晶体类型对无铅BGA焊点疲劳断裂失效影响的研究

借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,使用子模型分析技术对单晶结构和多晶结构两种不同晶体类型的无铅BGA焊点做了应力应变计算,并结合通过扫描电镜(SEM)获取的断裂焊点截面照片,对比分析了不同晶体类型对BGA焊点疲劳断裂失效的影响。得出结论:焊点晶体类型也是影响无铅BGA焊点疲劳断裂失效的重要因素。     

ESPI在板级BGA封装器件焊球失效检测中的应用

球栅阵列封装(BGA)综合性能好,广泛应用于表面贴装.采用电子散斑干涉(ESPI)离面位移光路,在简单机械加栽情况下,对板级组装BGA器件的离面位移进行测量,比较了完好BGA、焊球分层BGA与焊球脱落BGA器件的测量结果.发现焊球有缺陷样品的条纹形状与完好样品相比有明显的差别,ESPI条纹在失效焊点附近发生突变.通过计算ESPI的位移测量值后,可判断BGA焊点的失效位置.结合有限元(FEM)模拟,对位移异常的BGA焊点进行分析.通过将计算结果与ESPI的位移测量值比较,可判断BGA焊点的失效模式.     

双面贴装电路板上BGA焊点的潜在失效机理

采用双面贴装回流焊工艺在FR4基板表面贴装Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu(SnAgCn)无铅焊点BGA器件,通过对热应力加速实验中失效的SnAgCu无铅BGA焊点的显微结构分析和力学性能检测,研究双面贴装BGA器件的电路板出现互连焊点单面失效问题的原因,单面互连焊点失效主要是由于回流焊热处理工艺引起的.多次热处理过程中,NiSnP层中形成的大量空洞是导致焊点沿(Cu,Ni)6Sn5金属间化合物层和Ni(P)镀层产生断裂失效的主要因素.改变回流焊工艺是抑制双面贴装BGA器件的印制电路板出现互连焊点单面失效问题的关键.     

随机振动下板级组件焊点可靠性研究进展

针对板级组件焊点在随机振动下的可靠性问题,对与之相关的实验研究成果和仿真结果进行了综述。首先介绍了球栅阵列(BGA)封装芯片焊点失效的位置,BGA焊点的材料以及BGA参数和印制电路板(PCB)参数对焊点可靠性的分析,并介绍了疲劳寿命预测方法和子模型法、特殊结构的随机振动分析。最后,提出了随机振动情况下的BGA结构的优化方法。     

提高BGA焊接的可靠性方法与实践

结合工作实际和经验，对BGA焊点失效的样品进行分析和BGA焊点的可靠性等问题进行论述，特别对PCB焊盘的选择、设计以及模板的开孔方式等的改进，提出一些改善BGA焊点质量和可靠性的工艺方法，在实践中取到很好的效果。     

基于有限元仿真的BGA焊点可靠性分析

集成化与微型化是芯片集成电路产业发展的特点,其中芯片封装热振失效是影响其可靠性的重要原因。为进一步优化BGA焊点结构并提高可靠性,运用ANSYS将TOPLINE的BGA器件建成了3D模型,进行了数值模拟仿真后,利用田口正交稳健设计进行了BGA焊点结构优化。数值分析表明：芯片边角焊点为热失效关键焊点,距封装中心最远焊点为随机振动失效关键焊点;经田口正交优化热设计,焊点阵列为12×12,焊点径向尺寸为0.42 mm,焊点高度为0.38 mm,焊点间距为0.6 m;随机振动设计焊点间距为0.46 mm,焊点径向尺寸为0.42 mm,焊点阵列为10×10,焊点高度为0.30 mm。本研究中的分析成果对优化球珊阵列芯片封装焊点结构的设计,提升芯片封装器件结构稳定性具有重要意义,所提出的优化设计将对封测产业的生产具有一定的影响和价值。     

无铅BGA封装可靠性的力学试验与分析

着重研究了机械冲击和应力对无铅BGA封装焊点可靠性的影响,介绍了BGA封装的可靠性力学试验(跌落、弯曲试验)及其分析方法.通过对力学试验中失效焊点的分析以及借助ANSYS模拟工具,找出引起失效的根本原因,为开发性能更好、高可靠性的无铅材料、改进无铅工艺提供依据.     

