Real-Time Natural Disasters Detection and Monitoring from Smart Earth Observation Satellite

Current remote sensing satellites with multispectral sensors capture high-resolution images and produce vast quantities of data. The size and volume of this information has dramatically increased in the last decade as sensor resolution and capabilities have significantly improved, without a similar improvement on the satellite system capacity to accommodate these changes. Remote sensing satellites currently operate on a “store and forward” paradigm, where data is stored on the satellite until the satellite is in view of the ground station. Low Earth orbit satellites may only see a ground station for a 10–15 min window per pass, in which time all the collected information must be telemetered to the ground. This process requires large and expensive onboard storage resources and places tremendous stress on communication channels. Hence, a complete image may not be successfully telemetered in one pass causing a significant delay between capture and analysis and limiting the benefits of these images. Smart satellites are more technologically advanced, require less ground station support and data storage, and are capable of transmitting required information quickly and easily to ground stations. With onboard reconfigurable data processing, these satellites have faster data product turnaround, less communication requirements, and provide more useful information. The high performance computing (HPC-I) payload on board the Australian satellite FedSat, launched in December 2002, is a demonstration device of the feasibility of reconfigurable computing technology in space. This device is small in size, requires low power, and has the processing capacity to handle large data volumes. Using this device in conjunction with a high-resolution imaging sensor, such as the bispectral infrared detection (BIRD) sensor, smart dedicated satellites become a feasible and cost effective solution to remote sensing needs. This paper elaborates on the system level design of a real-time fire observation system in the context of a smart satellite mission for detecting and monitoring natural disasters. The proposed system is built upon flight tested field programmable gate arrays based HPC-I technology, and would be capable of producing useful information about natural disasters directly broadcasted to interested parties within rapid timeframes. The algorithms for onboard real-time detection of direction, intensity, and location of fires are discussed, and reliable algorithms for detecting and verifying these fires using smoke plume detection are presented. Further work is described including fire-front analysis and the tracking of fire movement.     

遥感影像空间分辨率对矿山地面形变监测信息提取的影响研究

随着矿业资源的过度开采,许多矿山的生态环境被严重破坏。基于此,提出遥感影像空间分辨率对矿山地面形变监测信息提取的影响研究,详细介绍了遥感技术中遥感影像空间分辨率在信息化数据模型的建立和提取信息的理论赋值方面具有主导作用,为矿山生态环境的治理中的监测环节提供了理论依据,有效提高了监测结果的精准度。     

A review of compression methods for medical images in PACS

As an introduction to Section C2 (medical imaging) of track C (Images and PACS) of MIE '97, an appropriate and timely topic concerns the coding for the transmission of medical images in PACS. Speed limitations of existing networks along with the explosive growth of image modalities with extremely high volume outputs have combined to make the issue of medical image coding one of the key considerations in the design of future PACS systems. Both lossless and lossy compression schemes are reviewed and compared, and the compression demands are presented of the main digital medical image modalities.     

低轨电磁监测智能处理框架与关键技术综述

依托低轨星座构建电磁频谱监测系统成为实现全球电磁频谱管理的有效途径与当前的研究热点.传统低轨电磁监测系统架构采用“星上采集与处理”的模式,即卫星对信号进行采集并处理后,将处理的结果回传到地面.这导致系统性能受限于单星载荷.针对此问题提出采集与处理分离的低轨电磁监测系统智能处理框架,卫星作为数据的转发节点,仅负责采集信号,地面数据中心对数据进行下一步处理.同时,针对传统技术方法难以高效处理该架构下地面数据中心海量数据的问题,将深度学习与传统架构下的关键技术进行了有机融合,为实现全球时空连续电磁频谱监测提供了新的选择.梳理了基于深度学习的频谱感知、盲源分离和无源定位三大关键技术及其近几年研究进展;重点讨论了各关键技术向星座系统迁移的适用性问题与技术核心突破问题,给出了低轨电磁监测系统智能处理框架中关键技术的下一步研究建议.     

结合多尺度分割和随机森林的变质矿物提取

为提高遥感影像变质矿物提取精度,提升变质带的识别效果,以甘肃北山ASTER影像为研究区,结合了比值运算、多尺度分割、随机森林分类法进行变质矿物提取。首先,通过矿物特征性光谱特征构造比值运算公式、进行影像增强;然后,对增强影像进行基于光谱及变差函数的多尺度分割;接着,采用随机森林法提取目标矿物;最后,通过野外勘查、采样、薄片鉴定进行精度评价。结果表明,黑云母、白云母、角闪石在ASTER影像上具有鉴定性特征,提取精度分别为85.4088%、84.7640%和85.7308%;其他含量较少的变质矿物提取精度可达到60%以上。多尺度分割能充分利用矿物的丛集特征;变差函数纹理能增强形态特征对矿物的区分能力;随机森林分类法对矿物混合引起的噪声不敏感、提取结果稳定。      

