High scales on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey using Holland's occupational codes.

Compared the arrays of high-interest occupations produced by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, T-399, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (Form DD) when the instruments were administered to the same Ss (60 male college students). Holland-type summary codes were devised from the arrays of occupations and were analyzed by correlated t tests and Pearson r correlations. A frequency percentage count showed 85% of the pairs of summary codes had 2 identical characteristics, and some support was found for J. L. Holland's hexagon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A suggested revision in the classification of nonprofessional occupations in Holland's theory.

Reports that, in a test among 268 males in 4 mining occupations (laboratory, process, extraction, and mining), J. L. Holland's theory of vocational choice was not as predictive as previously demonstrated for professional and technical occupations. Contrary to Holland's theory, the 4 groups which were classified within the realistic type did not exhibit similar personalities. Significant differences were found between the 4 groups on 16 of 38 life history questionnaire items, and only 3 of 8 tested traits supported the classification of all 4 nonprofessional occupational groups into the realistic type. It is suggested that data from members of nonprofessional occupations may be used to test and revise Holland's primary classification of these occupations. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On measuring the vocational interests of women.

Examined the structure of women's interests as shown by the SVIB, the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, and the American College Testing Vocational Interest Profile. Analyses of the interrelationship of scales and of the interest patterns of women selecting various occupations support the similarity of the structure of women's interests to the structure previously found for men. It is suggested that this information be used to provide women with information about more and more diverse career options than are now commonly available. (27 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relatedness of the Holland-grouped Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scale placements.

The Occupational scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) have been placed into broad interest categories that are based on J. L. Holland's (1973) system. These placements are important in the process of SCII interpretation; scales that are placed together may be interpreted as if they were related statistically as well as conceptually. The assumption of a statistical relationship may or may not be valid. The present study estimated the relatedness of those placements according to empirical and theoretical criteria for 87 female undergraduates. The empirical criterion was based on the Occupational scale intercorrelations within each Holland category. The theoretical criterion was based on Holland's occupational codes listed in the Occupations Finder. Occupational scales were identified as related or discrepant by one or both of the study criteria. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliability of Holland codes across interest measures for adult females.

Derived 8 3-letter codes representing J. L. Holland's (1973) personality types from 3 inventories: the Self-Directed Search, the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (3 types of scales), and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (4 types of scales) for each of 52 adult women. Comparisons between codes derived from these sources revealed that agreement between any 2 sources of codes was varied. Some pairs agreed to the extent that the 3 letters of the codes were the same although not in the same order; others agreed to the extent that the 1st 2 letters matched 2 from the other. Findings support Holland's injunction to consider all codes that may be derived from the 3 highest ranking types rather than to limit consideration to occupations related to the code in only the order produced by the instrument. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Compared the concurrent predictive accuracy of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men (SVIB), Form T-399, for the same Ss (N = 163) on 3 sets of scales developed for the SVIB to reflect J. L. Holland's occupational-personality types: the SVIB-Holland scales, the Basic Interest scales, and the Occupational scales. Data are reported to provide comparison between the SVIB-Holland scales and Holland's Self-Directed Search with different Ss, between the Basic Interest scales and Occupational scales for the same Ss, between the criteria of single highest scale and scores above a cutoff, and between the 3 types of scales. When cutoff scores were used, the SVIB-Holland scales and the Basic Interest scales predicted occupation held for some 60% of these Ss; about 1/3 of these accurate predictions were considered to be attributable to chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expressed and inventoried vocational interests: A comparison of instruments.

Compared the responses of 84 female Ss to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The VCS task included J. L. Holland's themes and used the basic interest and occupational scales from the SCII. The results from both measures were related. The VCS was not significantly different from the SCII in internal consistency. The VCS themes were better predictors of expressed choices than the SCII themes. Comparisons of the instruments by the Ss did not yield clear preferences, and there was a strong tendency for Ss to suggest that a friend take both instruments. Ss perceived sex bias in the SCII but not in the VCS. Overall, the results support the use of the VCS including the Holland themes and the SCII basic interest category. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for vocational counseling and future research. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-monitoring processes and Holland Vocational Preferences among college students.

