二硫键稳定的抗HIV-1 gp41单链抗体的构建及原核表达

目的构建二硫键稳定的抗HIV-1 gp41单链抗体(dsFv)基因原核表达载体,并进行表达和鉴定。方法采用PCR定点突变的方法,构建含二硫键稳定的抗HIV-1 gp41单链抗体突变基因质粒pUC57-d41,BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切后,定向插入pET-28a(+),转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,用SDS-PAGE、Western blot鉴定表达产物。对目的蛋白进行纯化和复性,并进行抗原结合活性及相对稳定性检测。结果重组载体pET-d41经酶切鉴定,证实构建正确。表达产物相对分子质量约为28000,与理论预期值完全相符。目的蛋白最高表达量可占菌体总蛋白的45.48%。经Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化并复性后,蛋白纯度达95%以上,抗HIV-1 gp41 dsFv具有抗原结合活性,稳定性优于scFv。结论已成功构建了二硫键稳定的抗HIV-1 gp41单链抗体(dsFv)基因原核表达载体,并获得表达,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定了基础。     

重组人抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体的筛选及序列分析

目的克隆、筛选人抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs),并对其基因序列进行分析。方法从抗-HBs抗体阳性血液中分离淋巴细胞,提取总RNA,合成cDNA,以此为模板,PCR扩增轻链和重链抗体可变区基因;应用已构建的抗体支架载体,构建重组表达载体,转化毕赤酵母X33,建立相应的酵母表达文库;甲醇诱导表达,Westernblot及ELISA筛选抗-HBs抗体阳性菌株;PCR扩增DNA片段,进行测序及Blastn比对,并与已发表的抗-HBs抗体序列进行同源性分析。结果重链及轻链抗体重组表达载体经双酶切鉴定,证明构建正确;经Westernblot及ELISA筛选,获得了具有HBsAg结合活性的完整轻重链抗体;轻链可变区与已发表序列核苷酸同源性为93%,而氨基酸同源性仅为88%,尤其CDR3变异较大;重链可变区与已发表序列同源性较低,CDR3区基因长度及序列均有较大差别。结论应用毕赤酵母表达体系筛选,获得了新的抗-HBs抗体。     

Rapid detection of antigen binding by antibody fragments expressed in the periplasm of Escherichia coli

Bacterial expression systems can greatly facilitate proteinengineering of antibodies. We have developed a system for high-levelexpression of antibodies, antibody fragments, or hybrid antibodieswith novel effector functions in the periplasm of Escherichiacoli. From 5 ml of cells, a simple extraction yields sufficientmaterial for SDS-gel electro-phoresis, detection and characterizationof hapten binding. To demonstrate our system, heavy-chain variableregions and 1 light chains of a mouse anti-NP antibody weresynthesized as hybrid proteins with a bacterial signal peptide(Omp F). Each chain is secreted into the periplasm where processing(cleavage of the signal peptide), folding and heterodimer associationtake place. Periplasmic proteins are released by cold osmoticshock, and hapten-binding activity is easily detected withoutfurther manipulation. The ease of genetic engineering in thissystem will facilitate the production of immunoglobulin derivativesdesigned for specific applications, and expression of thesemolecules in a native state will allow the rapid screening ofcombinatorial libraries and the results of mutagenesis.     

Antibody Fragments as Tools for Elucidating Structure-Toxicity Relationships and for Diagnostic/Therapeutic Targeting of Neurotoxic Amyloid Oligomers

The accumulation of amyloid protein aggregates in tissues is the basis for the onset of diseases known as amyloidoses. Intriguingly, many amyloidoses impact the central nervous system (CNS) and usually are devastating diseases. It is increasingly apparent that neurotoxic soluble oligomers formed by amyloidogenic proteins are the primary molecular drivers of these diseases, making them lucrative diagnostic and therapeutic targets. One promising diagnostic/therapeutic strategy has been the development of antibody fragments against amyloid oligomers. Antibody fragments, such as fragment antigen-binding (Fab), scFv (single chain variable fragments), and VHH (heavy chain variable domain or single-domain antibodies) are an alternative to full-length IgGs as diagnostics and therapeutics for a variety of diseases, mainly because of their increased tissue penetration (lower MW compared to IgG), decreased inflammatory potential (lack of Fc domain), and facile production (low structural complexity). Furthermore, through the use of in vitro-based ligand selection, it has been possible to identify antibody fragments presenting marked conformational selectivity. In this review, we summarize significant reports on antibody fragments selective for oligomers associated with prevalent CNS amyloidoses. We discuss promising results obtained using antibody fragments as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents against these diseases. In addition, the use of antibody fragments, particularly scFv and VHH, in the isolation of unique oligomeric assemblies is discussed as a strategy to unravel conformational moieties responsible for neurotoxicity. We envision that advances in this field may lead to the development of novel oligomer-selective antibody fragments with superior selectivity and, hopefully, good clinical outcomes.     

