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1.
Two studies were conducted to examine the long-term impact of parental divorce on beliefs about the self and others. In Study 1, college-aged children of divorce and students from intact families did not differ on 8 basic assumptions or on measures of depression. Those whose parents had divorced, however, were less optimistic about the success of their own future marriages. Assumptions about the benevolence of people best predicted the marital optimism of the parental divorce group, but not of the intact family group. In Study 2, assumptions about the benevolence of people were explored in terms of trust beliefs. College-aged children of divorce and a matched sample from intact homes differed only on marriage-related beliefs, not on generalized trust. Children of divorce reported less trust of a future spouse and were less optimistic about marriage. Exploratory analyses found that continuous conflict in family of origin adversely affected all levels of trust. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
Conducted 2 studies based on constructs derived from G. A. Kelly's (1955) personal construct theory and A. Ellis's (1962) rational emotive therapy to measure the predictability of anxiety using Kelly's measure of threat and Ellis's measure of irrational beliefs. In Exp I, 33 college music majors were tested at the beginning of the academic quarter and 3 days prior to their required music juries. In Exp II, 29 music majors were tested using the same format. In both experiments analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that Kelly's threat scores and scores on the irrational belief questionnaire predicted increases in scores on the anxiety inventory. Findings are consistent with the personal construct theory of threat and support its predictive validity to measure threat and anxiety about music performances. Findings also suggest the utility of irrational beliefs in understanding musical performance anxiety. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
We compared the occurrence and timing of divorce in 391 parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a matched representative sample of parents of children without disabilities using a survival analysis. Parents of children with an ASD had a higher rate of divorce than the comparison group (23.5% vs. 13.8%). The rate of divorce remained high throughout the son's or daughter's childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood for parents of children with an ASD, whereas it decreased following the son's or daughter's childhood (after about age 8 years) in the comparison group. Younger maternal age when the child with ASD was born and having the child born later in the birth order were positively predictive of divorce for parents of children with an ASD. Findings have implications for interventions focused on ameliorating ongoing and long-term marital strains for parents of children with an ASD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
Young adults (N = 274; mean age = 18.9) recalled their spiritual responses to their parents’ divorce (M = 4.2 years ago). After controlling for general religiousness and spirituality, participants who had appraised the divorce as a sacred loss or desecration and experienced spiritual struggles over the divorce reported higher current depression, anxiety, painful feelings about the divorce (paternal blame, self-blame, loss and abandonment, seeing life through filter of divorce, intrusive thoughts), and spiritual growth. Prior adaptive spiritual coping was tied to greater current personal and spiritual growth and, unexpectedly, psychological distress. As expected, spiritual struggles with the divorce partially or fully mediated all but one of the links found between having appraised the divorce as a sacred loss or desecration and outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
This study examined whether the occurrence and timing of parental separation or divorce was related to trajectories of academic grades and mother- and teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing problems. The authors used hierarchical linear models to estimate trajectories for children who did and did not experience their parents' divorce or separation in kindergarten through 10th grade (N = 194). A novel approach to analyzing the timing of divorce/separation was adopted, and trajectories were estimated from 1 year prior to the divorce/separation to 3 years after the event. Results suggest that early parental divorce/separation is more negatively related to trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems than is later divorce/separation, whereas later divorce/separation is more negatively related to grades. One implication of these findings is that children may benefit most from interventions focused on preventing internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas adolescents may benefit most from interventions focused on promoting academic achievement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
Recently, many interventions have been designed to help family members who are adjusting to divorce. This article reviews 15 studies that included both a treatment and a control group (7 adult and 8 child intervention studies). First, reports were examined according to a methodological checklist. Research in this area is at a very preliminary stage, and methodologically sophisticated studies are not the norm. Second, psychometric adequacy of the measures used was examined. The majority of investigators used psychometrically sound measures; however, it was rare for researchers to use only well-validated measures. Third, findings revealed that group interventions for children have produced only modest gains. Effect sizes reported in adult interventions are comparable to those found in the adult psychotherapy literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
Investigated the effects of self-regulation as a moderator of the relations between coping efforts and psychological symptoms of children of divorce. The interactions of two dimensions of self-regulation (task orientation and approach-flexibility) and two dimensions of coping (active and avoidant) predicting children's postdivorce symptoms were tested using a sample of 199 divorced mothers and their children, ages 8 to 12. The approach-flexibility dimension moderated the relations of both active and avoidant coping with children's self-report of anxiety. At higher levels of approach-flexibility, active coping was negatively related to anxiety, while at lower levels of approach-flexibility, active coping was unrelated to anxiety. Avoidant coping was unrelated to anxiety at higher levels of approach-flexibility, whereas at lower levels of approach-flexibility, avoidant coping was positively related to anxiety. The task orientation dimension did not interact with coping, but had direct, independent effects on children's self-report of conduct problems, depression, and parent-report of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. The implications for understanding children's coping with divorce and future directions for research are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The present study investigated developmental pathways between