Examined the association between self-monitoring and occupational preferences. 237 undergraduates completed Snyder and Gangestad's (1986) revised self-monitoring scale and Holland's (1977) Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Regression analyses showed that men who valued congruence between their beliefs and behavior (i.e., low self-monitors) preferred social occupations. Men who were inclined to modify their behavior to fit social situations (i.e., high self-monitors) preferred enterprising occupations. In contrast, high self-monitoring women preferred artistic occupations. It is argued that these gender-neutral occupations permit high self-monitoring women to use their social skills but without the constraints found in male dominated enterprising occupations. Results support the assumption that people prefer occupations compatible with their social skills. Implications for career counseling and further research are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Occupational preference and the validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college men and women.

Validity studies of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank have produced consistent results with male samples; to compare validity for females and males on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), 232 female and 386 male undergraduates took the SCII and a satisfaction measure 3? yrs after initial testing with the SCII. Using the McArthur method (see record 1955-06355-001), excellent predictive validity (good hit) was evidenced for 42.5% of females and 59.3% of males in the direct-hit category. Concurrent validities were 58.0% and 64.0%, respectively. A MANOVA revealed differences among good-hit, poor-hit, and clean-miss groups on satisfaction, perceived congruence, and J. L. Holland's theoretical signs (see Pa, Vol 58:6452). Limitations with respect to the comparability of male and female validity data and the selection of a follow-up criterion for females are discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Circular unidimensional scaling: A new look at group differences in interest structure.

The fit of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC model to U.S. racial-ethnic groups was assessed using circular unidimensional scaling. Samples of African American, Asian American, Caucasian American. and Hispanic American high school students and employed adults who completed either the UNIACT Interest Inventory (K. B. Swaney, 1995) or the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon. J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen. & A. L. Hammer. 1994) were obtained from published sources. Two circumplex models were evaluated: a quasi-circumplex model with unconstrained distances between adjacent types and a circulant model constrained to equal distances. Results indicate that a quasi-circumplex model was a good fit with all samples; however, the circulant model may be more appropriate for Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans than for other groups. Circulant model results suggest that distinctions made between Holland's types may be less salient for some groups and that additional work is needed to produce interest measures with improved structural validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigating the Validity of Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC Typology Among Native Hawaiians.

The present study extends the literature base that is answering the call to examine the validity of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) 6 types of themes (realistic [R], investigative [I], artistic [A], social [S], enterprising [E], and conventional [C]) in his typology when applied to populations that are culturally different from the populations with whom the typology was developed. Native Hawaiians (N=156), a group not previously investigated, completed a personal demographics form and the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994). The construct validity of Holland's typology was supported in that Holland's vocational interest types were arranged in a circular R-I-A-S-E-C order. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of interests in employed male and female members of US racial-ethnic minority and nonminority groups.

This study explored the structure of interests across large samples of employed U.S. racial-ethnic minority and nonminority adults drawn from over 38,000 individuals who were part of the 1994 revision of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. C. Hammer, 1994; N?=?805 African Americans, 795 Asian Americans, 36,632 Caucasians, and 686 Latinos-Hispanics). Correlation matrices from the general occupational themes of the SII were subjected to 2 analyses commonly used in structural analyses of Holland's themes: randomization test of hypothesized order relations and multidimensional scaling. Analyses tested whether the data fit the circular and equidistant hexagonal structure models. All of the data fit the circular model that corresponds to Holland's calculus assumption, but the data for women and for some of the male racial-ethnic groups did not fit the more stringent equidistant hexagonal structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpreting other-sex scores on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

To promote understanding of other-sex scores on the new Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, correlations between occupational scales common to both forms of the old Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with "masculinity" of interests were studied in a sample of 116 female counseling clients. Differences in mean scores for scales appearing on both SVIB forms were highly related to the masculinity of interests of the people in those occupations, compared to others of the same sex. Recommendations are included for using Masculinity-Femininity scores to guide clients with high scores on occupational scales normed on the other sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

College women's Holland-theme congruence: Effects of self-knowledge and subjective occupational structure.

Examined personality/occupational choice congruence as a function of self-knowledge of personality and consistency of occupational perceptions with a task-oriented hexagonal model of work proposed by J. L. Holland (1966, 1973), using 94 female undergraduates. Ss completed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) to measure Holland personality and a self-ranking on the 6 Holland themes to measure self-knowledge. Ss expressed perceived similarities among the 6 Holland occupational environments by rating all possible pairs of the types on a numerical similarity/dissimilarity scale. Convergence between S's self-ranking of personality and her SCII-derived personality profile defined self-knowledge. Correlation between S's similarity ratings among pairs of environments and distances in Holland's hexagon determined the degree to which perceptions were consistent with a hexagonal model. Results indicate a significant relation between congruence and both self-knowledge and hexagonal subjective occupational structure. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple correlations between personality factors and SVIB Occupational scales.

