煤颗粒与气泡黏附行为的试验研究

浮选微观模型认为,颗粒与气泡的黏附是实现浮选的关键步骤,对颗粒与气泡黏附规律的直接研究非常重要。采用自行设计搭建的颗粒与气泡碰撞、黏附行为测量装置,以内蒙古公乌素原煤为试验对象,直接观测了不同密度级的0.1~0.15 mm粒级煤样的黏附行为,并采用自行开发的多目标追踪软件进行分析。结果表明:煤颗粒在与气泡碰撞前会发生绕流,速度大小和方向均会改变,当煤颗粒与气泡碰撞时,煤颗粒的速度降为最低。煤颗粒在气泡表面的滑动速度先是逐渐增大,在气泡"赤道"位置处达到最大值,越过"赤道"后,煤颗粒的滑动速度逐渐减小,并最终黏附在气泡底部。煤颗粒与气泡的黏附效率随碰撞角的增大而降低,在碰撞角相同时,随煤样密度级的增大,黏附效率降低,临界黏附角减小。随煤颗粒沉降末速的增大,煤颗粒与气泡的黏附效率降低,临界黏附角减小。     

煤颗粒与气泡间相对运动过程的试验研究

针对当前颗粒与气泡间相对运动过程研究中理论推导居多、试验研究相对匮乏的情况,在阐述和分析两种颗粒与气泡间相对运动过程监测方法的基础上,提出了一套颗粒与气泡碰撞、黏附行为测量系统,并利用该系统对内蒙古公乌素原煤颗粒与气泡间的相对运动过程进行了观测。试验结果表明:在远场区,煤颗粒处于自由沉降状态,运动轨迹不受影响,进入近场区后,受气泡阻力的影响,煤颗粒逐渐偏离原来运动轨迹,趋于沿气泡切线方向运动;在远场区,煤颗粒以沉降末速向气泡逼近,随着二者间距离的不断减小,煤颗粒运动速度逐渐降低,且在二者碰撞时达到最低,之后煤颗粒沿气泡表面向下滑落,运动速度逐渐增大,当滑落至气泡"赤道"位置时达到最大,越过气泡"赤道"位置后又开始降低;当煤颗粒滑落至气泡中心以下0.34 mm位置时,彻底从气泡上脱落。     

黄药体系中气泡与不同粗糙度黄铜矿表面碰撞黏附机理研究

在黄铜矿浮选过程中,矿物表面的粗糙度及黄药浓度的变化会直接影响气泡与矿物表面的黏附和铺展,从而影响浮选效果。为了探究黄铜矿表面的粗糙度和黄药浓度对气泡与黄铜矿碰撞黏附行为的影响,使用砂纸对黄铜矿进行打磨,得到不同粗糙度的样品,然后进行气泡在矿物表面的碰撞黏附试验,并对气泡局部速度、气泡碰撞黏附时间、三相接触线长度随时间的变化、气泡接触角进行了测试分析。结果表明:粗糙度较大的黄铜矿表面有尺寸较大、数量较多的粗糙结构,会促进气泡与矿物表面之间水化膜的薄化和破裂,有利于黏附的形成,但黏附产生后黄铜矿表面的粗糙结构阻碍了气泡在矿物表面的进一步铺展;黄药浓度的增加使得黄铜矿表面生成的疏水性薄膜厚度增加,增强了对样品表面粗糙结构的覆盖作用和黄铜矿表面的负电性,提高了黄铜矿的疏水性,不利于气泡与黄铜矿形成黏附,但有利于气泡在黄铜矿表面形成黏附后的进一步铺展。该成果可用于黄铜矿的高效浮选回收利用研究。     