inattention and depression, particularly the roles of school maladjustment and child cognitions. Additionally, a measure of conduct problems was included in all analyses to test competing theories about the emergence of depressive symptoms. Results supported the hypothesized path models from inattention to depression for younger and older children. Consistent with developmental theories, only an environmental variable, school maladjustment, was needed to explain the relationship between inattention and depression for the younger group (under 8 years old). For children in the middle group (8-9 years old), school maladjustment continued to uniquely account for part of the path to child depressive symptoms, but a cognitive variable, control-related beliefs, emerged as a significant mediator as well. For older children (10 years and older), control-related beliefs fully mediated the effects of school maladjustment on depressive symptoms. The hypothesized paths from conduct problems to depression, however, were not supported. Implications for designing interventions and prevention strategies for children with inattention and conduct problems are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
Using data from 210 couples who provided data across the first 5 years of marriage, we examined how premarital communication quality was related to divorce and later distress. The results showed that premarital observed negative and positive communication nearly reached significance as predictors of divorce, while self-reported negative communication was significantly associated with divorce. In terms of marital adjustment, we found that both premarital observed and self-reported negative premarital communication (but not observed positive communication) were associated with lower adjustment during the first 5 years of marriage. The most important questions addressed in this study pertain to how positive and negative dimensions of communication change over time and how these changes are related to being distressed or nondistressed after 5 years of marriage. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine the changes in communication over time that are so central to theories of the development of marital distress and for research-based interventions. We found that all couples showed decreases in negative communication over time, but the nondistressed group declined significantly more than the distressed group in negative communication, suggesting they are handling negative emotions better. Implications for future research on the development of relationship distress and for enhancing research-based couples' intervention programs are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
In this study all couples who during a period of 1 year were divorced at a Swedish district court, and who had children living at home, were examined for psychiatric consultations before, during and after the divorce period. Psychiatric consultation was defined as having a psychiatric record at the only psychiatric clinic in the catchment area. The divorced couples were compared with a matched group of married people. The results showed that there was a 4.1-fold higher risk for divorced men and a 2.5-fold higher risk for divorced women of acquiring a psychiatric record. The increased rate of psychiatric consultations was evident before as well as after the divorce period, but was most striking during the divorce period. A greater proportion of men than women started and continued to experience their psychiatric problems before and during the divorce period, while women more often started and continued to experience their psychiatric problems during the divorce period and afterwards.  相似文献   

11.
A number of child-, family-, and system-focused interventions have been designed to prevent or reduce the negative effects of divorce on children. This article critically evaluates these intervention efforts by examining (1) their relation to basic research on the processes proposed to mediate children's postdivorce adjustment and (2) evaluation studies assessing the effectiveness of various programs. Although interventions address some of the factors proposed to mediate children's adaptation to divorce, the interplay between interventions and basic research on children's postdivorce adaptation is limited. Moreover, some intervention efforts appear to be beneficial but most lack empirical documentation of their efficacy. This analysis leads to several recommendations for basic and applied research and for improving the response of the mental health field to the problems experienced by many children from divorcing families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
Describes school-based intervention groups to assist children in dealing with parental divorce. 46 5th and 6th graders participated in 6 groups that met weekly for 8 wks. Consistent themes included anxiety over parental battles, conflicted loyalties, sadness over loss of the family unit, excitement and anxiety over the custodial mother's dating, and anger over being disciplined by the mother's boyfriend or husband. It is concluded that the development of group cohesion facilitated amelioration of aloneness with divorce-related feelings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
Predicted that 30 undergraduates with a strong tendency to endorse irrational beliefs, as measured by the Irrational Beliefs Test, would be more emotionally upset following a failure experience than would 30 Ss with little tendency to endorse irrational beliefs. Emotional upset was measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (Anxiety) and Depression Adjective Check Lists and by performance decrements on digit-symbol coding and anagrams tasks. Results conform to the predicted relationship between irrational beliefs and emotional upset. High irrational Ss did not report more anxiety or depression than low irrational Ss, nor did the high irrational Ss show performance decrements following failure. Evidence concerning the validity of the Irrational Beliefs Test is reviewed. (French summary) (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
Assessed the nature and correlates of adjustment to divorce in a sample of 58 White, middle-class, 8–17 yr old children whose parents had been separated about 4 yrs. Ss were administered a battery of tests, including the California Psychological Inventory, the Adjective Check List, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children, and a questionnaire on divorce adjustment. Measures of Ss' understanding of and feelings about the divorce were nonsignificantly related only to Ss' positive feelings about the divorce. Ss' understanding of the divorce did not reveal great difficulty of adjustment; however, feelings about the divorce were largely negative. A 2-yr follow-up of 24 Ss and 14 of their siblings revealed moderate stability in Ss' divorce adjustment with significant increases in their positive feelings regarding the loss of the noncustodial parent and peer relations. Locus of Control and Interpersonal Reasoning were significant predictors of divorce adjustment independent of age. Finally, specific adjustment to divorce was related to Ss' more global personal adjustment. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

15.
