美国污染治理政策下的“棕地”设计——以西雅图煤气厂公园为例

从西雅图煤气厂公园案例中吸取经验,即随着法律政策的更新及污染物标准的调整,”棕地”改造项目是一个长期的设计过程,规划设计应具备预见性及足够的弹性空间.可以景观为手段,尽可能地让人类活动与生态环境免于污染残留物的危害.     

A Bayesian method to estimate proportional payments of users in a wastewater treatment plant

A simple Bayesian method to estimate proportional payments for using or constructing a wastewater treatment plant is presented. The method addresses the usually unknown individual participation in global pollution, of municipal and industrial wastewaters that are normally discharged into the same collecting pond. The individual contributions are calculated from the discharged volume of each source and its pollution percentage in the wastewater volume previous to the disposal. According to the method presented here, the costs in building and/or running the plant can be covered by proportional individual payments based on the individual contributions, in a more even way. The simplicity of the model allows to assess different strategies for the participants in a wastewater treatment system. A real case study in the Izta-Popo National Park, located in the Mexican States of Puebla, Mexico and Morelos, is analyzed.     

A Survey of Sheep-Dipping Practices in the River Tweed Catchment

Following an initial exploratory survey in 1989, a detailed survey was carried out in 1990–91, the results of which indicated that a significant number of sheep dippers in the River Tweed catchment were at risk of polluting adjacent watercourses. Those dippers identified as medium to high risk of causing pollution were re-inspected in 1992 as a follow-up to the previous survey and, although in many cases dipping practices had greatly improved, a number were still at risk – emphasizing the importance of continued monitoring.
To complement the survey, environmental samples were taken and, in most of the catchments, the dip-active ingredients diazinon and propetamphos were found, confirming that the leaching of dip into a watercourse was occurring over a wide area throughout the Tweed catchment. The analysis of the environmental samples taken during the main dipping period each year of the survey showed that, in general, there was a significant decrease in diazinon and propetamphos in 1991 and 1992, compared to previous years.     

A modification of the Trent Index for use in Denmark

A new pollution index based on macroinvertebrates has been devised which can be used as a surveillance system in Danish streams. The index is inspired by the Trent Index although it was necessary to incorporate two new principles. First, the pollution indicators Asellus aquaticus and Chironomus sp. are used as negative taxa, with a negative influence on the index value, thereby strongly enhancing the utility of the keygroups. Secondly, the taxonomic groups used in the Trent Index have been replaced by establishing positive and negative index groups, where the number of negative index groups is subtracted from the number of positive. Thus, the utility of the basic principle, increasing pollution effecting decreasing numbers of taxonomic groups, is enhanced.     

A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Surface and Groundwaters in the UK

The Badenoch Group of Experts on Cryptosporidium recommended that a survey should be made of river and borehole sources to assess the incidence of oocysts. This paper presents the results of a national survey of three river stretches and six boreholes carried out between January 1990 and March 1991. A total of 1754 samples were analysed and 266 (15%) of these were subjected to independent checks in reference laboratories. The results show a low incidence of oocysts in the sources (range 0–4 oocysts/1). One river stretch gave consistent positive results but with low concentrations (range 0.04–3 oocysts/1, n = 318). Parallel epidemiological studies showed a low incidence of cases in the community, none of which could be related specifically to water supplies. The concentrations of oocysts found are generally lower than those found in studies in the US particularly in comparison with published results for large industrialized rivers.     

A new methodology for cost-effectiveness studies of domestic radon remediation programmes: quality-adjusted life-years gained within primary care trusts in central England

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, high levels of which are associated with geological formations such as those found in Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire in the UK. The UK's National Radiological Protection Board have designated both districts as radon Affected Areas. Radiation levels due to radon, therefore, exceed 200 Bq m(-3), the UK's domestic Action Level, in over one percent of domestic properties. Because of radon's radioactivity, exposure to the gas can potentially cause lung cancer, and has been linked to some 2000 deaths a year in the UK. Consequently, when radiation levels exceed the Action Level, remediation against radon's effects is recommended to householders. This study examines the cost-effectiveness of remediation measures in Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire by estimating cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained in four Primary Care Trusts, organisations that play a key public health policy role in the UK's National Health Service. The study is the first to apply this approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of radon remediation programmes. Central estimates of cost per quality-adjusted life-year in the four Primary Care Trusts range from 6143pounds to 10323pounds. These values, when assessed against generally accepted criteria, suggest the remediation programmes in the trusts were cost-effective. Policy suggestions based on the estimates, and designed to improve cost-effectiveness further, are proposed for the four Primary Care Trusts and the UK's National Health Service.     