颗粒气泡黏附科学——宏观尺度下颗粒气泡黏附研究进展及困境

颗粒气泡黏附指从颗粒与气泡相遇开始到液膜发生薄化破裂最后至三相润湿周边铺展形成稳定矿化气絮体的过程,是浮选中的核心作用单元。然而浮选颗粒气泡黏附机理至今仍不明确。黏附过程主要受颗粒气泡的表面物理化学性质及溶液化学条件影响,表面力及流体作用力协同支配微纳尺度下颗粒气泡间液膜薄化破裂行为。排液过程中气液界面的变形效应进一步增加了系统复杂性,上述因素使得颗粒气泡黏附的理论研究及试验探索步履维艰。早期关于颗粒气泡黏附的研究主要聚焦于黏附概率,其中宏观尺度下的诱导时间测试占据主导地位,通过诱导时间结果计算黏附概率。对国内外宏观尺度下颗粒气泡黏附概率模型及研究技术手段进展展开全面综述,并对现有技术瓶颈及局限进行分析。诱导时间测量仪及高速动态摄影技术大大促进了浮选工作者对颗粒气泡黏附的理解,“诱导时间与实际浮选回收率具有着良好的相关关系”也已经被广泛证明。然而因微纳尺度下的表面力及液膜薄化动力学信息的缺失导致宏观诱导时间并不能从基础层面揭示颗粒气泡的黏附机理,微纳尺度下颗粒气泡间相互作用力及液膜薄化动力学的定量测试表征是技术发展的必然趋势,其可为浮选微观矿化反应过程提供新的理论视角,同时也为难浮煤及难选矿浮选过程强化提供理论支撑。     

煤颗粒密度和粒度及浓度对浮选效果的影响研究

为研究煤颗粒密度、粒度及浓度对浮选末速度的影响,构建了颗粒-气泡结合体模型,并在此基础上推导出了其上浮末速度计算公式;运用上浮末速度计算公式可计算出不同密度、粒度、浓度时颗粒-气泡结合体的上浮末速度。计算结果表明:煤颗粒粒度越大,不同密度、浓度的颗粒-气泡结合体上浮末速差值越大;煤颗粒浓度越大,不同粒度、密度的颗粒-气泡结合体上浮末速度越接近。     

固-液界面纳米气泡稳定性及其强化浮选黏附机制研究进展

颗粒-气泡黏附是浮选核心作用单元,驱动其自发黏附的主要作用为疏水颗粒-气泡间疏水引力。作为长程疏水引力主要来源,界面纳米气泡对浮选界面调控有重要影响。从纳米气泡的基本性质、稳定性机理及浮选强化机制3个方面进行了系统讨论。纳米气泡异常稳定性和接触角一直是近20 a来的研究热点。经典物理学理论预测纳米气泡寿命在微秒尺度,而试验发现纳米气泡寿命通常可达数天以上。针对纳米气泡异常稳定性提出污染物层、动态平衡、三相线钉扎等假说,然而各假说均无法解释所有试验现象,其稳定性机理仍需要深入研究。纳米气泡接触角(气侧)远小于Young接触角,高密度气体导致的固-气界面能降低可能是接触角异常的主要原因。对纳米气泡强化浮选黏附机制进行了探讨,一方面界面纳米气泡可通过边界滑移促进颗粒-气泡碰撞过程中液膜排液,另一方面纳米气泡桥接使颗粒-气泡出现长程引力,同时颗粒-气泡间的DLVO力由排斥力转变为引力,从而促使颗粒-气泡黏附。目前已有试验表明纳米气泡在煤、磷酸盐、白钨矿及铁矿石等多种矿物的浮选中均有显著提升效果。在浮选日益精细化的背景下,纳米气泡强化技术可为浮选界面调控提供新的理论视角与技术手段,是未来浮选领域...     

相互作用力及液膜排液动力学研究进展

颗粒气泡间相互作用力及液膜薄化破裂动力学是揭示浮选黏附机理的核心,也是近年来浮选胶体化学领域的研究热点。为深入明晰浮选黏附机理,对当前颗粒气泡间相互作用力及液膜排液动力学模型理论研究进展进行了系统综述。对于颗粒气泡间相互作用力,疏水引力可克服颗粒气泡间范德华力和静电斥力,诱发黏附。不同作用程范围内疏水力的来源机制不同:长程疏水力(20 nm)主要源于固液界面亚微米/纳米气泡桥接,而短程疏水力(20 nm)则主要源于固液界面水分子重排效应。由于疏水力强烈的吸引性和气液界面变形,颗粒气泡间疏水力的定量表征仍存在较大的挑战。对于颗粒气泡间液膜排液动力学模型,最具代表性的有Stefan-Reynolds平坦膜模型,Taylor模型和Stokes-Reynolds-Young-Laplace(SRYL)模型。Stefan-Reynolds及Taylor模型并未考虑排液过程中气泡表面曲率的变化,其应用存在着较大的局限性。SRYL模型则在描述液膜薄化速率的同时,兼顾了气泡表面在流体力和表面力等外力作用下的变形行为。在给定起始与边界条件下,SRYL模型通过数值迭代法与液膜排液试验测试结果对比,可以计算出颗粒气泡间的相互作用力信息;也可通过与相互作用力试验结果对比获得液膜排液数据。在今后的研究中,应重点将SRYL模型与试验测试相结合,对颗粒气泡间疏水力进行定量表征,揭示浮选黏附机理。     