Comments on issues raised by J. B. Kelly's (see record 1989-25605-001) article on factors affecting the adjustment of children to divorce, focusing on (1) the nature of conflict between parents in divorce and (2) interventions designed to manage that conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
Administered the Beck Depression Inventory, Attributional Style Questionnaire, Social Readjustment Rating Scale and an irrational beliefs inventory to 47 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 32 yrs) when they were admitted to the hospital, to 32 of them when they were discharged, and to 20 of them 7 mo later. The study tested the models of depression of A. T. Beck (1972) and of L. Y. Abramson et al (see record 1979-00305-001) that predict that stressful life events interact with certain types of cognitions (irrational beliefs in Beck's model; attributions in the Abramson et al model) to produce clinical depression. Results of multiple regression analysis show that severity of depression was related to irrational beliefs, attributions, the interaction of Attributions and Life Events, and the interaction of Attributions and Session. There was no relationship between depression and the interaction of Irrational Beliefs and Life Events. The Attributions?×?Session interaction indicated that the relationship between attributions and depression changed over the period studied; the relationship between irrational beliefs and depression was stable over time. Attributions and irrational beliefs changed over the period studied, indicating that they are not stable, unchanging aspects of personality. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
In the present study of adult mental health center outpatients, we examined the discriminant validity of measures of irrational beliefs. The Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT; Jones, 1968) and the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI; Shorkey & Whiteman, 1977) were highly correlated but were equally highly correlated with self-report measures of depression and anxiety. Thus, rather than assessing beliefs that are in turn correlated with emotional distress, the IBT and RBI may themselves actually assess general dysphoria or neuroticism. Further analyses suggested that contamination with neuroticism may account for correlations between beliefs and dysfunctional emotions. Some specific beliefs, however, demonstrated associations with depression and anger that could not be accounted for by contamination with neuroticism. Results are discussed in terms of empirical support for the rational–emotive model and our ability to test its basic assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
Reviews the literature on the relation between marital turmoil (i.e., discord and divorce) and behavior problems in children. Some variables affecting this relationship include type of marital turmoil, form of the child's behavioral response, sex differences, age effects, parental buffering, and effects of parental psychopathology. Children's conflict responses in both broken and intact families are discussed, and the author notes that since parental conflict does not terminate with divorce, the conflict responses found in children of divorce are often similar to those of children from discordant, intact marriages. Studies have found that marital discord is more strongly related to boys' than to girls' maladaptive behavior, but age has not been shown to alter the reaction. Hypotheses about how marital turmoil produces childhood disorders include (a) disruption of attachment bonds, (b) modeling, (c) altered discipline practices, and (d) stress models. (108 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
Administered to 382 undergraduates measures of irrational beliefs, general anxiety, and general anger to investigate their relationship. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and 2 self-report measures of irrational beliefs and anger were used. Analyses showed that personal perfection, anxious overconcern, blame proneness, and catastrophizing were predictors of general anger. Anxious overconcern, problem avoidance, catastrophizing, and personal perfection were significant regression factors for the full range of general anxiety. Demand for approval replaced personal perfection in this order for the regression on extreme anxiety groups. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
Comments on J. B. Kelly's (see record 1989-25605-001) review of the consequences of divorce for children, suggesting that (1) divorce alone is not a cause of lasting maladjustment in children and (2) family processes that are independent of separation are the best predictors of children's psychological health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

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