美国国家公园规划体系概述

国家公园规划是公园内一切活动的综合部署和基本依据。本文首先介绍了美国国家公园规划体系编制的原则和内容;然后,详细阐述了美国国家公园体系规划的基本框架,即总体管理规划、战略规划、实施规划与年度工作计划4个层次;最后,归纳总结了美国国家公园规划体系的特点。     

混凝土多孔砖在漳州生产与应用的调研分析

混凝土多孔砖是以水泥为胶结材料，砂、石等为主要集料，加水搅拌成型，养护制成的一种多排小孔的混凝土砖。本文介绍了制作混凝土多孔砖的原材料、配合比、生产工艺、产品性能及在漳州生产与应用情况的调研分析。     

既有住区公共服务建筑适老化现状调查研究——以徐州市实态调查为例

本文通过对徐州市住区中的医疗卫生建筑、文化体育建筑、社区服务建筑这三类公共服务建筑的适老化现状的实态调查,结合老年人对于不同公共服务建筑的需求及使用特征,对各类公共服务建筑的现状及存在问题进行分析研究,并根据现存问题提出相应的更新改造措施,为我国既有住区公共服务建筑的适老化更新建设提供有价值的参考意见。     

Greening Port Misery: Marketing the Green Face of Waterfront Redevelopment in Port Adelaide, South Australia

Port Adelaide is on the cusp of an urban renaissance. Once a thriving industrial centre, economic restructuring has left the Port in a vulnerable position. Suffering from the ills of economic and environmental decline, collaborative efforts between the South Australian State Government and private sector property developers have aimed to transform the Port to a cosmopolitan and progressive landscape. While much urban regeneration literature has focused on the social and economic issues associated with such large-scale redevelopments, the environmental improvements purported by these developments are largely unexplored. A significant aspect of Port Adelaide's transformation is the deliberate mobilisation of an environmental discourse in marketing materials. These materials are key texts serving to both promote and legitimise the redevelopment. Data presented in this article problematises the purported environmental benefits associated with the marketing of Port Adelaide's redevelopment, revealing it as a rhetorical form of 'greenwashing'.     

Contamination assessment of heavy metals in the soils of an abandoned copper mine in Lasail,Northern Oman

ABSTRACT

Abandoned mine areas exhibit heavy metal contamination. This severely reduces the soil quality. This paper concerns the assessment of soils near an abandoned copper mine in Lasail, northern Oman. Seventy-two soil samples were collected and analysed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The extent of heavy metal pollution was evaluated based on the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution index (PI). According to these indices, Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As) and Iron (Fe) are impacting the soils. Of these, Cu and Hg concentrations are 50 and 300 times more than the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). There is an urgent need for the remediation and restoration of the soils in this area and a proposal is presented here.     

Impacts of Climatic Change on River Flow Regimes in the UK

Much has been written in recent years about the potential threats posed by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. This paper summarizes the implications of global warming for hydrological processes in general and river flow characteristics in the UK in particular, emphasizing the present high degree of uncertainty. Current climate change scenarios for the UK imply that rainfall between autumn and spring will increase, and this may have beneficial implications for UK water resources. However, the effect of this increase may be outweighed by higher evapotranspiration. Average annual runoff in a catchment in southern UK may be reduced by around 5% by the middle of the next century, but this estimate is very uncertain: runoff may reduce by 30% or increase by 30%. Runoff in northern and western UK is likely to show a slight increase (but with similarly large confidence intervals). It is probable that river flows in the UK will be much more concentrated in winter than at present. The effect of a given climate change scenario on monthly flow regimes depends on the current summer water balance and on catchment geological conditions.     

从形态学角度浅议城市路网模式

本文从形态学的角度对古今中外的城市路网模式进行了分类与总结，并对每种路网模式的适用条件进行了分析。文章特别对小格网的路网模式作了重点介绍，认为这种模式应当是有魅力、人性化的城市应当普遍采纳的。最后，文章介绍了一个采用小格网进行路网设计的规划实例。     

北京千户新房迁居户问卷调查报告

随着我国房改政策的实施,居民的住房消费、住房选择发生很大变化。作者以北京市１０００户新房迁居户为调查对象,从迁居户的迁移方向、迁居距离,迁移适应等方面探讨了当今居民在选择居所时一些新的动态。     

Impacts of the development of large cities on economic growth and income distribution in Korea: A multiregional CGE model

A multiregional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of Korea is used to assess urban development strategy in terms of national economic growth and income distribution. We find that the dispersion of total investment expenditure to six large cities would be the best policy if the emphasis of national development were to be placed on economic growth, together with a reduction in regional income disparity. Conversely, a heavy concentration of investment expenditure in Seoul and Pusan would lead to an amelioration of inequality in the distribution of personal income, but it would be difficult to implement due to hostility towards a primarily city-oriented value system. Received: 6 September 1999 / Accepted: 10 January 2002 RID="*" ID="*" An earlier version of this article was presented at the 16th Pacific Regional Science Conference held in Seoul, Korea, July 12–16, 1999.     

利用局部坐标系进行横断面测量的一种方法

通过建立局部坐标系,进行横断面测量的一种方法。这种方法具有灵活简便、劳动强度小、效率高的特点,特别适合高差变化大的地区。     

青岛地区大学生考试前焦虑、抑郁情绪调查研究

本文对青岛地区849名大学生考试前焦虑情绪(SAS)及抑郁情绪(SDS)进行调查,结果考试前焦虑及抑郁情绪分别为40.26%和28.64%,同时对考试前焦虑及抑郁情绪与性别、文理科的关系,与疾病的相关性进行分析.结果女同学考试前SAS与SDS升高较男同学明显,理科学生又高于文科学生,与疾病呈正相关.     

闽浙虹桥的调查研究(一)

研究新近在闽浙交界山区发现的木拱虹桥。普查实物,在实地勘测基础上,分析其建筑手法和结构技巧。与古今中外其它类型的大跨度建筑相比较,归纳其特点和优越性。探讨其在现代条件下的开发利用。继承并弘扬这一宝贵遗产。