued. Moreover, the National People's Congress has enacted five relevant laws, including the Agricultural Law, Renewable Energy Law, Animal Husbandry Law, Energy Conservation Law, and the Act on the Development of Circular Economy. The Energy Law is currently under revision. Relational rules and regulations have also been formed in response to the national policies and laws, which have already produced significant effects. The development of rural household biogas in China is growing steadily, and the technology standard projects have been established. The number of household biogas digesters and biogas annual output in 2010 was double of that in 2005. The offered financial incentive increased from 47 million dollars in 2002 to 760 million dollars in 2011. Policy supports play an important role in rural biogas development. And thus, additional national policy supports are necessary in the fields of scientific research, technological development, and biogas use model.