淀粉分子结构对钛铁矿与浮选气泡间相互作用的影响研究

淀粉是由糖苷键结合的多糖聚合物,可作为调整剂运用于钛铁矿反浮选脱硅。矿物颗粒与浮选气泡 的相互作用是决定矿物浮选效率的关键因素,而不同的淀粉由于分子结构的差异对其有重要影响。研究了在不同 玉米淀粉作用下的钛铁矿颗粒与气泡的碰撞及黏附过程。采用自行搭建的颗粒-气泡相互作用观测装置,发现不 同淀粉组分对钛铁矿颗粒与气泡的碰撞概率及黏附概率有重要影响。结合接触角检测和激光粒度测试试验推测 支链淀粉含量越高的淀粉分子更容易团聚矿物颗粒从而增大其与气泡的碰撞概率,且其更容易减小钛铁矿疏水性 从而降低其与气泡的黏附力。最后基于试验结果和前人理论,建立了颗粒与气泡碰撞及黏附过程的数学模型,并 讨论了淀粉分子结构在模型中的作用。     

淀粉分子结构对钛铁矿与浮选气泡间相互作用的影响研究

淀粉是由糖苷键结合的多糖聚合物,可作为调整剂运用于钛铁矿反浮选脱硅。矿物颗粒与浮选气泡 的相互作用是决定矿物浮选效率的关键因素,而不同的淀粉由于分子结构的差异对其有重要影响。研究了在不同 玉米淀粉作用下的钛铁矿颗粒与气泡的碰撞及黏附过程。采用自行搭建的颗粒-气泡相互作用观测装置,发现不 同淀粉组分对钛铁矿颗粒与气泡的碰撞概率及黏附概率有重要影响。结合接触角检测和激光粒度测试试验推测 支链淀粉含量越高的淀粉分子更容易团聚矿物颗粒从而增大其与气泡的碰撞概率,且其更容易减小钛铁矿疏水性 从而降低其与气泡的黏附力。最后基于试验结果和前人理论,建立了颗粒与气泡碰撞及黏附过程的数学模型,并 讨论了淀粉分子结构在模型中的作用。     

低阶煤的油泡浮选研究进展

针对低阶煤表面亲水性强、可浮性差及浮选过程中捕收剂消耗量高等问题,国内外研究者研究了低阶煤的汕泡浮选。本文对低阶煤-油泡浮选试验、矿化理论及分选装置进行了归纳总结。低阶煤的油泡浮选试验表明,油泡表面的强疏水性可以提高低阶煤浮选回收率,降低捕收剂消耗量。诱导时间测试结果表明,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间要远短于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间。目前研究颗粒-气/油泡间水化膜薄化理论的模型主要有Stefan-Reynolds模型、Taylor方程、Stokes-Reynolds-Young-Laplace模型以及Stokes-Reynolds模型。油泡的制备方法主要有高温气化法和常温零调浆法。     

Fundamental aspects of bubble–particle attachment mechanism in flotation separation

Analysis of bubble–particle mechanism is important for improving our understanding of flotation process. The research presented integrates microflotation experiments, bubble–particle attachment time measurements, and colloid and surface characterization and analysis. The bubble–particle attachment time was inversely related to the flotation recovery and the minimum attachment time matched the maximum flotation recovery, which occurred around mutual isoelectric point for the glass particles and air bubbles. Bubble–particle force measurements, performed with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), showed a similar trend. Additionally, the adsorption isotherm of the glass–dodecyl amine hydrochloride (DAH) system indicated that there are the three adsorption regions, and the flotation recovery reached its maximum value in the second region of DAH adsorption on the glass surface. All results obtained in this study showed the important role of colloidal forces affected by surfactant adsorption in bubble–particle attachment.     