Small-Format Aerial Photography for Highway-Bridge Monitoring

Small-format aerial photography (SFAP) is a low-cost solution for bridge-surface imaging and is proposed as a remote bridge-inspection technique to supplement current bridge visual inspection. Providing top-down views, photos taken from airplanes flying at 305?m (1,000?ft) allow for the visualization of subinch (i.e., large) cracks and joint openings on bridge decks or highway pavements. An onboard global positioning system can help geo-reference images collected and allow automated damage detection. However, the site lighting, surrounding tree shades, and highway surface reflectivity may affect the quality of the images. Several examples of bridge evaluation using SFAP are presented to demonstrate the capability of remote sensing as an effective tool for bridge-construction monitoring and condition assessment. A deck condition rating technique for large crack detection is proposed to quantify the condition of the existing bridge decks.     

A wavelet transform-based ECG compression method guaranteeing desired signal quality

This paper presents a new electrocardiogram (ECG) compression method based or orthonormal wavelet transform and an adaptive quantization strategy, by which a predetermined percent root mean square difference (PRD) can be guaranteed with high compression ratio and low implementation complexity.     

ETM图像数据中矿化蚀变信息的提取——以新疆哈图地区为例

以ETM图像数据为信息源,波谱理论为基础,采用基于单波段图像分类的生成彩色合成图像法,突出和增强了与金矿成矿有关的矿源层、围岩蚀变、控矿构造和热液蚀变带等遥感影像标志特征。提取了新疆哈图地区内生金矿的矿化蚀变信息,圈定了综合遥感矿化蚀变信息异常,并对圈定的异常在哈图地区进行了遥感找矿应用,经野外实地验证,发现了托玛尔勒和喀尔色巴依克斯套两处金矿蚀变带,取得了良好的找矿效果。     

矿山环境污染高光谱遥感监测研究进展

矿产资源的开发导致了矿区环境的剧烈变化，直接影响了生态的可持续发展。近年来，高光谱遥感因其分辨率精细、图谱合一解决了传统遥感只能识别地物大类的问题，被广泛应用于矿区环境监测。许多学者在矿区环境高光谱遥感监测中均取得一定的成果，因此，文中在梳理大量文献的基础上，阐述了国内外矿区高光谱遥感研究现状，对研究数据的优缺点进行了整理总结，归纳了高光谱遥感技术在植被理化参数反演、土壤重金属含量反演、水污染识别及监测等方面的应用，对矿区高光谱发展前景进行了展望，认为矿区高光谱机理研究仍需提升，地面实测数据与无人机数据、卫星数据等多尺度空天地协同监测与智能感知体系的建立是未来努力的方向。      

Soil Salinity Sampling Strategy Using Spatial Modeling Techniques, Remote Sensing, and Field Data

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for collecting soil salinity samples. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) estimate the number of soil salinity samples needed to capture the variability in the soil salinity data with high accuracy; and (2) compare two types of satellite images with different resolutions: Ikonos with 4?m resolution and Landsat 5 with 30?m resolution. To achieve these objectives, two satellite images were acquired (one for Ikonos and one for Landsat 5) to evaluate the correlation between the measured soil salinity and remote sensing data. From the observed data, three subsets were randomly extracted with each subset containing: 75, 50, and 25% of the data for each field. These three subsets were then used in the modeling process. Ordinary least squares (OLS) (i.e., multiple regression) was used to explore the coarse-scale variability in soil salinity as a function of the Ikonos and Landsat 5 bands. A stepwise procedure was used to identify the best subset of satellite bands to include in the regression models that minimized the Akakie information criteria (AIC). Then, the spatial structure of the residuals from the OLS models were described using sample variogram models. The variogram model with the smallest AIC was selected to describe the spatial dependencies in the soil salinity data. If the residuals were spatially correlated, ordinary kriging was used to model the spatial distribution of soil salinity in the fields. A tenfold cross validation was used to estimate the prediction error for soil salinity. To evaluate the effectiveness of the models, various measures of the prediction error were computed. This study provides an accurate methodology that can be used by researchers in reducing the number of soil samples that need to be collected. This is especially valuable in projects that last several years. The results of this study suggest that the number of soil samples that need to be collected and therefore their cost can be significantly reduced and soil salinity estimation can be significantly improved by using kriging. The results also show that the Ikonos image performed better than the Landsat 5 image.     