BGA封装倒装焊点不同接触面跌落失效的研究

采用自由跌落的试验方法,研究了BGA(球栅阵列)封装自由跌落到不同材质基板后的可靠性,对比分析焊点裂纹产生、扩展直至断裂的机理。对失效封装芯片进行了染色处理,观察BGA封装中焊点的失效位置和焊点内部裂纹的形貌。结果表明,不同接触面上焊球裂纹都经历稳态-扩展-失效的过程,石质接触面上裂纹出现最早,裂纹扩展最快,失效最快,钢质接触面次之,最后是木质接触面。木质接触面的焊点失效模式主要是焊盘失效;钢质和石质接触面的焊点的失效模式以金属间化合物失效为主。比例风险模型(PHM)估计得到的寿命值与试验结果误差较小,能有效预测焊点自由跌落条件下的寿命。     

混装条件下BGA焊点空洞问题

阐述了在实际工作中遇到的混装BGA焊点空洞问题;介绍了常用的混装BGA焊接方法并对其利弊进行了分析;介绍了BGA焊点空洞的检验标准;通过对无铅BGA焊点与有铅BGA焊点的对比,分析了BGA焊点空洞的成因;从管理措施、工艺手段和操作经验等多个角度总结了控制BGA焊点空洞形成的诸多要素.     

倒装焊结构的大规模集成电路焊点失效机理研究

在倒装焊结构的球栅阵列（BGA）封装大规模集成电路（LSIC）的服役过程中,由于BGA焊球、基板材料和PCB材料的热膨胀系数不同,焊点失效成为倒装焊结构LSIC的主要失效模式。焊点失效与焊料性质、焊接时间和温度、制造中的缺陷等密切相关。结合焊点失效的常见形貌及实例,研究倒装焊结构的LSIC的焊点失效模式及失效机理。针对可能引发失效的因素,提出从工艺到应用的一系列预防措施,对提升该类型电路的可靠性具有指导意义。     

主机BGA板焊接失效分析

本文以某著名电脑主板的BGA贴装失效为例，介绍了对BGA贴装失效的分析过程与分析方法，同时找到了导致该BGA贴装失效的机理与原因，为有关各方进行工艺质量控制提供了及时的改进依据。     

Random vibration reliability of BGA lead-free solder joint

Solder joint fatigue failure under vibration loading has been a great concern in microelectronic industry. High-cycle fatigue failure of lead-free solder joints has not been adequately addressed, especially under random vibration loading. This study aims to understand the lead-free solder joint behavior of BGA packages under different random vibration loadings. At first, non-contact TV Laser holography technology was adopted to conduct experimental modal analysis of the test vehicle (printed circuit board assembly) in order to understand its dynamic characteristics. Then, its first order natural frequency was used as the center frequency and narrow-band random vibration fatigue tests with different kinds of acceleration power spectral density (PSD) amplitudes were respectively carried out. Electrical continuity through each BGA package is monitored during the vibration event in order to detect the failure of package-to-board interconnects. The typical dynamic voltage histories of failed solder joints were obtained simultaneously. Thirdly, failed solder joints were cross-sectioned and metallurgical analysis was applied to investigate the failure mechanisms of BGA lead-free solder joints under random vibration loading. The results show that the failure mechanisms of BGA lead-free solder joint vary as the acceleration PSD amplitude increases. Solder joint failure locations are changed from the solder bump body of the PCB side to the solder ball neck, finally to the Ni/intermetallic compound (IMC) interface of the package side. The corresponding failure modes are also converted from ductile fracture to brittle fracture with the increase of vibration intensity.     

Ball-grid-array solder joint model for assembly-level impact reliability prediction

It has been well established that lead-free solder underperforms conventional leaded solder in reliability under dynamic impact. Common failures observed on ball-grid-array (BGA) solder balls on chip under board level impact include bulk solder ductile failure, intermetallic (IMC) layer crack and pad-lift. In this work, a finite element modeling approach was proposed to model bulk solder ductile failure and intermetallic layer crack. The use of beam elements and connector elements to represent the bulk solders and board/component side intermetallic layers, respectively, offers the advantage of simplicity over the use of continuum elements and cohesive elements for solder joints. This approach enables the modeling of assembly level impact with significantly less computational resources. The model was verified by comparing its prediction of BGA solder reliability against actual test results in a dynamic four-point bend test. The physical tests consist of ball impact at varying heights on a board with a mounted chip, and the subsequent analysis of the failure modes of the BGA solder joints. Simulation results were in good agreement with test results. The study shows that it is feasible to model BGA solder joint ductile failure and intermetallic layer crack under impact with simple elements with reasonable accuracy.     