大容量人源天然噬菌体抗体库的构建

目的构建大容量(>108)的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。方法提取人外周血淋巴细胞mRNA,反转录出cDNA第一链,以此为模板,PCR扩增重链(VH)和轻链(VL)基因片段。将VL基因PCR产物插入含Loxp和Loxp511序列的pDF载体中,电转化大肠杆菌XL1-Blue,构建轻链库,再将VH基因PCR产物插入轻链库载体中,电转化大肠杆菌XL1-Blue,构建初级库。进一步用初级库超感染BS1365菌,使其VH与VL发生重组,获得重组库,再利用重组库感染大肠杆菌XL1-Blue,构建工作库。结果所有VH和VL亚类基因的扩增产物片段大小均与理论值相符,轻重链基因的克隆效率均为100%。初级库容量为108,滴度为6×1013;重组后的工作库有效容量为8×1010,滴度至少为1×1013。结论已构建容量为1010的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。     

B型肉毒毒素轻链蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的克隆B型肉毒毒素轻链Bont-B基因,使其在大肠杆菌内表达,并对表达的重组蛋白进行纯化。方法设计并人工合成Bont-B基因,克隆入表达载体pMD19-T中,构建质粒pMD19-T-Bont-B,经酶切后与pET-28a载体连接,构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-Bont-B,将重组表达质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析后,经金属螯合层析Cu2+柱进行纯化,纯化产物经SDS-PAGE分析纯度。结果重组表达质粒pET-28a-Bont-B经PCR、双酶切及测序鉴定,证明构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约50 000,主要以可溶性形式表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的6%;纯化后的重组蛋白纯度可达90%以上。结论已成功克隆并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中原核表达了Bont-B轻链基因,为制备抗Bont-B轻链单克隆抗体及研究肉毒中毒机制和治疗奠定了基础。     

High-level secretion of recombinant monomeric murine and human single-chain Fv antibodies from Drosophila S2 cells

Single-chain variable fragment (scFvs) antibodies are small polypeptides (～26 kD) containing the heavy (V(H)) and light (V(L)) immunoglobulin domains of a parent antibody connected by a flexible linker. In addition to being frequently used in diagnostics and therapy for an increasing number of human diseases, scFvs are important tools for structural biology as crystallization chaperones. Although scFvs can be expressed in many different organisms, the expression level of an scFv strongly depends on its particular amino acid sequence. We report here a system allowing for easy and efficient cloning of (i) scFvs selected by phage display and (ii) individual heavy and light chain sequences from hybridoma cDNA into expression plasmids engineered for secretion of the recombinant fragment produced in Drosophila S2 cells. We validated the method by producing five scFvs derived from human and murine parent antibodies directed against various antigens. The production yields varied between 5 and 12 mg monomeric scFv per liter of supernatant, indicating a relative independence on the individual sequences. The recombinant scFvs bound their cognate antigen with high affinity, comparable with the parent antibodies. The suitability of the produced recombinant fragments for structural studies was demonstrated by crystallization and structure determination of one of the produced scFvs, derived from a broadly neutralizing antibody against the major glycoprotein E2 of the hepatitis C virus. Structural comparison with the Protein Data Bank revealed the typical spatial organization of V(H) and V(L) domains, further validating the here-reported expression system.     