自动驾驶车联网中通感算融合研究综述与展望

为了应对自动驾驶车联网极低的通信时延、极高的可靠性、更高的传输速率等极致性能需求,亟需破解现有车联网中通信、感知、计算相互割裂与独立分治的问题,实现“云?边?端”一体化协同感知、协同传输和协同决策。为此,急需对自动驾驶车联网的通感算融合开展研究,实现三者的高效融合。首先论述了目前在通信、感知、计算融合领域的研究进展,然后给出了通感算融合网络的定义,论述了通感助算、通算助感以及感算助通的研究进展。针对自动驾驶车联网的应用场景,创造性地提出了“五层四面”通感算融合的网络架构,横向五层自下而上分别是:多元接入层、统一网络层、多域资源层、协同服务层、管理与应用层;纵向四面分别是:通信面、感知面、算力面、智能融合面,通过五层四面的深度融合,进一步提升了自动驾驶车联网中通感算融合网络的性能。其次,提出了评价通感算融合网络的性能指标体系,最后针对目前研究存在的问题以及未来发展方向给出了四点可行性建议。      

基于自动多种子区域生长的遥感影像面向对象分割方法

在遥感影像分割分类中,种子区域生长算法是一种常见的分割算法.传统的种子区域生长算法只能提取单一连续的、纹理简单的目标地物,而对具有复杂纹理和多光谱特征的遥感影像,分割时存在分割效果差、不能同时有效地提取多个地物的问题.针对以上问题,本文提出了一种改进的面向对象的自动多种子区域生长算法.该方法适用于同时提取多个目标地物,且分割效果好.该方法首先使用一种改进的中值滤波对影像进行平滑处理,使目标内部一致性更高,同时保留纹理信息.然后通过一定的准则进行自动种子选取并进行生长,最后对生长后的区域进行碎斑合并处理,最终得到多种对象的分割结果.本文采用三组不同大小的1 m空间分辨率的航空影像进行实验,通过与分水岭以及传统单种子区域生长算法的多组实验对比,发现该方法可以面向全局对象,自动选取覆盖各种地物类型的种子,同时对多种地物目标进行分割处理,可为后续面向对象影像分析和应用提供可靠的数据基础.      

遥感技术在柯鲁木特地区成矿预测中的应用

随着遥感技术的发展,运用遥感技术结合地质分析进行成矿预测越来越受到重视,特别是对大面积区域的成矿靶区圈定,成矿带分析,遥感拥有其他方法无法替代的优势.花岗伟晶岩矿床以其在遥感图像上与周围不同的色调及形态,可对伟晶岩矿床的成矿预测提供特有的遥感证据.     

东昆仑雪水河地区遥感地质调查与找矿效果

以卫星遥感技术为主要手段,应用ETM+多光谱遥感数据,在东昆仑雪水河地区开展遥感地质找矿工作。通过分析区域成矿地质背景和波段数据光谱特征,采用Crosta 主量分析法提取矿化蚀变信息,并利用不同异常相互验证和异常地质解译等方法筛选遥感蚀变异常,共圈定了4 处遥感异常包。在野外工作中,对研究区遥感异常进行实地调查,发现多数异常与断裂带内的高岭土化和碳酸盐化等蚀变有关,可将这些蚀变作为找矿的指示标志。此外,通过分析矿区成矿作用,得出金矿成矿主要受构造控制。在靶区南侧4 号遥感异常包所在的断裂破碎带中,初步圈定金矿（化）体1 条,表明在构造发育地段,遥感找矿效果显著。     

A Civil Engineer's View from Space

From the perspective of a 250‐nautical‐mile orbit aboard the Space Shuttle, the author has had the opportunity to observe the effects of man on the earth, to reflect on his future in space, and to examine the role civil engineers may have in building our future. In the decades to come, civil engineers will require skills that are not currently provided by universities and which are not adequately represented in professional societies. All disciplines of the civil engineering profession will need to examine their strategies to enable them to establish a significant place on the team. From launch pads to remote sensing satellites, from space stations to lunar bases, civil engineers can and should play a significant role in design requirements, engineering, testing, assembly, and operation. The Aerospace Division of the ASCE should take the lead to insure that civil engineers are prepared to meet the challenge.     

Sleep and circadian rhythms in four orbiting astronauts

This experiment measured the sleep and circadian rhythms of four male astronauts aboard a space shuttle (STS-78) orbiting the Earth for 17 days. The space mission was specially scheduled to minimize disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep so that the effects of space flight and microgravity per se could be studied. Data were collected in 72-h measurement blocks: one block 7 days before launch, one early within the mission (3 days after launch), one late in the mission (12 days after launch), and one 18 days after landing. Within each measurement block, all sleep was recorded both polysomnographically and by sleep diary. Core body temperature was sampled every 6 mins. Actillumes were worn continuously. All urine samples were collected separately. Performance was assessed by a computerized test battery (3/day) and by end-of-shift questionnaires (1/day); mood and alertness were measured by visual analogue scales (5/day). Circadian rhythms in orbit appeared to be very similar in phase and amplitude to those on the ground, and were appropriately aligned for the required work/rest schedule. There was no change from early flight to late flight. This was also reflected in mood, alertness, and performance scores, which were satisfactory at both in-flight time points. However, in-flight sleep showed a decreased amount of sleep obtained (mean = 6.1 h), and all four astronauts showed a decrease in delta sleep. No further degradation in sleep was seen when early flight was compared to late flight, and no other sleep parameters showed reliable trends.     