Investigated the construct validity of the Occupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with 359 male college students as Ss. 5 personality factors derived from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were correlated with each of the SVIB Occupational scales. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged from .24 to .64. The median coefficient of determination (corrected for shrinkage) was .18. The CPI Extraversion, Emotional Sensitivity, and Independent Thought factors yielded the highest individual correlations with the scales. The CPI Adjustment and Conventionality factors correlated negligibly with the SVIB Occupational scales. The significant relationships are consistent with J. L. Holland's personality theory of careers. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of interests and Asian-American college students.

Unweighted multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses were used to investigate whether J. L. Holland's (1985) theoretical structure of interests described the interest structures for 2 cultural groups and for genders within those groups. The intercorrelation matrices of the Strong Interest Inventory General Occupational Themes, for 168 Asian-American (mean age 20.5 yrs) and 285 White-American (mean age 20.7 yrs) university students, were submitted separately to MDS analysis. Metric, 2-dimensional solutions for each sample demonstrated that a circumplex structure underlay the interest domain for all 4 groups. Results were mixed in support of the hexagonal structure and the Realistic–Investigative–Artistic–Social–Enterprising–Conventional ordering suggested by Holland's theory. Possible explanations and implications of these results are discussed within the context of existing research on Asian cultural thought and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Career stability and redirection in adulthood.

Age trends in 5-yr career stability and change were examined in an approximately 1-in-1,000 sample of 21–70 yr old male and female workers. Data on current occupation and occupation 5 yrs earlier were collected by the Census Bureau and reorganized for this study using J. L. Holland's occupational classification. Career stability increased with age for both sexes, and age differences persisted even when the analyses were restricted to occupation changers or socioeconomically mobile workers. People initially employed in consistent occupations were more stable than those initially employed in inconsistent occupations. Some kinds of midcareer redirection were more common than others. Suggestions for industrial and counseling application and implications for vocational theory are discussed. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptual systems and Holland's theory of vocational choice.

Explored the possibility that conceptual systems underlie vocational interests and choices as described by J. L. Holland's (1973) typology. The Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and the This I Believe Test were administered to 233 community college students in a freshman orientation course. Discriminant function analysis revealed 2 separate dimensions on which the conceptual system groups differed significantly. System 1 functioning was associated with high conventional and low enterprising scores. System 3 functioning was related to high enterprising and low conventional scores. System 4 functioning was related to high scores on the artistic and investigative scales and low scores on the conventional and enterprising scales. System 2 functioning was not associated distinctly with any of the VPI occupational scales. Chi-square analysis of conceptual systems and of predominant Holland types of Ss' stated occupational goals significantly reflected the relationships just described. The System 4 group was also shown to have more differentiated interest patterns and to be more easily distinguishable on the basis of VPI scores than were any of the other 3 groups. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The geometric relationship between Holland's personality typology and the Vocational Preference Inventory for blacks.

Administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory to 115 black undergraduates. The 1st 6 scales of the inventory were tested for correspondence to J. L. Holland's personality theory using a method recently presented by J. A. Wakefield and E. B. Doughtie (see record 1974-08049-001). The scales for the black Ss corresponded generally to Holland's model but not as well as they do for white Ss. 3 weaknesses in the correspondence between the scales of black students and Holland's model were identified. The Realistic and Intellectual scales were not as closely associated to Holland's model for blacks as for whites; the Social and Enterprising scales were not as closely associated; and the Conventional and Intellectual scales were not as closely associated as they are in Holland's model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality patterns and vocational choice: A test of Holland's theory with adult part-time community college students.

Attempted to extend J. L. Holland's (see PA, Vol. 49:12652) vocational development theory to an adult population of 89 male evening college students. The Vocational Preference Inventory was used to derive personality comparisons between both present and future job choices. Significant positive results were obtained to support Holland's premise that people search out environments and, hence, vocations that are compatible with their personalities. Results also suggest a practical approach to utilizing more than a single high point code in classification of personality patterns and jobs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)