Expression of an exogenous peptide epitope genetically engineered in the variable domain of an immunoglobulin: implications for antibody and peptide folding

Immunoglobulins bind antigens and express individual antigenicspecificities mainly through residues located in hypervariableloops of their N-terminal domains. Hyper-variable loops arekept in place by a molecular scaffold organized in a sandwich-likestructure with two ß-sheets stabilized by a disulfidebridge (the immunoglobulin fold). This structural feature, togetherwith the possibility of obtaining high level expression, extracellularsecretion, easy purification and stability of the protein product,render immunoglobulin an ideal ‘molecular vehicle’for the expression of exogenous peptides. Here we report onthe engineering of an immunoglobulin expressing an exogenousepitope, the repetitive tetrapeptide Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP)₃.By recombinant DNA techniques, we inserted three copies of thetetrapeptide (NANP)₃ in the third hypervariable loop (D region)of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain. We show thatthe engineered antibody was properly assembled and secreted.A panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, including anti-syntheticpeptides and anti-(NANP)_n antibodies, were used to study themolecular configuration of the engineered domain's surface.The results indicate that (i) the exogenous sequence did notappreciably alter the overall fold of the variable domain; and(ii) the inserted epitope folded with a configuration immuno-logicallysimilar to the one assumed in the native protein, suggestingthat short- and medium- rather than long-range interactionsstabilized the structure of the (NANP)₃ peptide in the foldedprotein. We propose this system for the expression of peptidicsequences, and their structural and functional analysis.     

人甲型流感病毒H3N2亚型中和表位串联基因原核表达载体的构建

目的构建人甲型流感病毒H3N2亚型中和表位串联基因原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中表达目的蛋白。方法合成人甲型流感病毒H3N2亚型中和表位的串联基因,克隆入pET-28a(+)载体中,构建重组表达载体pET-28a-H3,经酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析后,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,并进行ELISA和Westernblot鉴定。结果重组载体pET-28a-H3酶切片段大小和DNA序列分析与预期结果一致。表达的目的蛋白相对分子质量约9400,与相应的多克隆抗体反应性良好。结论已成功构建人甲型流感病毒H3N2亚型中和表位串联基因原核表达载体pET-28a-H3,并表达了目的蛋白,为制备单克隆和多克隆抗体奠定了基础。     

A Novel Artificially Humanized Anti-Cripto-1 Antibody Suppressing Cancer Cell Growth

Cripto-1 is a member of the EGF-CFC/FRL1/Cryptic family and is involved in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. We designed a novel anti-Cripto-1 artificial antibody and assessed the recognition to the antigen and the potential to suppress the growth of cancer stem cells. First, single chain antibody clones were isolated by bio-panning with the affinity to recombinant Cripto-1 protein from our original phage-display library. Then, the variable regions of heavy chain VH and light chain VL in each clone were fused to constant regions of heavy chain CH and light chain CL regions respectively. These fused genes were expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells to produce artificial humanized antibodies against Cripto-1. After evaluation of the expression levels, one clone was selected and the anti-Cripto-1 antibody was produced and purified. The purified antibody showed affinity to recombinant Cripto-1 at 1.1 pmol and immunoreactivity to cancer tissues and cell lines. The antibody was available to detect the immunoreactivity in tissue microarrays of malignant tumors as well as in Cripto-1 overexpressing cells. Simultaneously, the antibody exhibited the potential to suppress the growth of human colon cancer derived GEO cells overexpressing Cripto-1 with IC₅₀ at approximately 110 nM. The artificially humanized antibody is proposed to be a good candidate to target cancer cells overexpressing Cripto-1.     

Improving Pharmaceutical Protein Production in Oryza sativa

Application of plant expression systems in the production of recombinant proteins has several advantages, such as low maintenance cost, absence of human pathogens, and possession of complex post-translational glycosylation capabilities. Plants have been successfully used to produce recombinant cytokines, vaccines, antibodies, and other proteins, and rice (Oryza sativa) is a potential plant used as recombinant protein expression system. After successful transformation, transgenic rice cells can be either regenerated into whole plants or grown as cell cultures that can be upscaled into bioreactors. This review summarizes recent advances in the production of different recombinant protein produced in rice and describes their production methods as well as methods to improve protein yield and quality. Glycosylation and its impact in plant development and protein production are discussed, and several methods of improving yield and quality that have not been incorporated in rice expression systems are also proposed. Finally, different bioreactor options are explored and their advantages are analyzed.     