Using a Surface Energy Balance Model to Calculate Spatially Distributed Actual Evapotranspiration

Remote sensing algorithms are currently being used to estimate regional surface energy fluxes [e.g., latent heat flux or evapotranspiration (ET)]. Many of these surface energy balance models use information derived from satellite imagery such as Landsat, AVHRR, ASTER, and MODIS to estimate ET. The remote sensing approach to estimate ET provides advantages over traditional methods. One of the most important advantages is that it can provide regional estimates of actual ET at low cost. Most conventional methods are based on point measurements (e.g., soil water sensors, lysimeters, and weather station data), limiting their ability to capture the spatial variability of ET. Another advantage of remote sensing/surface energy balance ET models is that they are able to estimate the actual crop ET as a residual of the energy balance without the need of using reference crop ET and tabulated crop coefficients. This paper focuses on the application of the energy balance-based model “Remote Sensing of ET” (ReSET) that uses a procedure to deal with the spatial and temporal variability of ET. The model was used to estimate actual ET for multiple dates in the Arkansas River Basin in Colorado, South Platte River Basin in Colorado, and Palo Verde Irrigation District in California along with a 1-day ET estimate for the Southern High Plains (Texas). Comparisons between ReSET results and ET values from more conventional ET methods [e.g., 2005 ASCE-EWRI Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith) Equation] are also presented.     

基于NN和MRA的轧机故障诊断信号数据压缩研究

轧机故障诊断信号数据具有有限分辨率、周期性、概率分布冗余和非概率分布冗余等特点。通过构造一新的基于NN的无损数据压缩方案用于压缩轧机故障诊断信号数据的非概率分布冗余空间 ,然后选择一合适的基于MRA的编码系统用于消除轧机故障诊断信号数据的概率分布冗余 ,最后把基于NN的无损数据压缩方案嵌入基于MRA的编码系统 ,获“基于NN和MRA的轧机故障诊断信号数据压缩方法” ,达到较全面消除轧机故障诊断信号数据冗余的目的。实验证明基于NN和MRA的数据压缩方法能有效压缩轧机故障诊断信号数据 ,且恢复的信号数据有较高质量     

Telepathology in Europe. Its practical use

Progress in pathology is related to application of new biological techniques and impact of electronic devices affecting transfer of information and images. The increase of specification of all kinds of disease classification induces a specific need for data exchange and expert consultation. The momentary technical situation in communication lines connected with medical fields, especially pathology is characterized by parallel operation of two basically different communication systems, namely a) systems based upon computerized data exchange (E-mail, etc.), and b) systems working at public access, i.e. telephone lines and their successors (digitized network, satellite system). Practical use in telecommunication in pathology has been gathered nearly exclusively by use of the second (public) system, and includes intraoperative classification of histological images (frozen sections), expert consultations, panel discussions, quantitative measurements, and access to image data bank systems. The use of remote control microscopes has been reported to work without major errors from Norway and Switzerland. In Norway, images and diagnostic informations are transferred by use of broad band networks (satellite communication), whereas in Switzerland the digitized network ISDN is used. The experiences show clearly that remote control microscopes are practicable and reliable tools for daily diagnostic work of pathologists, and that the quality of the transferred images is sufficient to allow sophisticated diagnoses. Expert consultations are routinely performed by use of the common telephone network in lung pathology, and can not be underestimated in their impact on the daily work. Accuracy of diagnosis, quality of staining and tissue handling, and reliability of diagnosis are automatically improved besides the positive legal aspects.     

Consequences of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident continued: further comment

The development of multimedia image review stations offers the cardiologist the ability to review multiple image sets in a single setting rather than moving from one review station to another. To accomplish this goal there are three essential barriers: 1) memory requirements for digital images; 2) standardization of data format; and 3) practical user interfaces. Image compression algorithms can be used to overcome the digital barrier; however, these must be used cautiously so as to not adversely affect image quality. The lack of standardization is being addressed by the implementation of the Digital Communication in Medicine (DICOM) standard, and practical user interfaces are being developed every day with the widespread implementation of World Wide Web technology. These solutions will allow the clinician to review all of a patient's image data in one location, such as in the office, on the nursing unit, or at home.