BGA焊接失效的可制造性因素分析

本文以企业实际生产中出现的一个非典型性BGA焊接失效案例为素材,详细介绍了不良原因分析的过程与方法,在可制造性设计方面提出具体建议,为产品设计和工艺技术人员提供经验借鉴.     

冷热冲击下BGA焊接失效的分析研究

采用冷热冲击的方法,以温度改变率为90℃/min,温度循环范围为–65~+125℃,高低温段停留时间为15 min的条件对无铅焊接的BGA焊接位置进行可靠性测试,用金相显微镜,SEM和EDS进行表征分析。结果表明,冷热冲击下BGA的失效点多集中于焊料与焊盘间。SnAgCu焊料与焊盘以及形成的IMC之间的热膨胀系数(CTE)不匹配,还有IMC被氧化是导致在冷热冲击下BGA焊接位置失效的主要原因。     

Improved reliability in small multichip ball grid arrays

The subject of this paper is a 14×22 mm ball grid array (BGA) integrated circuit assembly containing two or three chips. Three failure modes came to light in the reliability testing of this BGA package: delamination of solder resist from the top copper layer occurred in moisture resistance testing; cracking of the top layer solder resist and consequent cracking of the top copper layer occurred in temperature cycling; and cracking of the bottom layer solder resist which propagated into the bottom copper layer occurred in thermal shock. The failure analysis techniques used to disclose these failures are presented. Finite element analysis of thermomechanical stress within the multichip structure was carried out. The purpose was to find the root cause of one of the failure modes and to explore possible means of overcoming the stress damage. The characteristics of the original and modified substrate layout designs are detailed. The improved performance in reliability testing is compared with the original. All failure modes were eliminated in the final design, and the product was qualified to greatly improved reliability standards.     

银含量对随机振动条件下无铅焊点可靠性的影响

为了探究银含量对无铅焊点在随机振动条件下的可靠性的影响,对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu、Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu和Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu三种不同Ag含量材料的焊点做窄带范围内的随机振动疲劳实验,并对失效焊点进行分析。结果表明:三种材料焊点的失效位置基本都在靠近PCB侧,最外围焊点最容易失效,失效模式均为脆性断裂,并且随着Ag含量的降低,金属间化合物的厚度逐渐减小,焊点的疲劳寿命逐渐延长。     

Comparison of Extensive Thermal Cycling Effects on Microstructure Development in Micro-alloyed Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints

Pb-free solder alloys based on the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) ternary eutectic have promise for widespread adoption across assembly conditions and operating environments, but enhanced microstructural control is needed. Micro-alloying with elements such as Zn was demonstrated for promoting a preferred solidification path and joint microstructure earlier in simple (Cu/Cu) solder joints studies for different cooling rates. This beneficial behavior now has been verified in reworked ball grid array (BGA) joints, using dissimilar SAC305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, wt.%) solder paste. After industrial assembly, BGA components joined with Sn-3.5Ag-0.74Cu-0.21Zn solder were tested in thermal cycling (−55°C/+125°C) along with baseline SAC305 BGA joints beyond 3000 cycles with continuous failure monitoring. Weibull analysis of the results demonstrated that BGA components joined with SAC + Zn/SAC305 have less joint integrity than SAC305 joints, but their lifetime is sufficient for severe applications in consumer, defense, and avionics electronic product field environments. Failure analysis of the BGA joints revealed that cracking did not deviate from the typical top area (BGA component side) of each joint, in spite of different Ag₃Sn blade content. Thus, SAC + Zn solder has not shown any advantage over SAC305 solder in these thermal cycling trials, but other characteristics of SAC + Zn solder may make it more attractive for use across the full range of harsh conditions of avionics or defense applications.     

High Cycle Cyclic Torsion Fatigue of PBGA Pb-Free Solder Joints

In this study, a comprehensive experimental and numerical approach was used to investigate high cycle cyclic torsion fatigue behavior of lead-free solder joints in a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package. The test vehicle was a commercial laptop motherboard. The motherboard was subjected to torsional loading and life tests were conducted. Using finite element analysis (FEA), the test assembly was simulated as a global model and the BGA component was simulated as a local model. Strains measured on the motherboard surface near by the BGA were used to calibrate the FEA models. By combining the life test results and FEA simulations, a high cycle fatigue model for the lead-free solder joints was generated based on the Coffin-Manson strain-range fatigue damage model. This model can now be used to predict the cycles to failure of BGA interconnects for new electronic product design under cyclic torsion loading.