Development of Cys38 knock-out and humanized version of NbAahII10 nanobody with improved neutralization of AahII scorpion toxin

During scorpion envenoming, highly toxic small polypeptides of the venom diffuse rapidly within the victim, causing serious medical problems. Nanobodies (Nbs), the recombinant single-domain antigen-binding fragments of camel-specific heavy-chain only antibodies, offer special advantages in therapy over classic antibody fragments due to their robustness and smaller size, matching the size of the scorpion toxins. Recently, a potent AahII scorpion toxin-neutralizing Nb was identified. However, this NbAahII10 contains a single Cys in its first antigen-binding loop, leading to Nb dimerization upon prolonged storage. In this work, we first investigate the efficacy of NbAahII10 variants in which this Cys was substituted by Ala, Ser or Thr. Second, the NbAahII10 Cys/Ser mutant displaying the best functional properties is subsequently humanized. It is demonstrated that the maximally humanized version of NbAahII10 Cys/Ser maintains its high affinity for the antigen without conceding much on expression yield and stability. More importantly, its neutralizing capacity is preserved as all mice survive injections of seven LD(50) and 50% of mice survived nine LD(50) of the scorpion toxin. Thus, this humanized Nb is the best candidate to develop a therapy in human against the most toxic venom compound of one of the most dangerous scorpions.     

Bispecific mAb2 Antibodies Targeting CD59 Enhance the Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Mediated by Rituximab

Inhibition of complement activation via the overexpression of complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs), most notably CD46, CD55 and CD59, is an efficient mechanism of disguise of cancer cells from a host immune system. This phenomenon extends to counteract the potency of therapeutic antibodies that could lyse target cells by eliciting complement cascade. The manifold functions and ubiquitous expression of CRPs preclude their systemic specific inhibition. We selected CD59-specific Fc fragments with a novel antigen binding site (Fcabs) from yeast display libraries using recombinant antigens expressed in bacterial or mammalian cells. To produce a bispecific antibody, we endowed rituximab, a clinically applied anti-CD20 antibody, used for therapy of various lymphoid malignancies, with an anti-CD59 Fcab. This bispecific antibody was able to induce more potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity for CD20 and CD59 expressing Raji cell line measured with lactate dehydrogenase-release assay, but had no effect on the cells with lower levels of the primary CD20 antigen or CD20-negative cells. Such molecules are promising candidates for future therapeutic development as they elicit a higher specific cytotoxicity at a lower concentration and hence cause a lower exhaustion of complement components.     

小鼠MUC1基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌DH5α中的表达

目的构建表达小鼠MUC1基因的工程菌,并纯化重组小鼠MUC1融合蛋白。方法通过RT-PCR扩增小鼠MUC1基因片段,连入pMAL-p2原核表达载体,并转化大肠杆菌DH5,αIPTG诱导表达,经Western blot鉴定,Amylose Resin亲和层析纯化。结果获得了小鼠MUC1 708bp DNA片段,并构建了pMAL-mMUC1表达载体。表达产物相对分子质量约为67000,经Western blot鉴定,与兔抗MBP多克隆抗体产生特异性反应。纯化的融合蛋白在SDS-PAGE图谱上呈单一条带。结论成功构建了表达小鼠MUC1蛋白的工程菌。     

木瓜凝乳蛋白酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的构建木瓜凝乳蛋白酶(CP)的表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法从生番木瓜中提取mRNA后进行反转录,得到木瓜凝乳蛋白酶的cDNA,PCR产物克隆到pET22-b(+)载体中,重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21,进行诱导表达及表达产物的检测。结果表达产物的SDS-PAGE显示单一条带,相对分子质量约为26000。Western blot表明表达产物可与抗木瓜凝乳蛋白酶特异性抗体结合。结论CP基因已成功在大肠杆菌中克隆表达,为进一步纯化和动物实验奠定了基础。     

抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的IgG全抗体表达载体的构建

目的构建抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)的IgG全抗体杆状病毒表达载体。方法用PCR方法扩增抗HBsAg抗体Fab片段的轻链(L)及重链Fd段(VH+CH1)基因片段,将杆状病毒载体pAC-k-Fc与L基因连接,重组为过渡表达载体pAC-k-L-Fc,再与Fd基因连接,构建重组表达载体pAC-HBs-Fc,并进行酶切鉴定及DNA测序分析。确定正确后,转染昆虫细胞sf9,用免疫荧光检测IgG的表达。结果PCR扩增的片段约650bp,与预期值一致。载体pAC-k-L-Fc和pAC-HBs-Fc的酶切片段和DNA序列与预期结果一致。转染sf9细胞呈阳性荧光反应,未转染细胞呈阴性荧光反应。结论已成功构建表达载体pAC-HBs-Fc,为表达抗人HBsAg的IgG全抗体奠定了基础。     

人胎盘泌乳素的原核表达及纯化

目的原核表达并纯化人胎盘泌乳素(Human placenta lactogen,hPL)。方法从正常产妇新鲜胎盘组织中提取组织总RNA,PCR扩增hPL基因,将其亚克隆至pQE-30载体,构建重组表达质粒,转化感受态大肠杆菌M15(pREP4),经IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经Sephacryl S-200层析柱纯化,纯化产物经SDS-PAGE和western blot鉴定其纯度和特异性。结果重组菌pQE-hPL/M15(pREP4)经双酶切及测序证实构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约23 000,主要以包涵体形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的67%;纯化后目的蛋白纯度可达90%以上;纯化蛋白和hPL包涵体均可与羊抗hPL多克隆抗体特异性结合,具有较强的特异性和抗原性。结论已成功制备了纯度较高的hPL蛋白,为基因工程制备抗体提供了抗原。     

Characterization of Disulfide Bond Rebridged Fab–Drug Conjugates Prepared Using a Dual Maleimide Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Cytotoxic Payload

We describe the characterization of antigen binding fragments (Fab)–drug conjugates prepared using a dual maleimide pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer cytotoxic payload (SG3710). Pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers, which are DNA cross-linkers, are a class of payloads used in antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). SG3710 was designed to rebridge two adjacent cysteines, such as those that form the canonical interchain disulfide bond between the light and heavy chain in Fab fragments. The rebridging generated homogenous Fab conjugates, with a drug-to-Fab ratio of one, as demonstrated by the preparation of rebridged Fabs derived from the anti-HER2 trastuzumab antibody and from a negative control antibody both prepared using recombinant expression and papain digestion. The resulting anti-HER2 trastuzumab Fab-rebridged conjugate retained antigen binding, was stable in rat serum, and demonstrated potent and antigen-dependent cancer cell-killing ability. Disulfide rebridging with SG3710 is a generic approach to prepare Fab–pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer conjugates, which does not require the Fabs to be engineered for conjugation. Thus, SG3710 offers a flexible and straightforward platform for the controlled assembly of pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer conjugates from any Fab for oncology applications.     

噬菌体展示抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原Fab抗体分子的筛选和序列分析

目的　从自建的免疫噬菌体展示Fab抗体库中获得抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原Fab抗体分子 ,并进行基因序列分析。方法　采用纯化的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原作为包被抗原 ,对自建的 4× 10 5Fab噬菌体抗体库进行富集筛选 ,从阳性强的次级库中挑选单个克隆菌 ,分别进行噬菌体ELISA、PCR和限制性内切酶鉴定后 ,再选取三者均为阳性的克隆菌进行基因序列分析。结果　共挑选了 6 0个单克隆菌株 ,其中噬菌体ELISA阳性有 2 7个 ,阳性率为 4 5 % ;PCR鉴定均为相应大小片段 ;限制性内切酶鉴定表明 2 7个阳性克隆菌中有 13个具有约 15 0 0bp的片段 ,其余均为约 75 0bp大小 ;BstOI酶切鉴定表明各克隆菌的酶切方式不同 ;选取 5个含约 15 0 0bp片段和 2个含约75 0bp片段的克隆菌株 ,经测序均为人免疫球蛋白基因 ,且重链分别属于VH3、VH4、VH5家族 ,轻链分别属于L5、L6、L8和 0 12 /0 2家族。结论　从自建的免疫噬菌体展示Fab抗体库中成功地获得了抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原Fab抗体分子。表明所构建的抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的Fab抗体库的抗体基因具有多样性。