Bubble–particle detachment in a turbulent vortex I: Experimental

The mechanics of the detachment of particles from bubbles in the flotation process in a turbulent environment are unclear. The traditional hypothesis assumes a bubble–particle aggregate is trapped inside an eddy of equivalent size, and the attached particles rotate at the same speed as the eddy. The rotational movement subjects the attached particles to a centrifugal force. It is theorised that particles detach when the centrifugal force is greater than the capillary force, but this hypothesis has not yet been experimentally proven.This work is an experimental study of bubble–particle detachment in a rotating eddy. A special experiment was designed to obtain a strong confined vortex, and bubble–particle aggregates were introduced into the cavity without destroying the vortex structure. This newly developed method, which provides a realistic analogue of the turbulent conditions in a flotation cell, is well suited to the study of an important sub-process of flotation in a turbulent field, namely, the stability of single bubble–particle aggregates.Particles can detach from bubbles by a number of ways, including inertial actions induced by rapid changes in direction, and disruption due to coalescence of colliding bubbles. In this paper, we focus on a particular mechanism, in which bubbles are observed to rotate in a turbulent vortex. Particles can be held on the surface of the bubble by surface tension, and the radial centripetal force induced by the rotation is sufficiently high, particles may detach. Experiments are described in which the process of particle detachment due to centrifugal movement, was captured by a high-speed video camera, and the necessary physical parameters, especially the rotational velocity of the particles, were extracted. For the first time, centrifugal movement of the particle on the bubble surface inside a vortex was observed, and the theory of detachment due to centrifugal forces in the turbulent field was experimentally proven.     

低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的疏水力常数研究

浮选实验表明油泡对低阶煤颗粒的捕收能力要远强于传统浮选过程的起泡。这主要是由于油泡表面被捕收剂覆盖,其表面疏水性要远高于气泡表面的疏水性。因此,在油泡浮选矿化过程中,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间水化膜的薄化速度要远快于煤颗粒-气泡间的薄化速度。诱导时间测试发现,随着DAH溶液浓度从10~(-7) mol/L增加到5×10~(-5) mol/L时,低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间从93 ms下降到12 ms。随着DAH溶液浓度从5×10~(-5) mol/L增加到10~(-3) mol/L时,低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间从12 ms增加到35 ms。当DAH浓度由10~(-7) mol/L(纯去离子水溶液)增加到5×10~(-5) mol/L,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间由35 ms降低到10 ms。随着DAH浓度的进一步增加到10~(-3) mol/L时,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间由10 ms增加到25 ms。为了从微观尺度下去表征油泡表面较气泡表面所具有的强疏水性,本文通过低阶煤颗粒-油/气泡间的诱导时间,利用non-DLVO理论及Stefan-Reynolds水化膜薄化模型,拟合出初始水化膜厚度h与疏水性常数K_(132)之间的关系,进而得到了低阶煤颗粒-油/气泡间的疏水力常数K_(132)与十二烷胺盐酸盐DAH溶液浓度的关系。疏水力常数K_(132)拟合结果表明,当DAH溶液的浓度为5×10~(-5) mol/L时,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的疏水力常数K_(132)约为低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的疏水力常数K_(132)的3倍;当DAH溶液的浓度为10~(-6) mol/L时,前者是后者的15倍。因此,油泡表面较气泡具有更强的疏水性质。从而解释了低阶煤-油泡浮选矿化过程优于传统浮选过程的本质特征。     

密度对细粒煤颗粒与气泡间相对运动的影响

颗粒与气泡间相对运动的研究对浮选机理的认识十分重要,目前关于颗粒与气泡间相对运动的研究多为理论推导,试验研究比较匮乏且试验对象多为形状规则,表面性质均匀的颗粒。以内蒙古公乌素原煤为研究对象,利用自行设计搭建的试验装置研究了粒级为0.100～0.074 mm、密度级分别为-1.3,1.4～1.5和+1.7 g/cm~3的煤样与气泡间的相对运动。试验通过追踪大量煤颗粒的运动轨迹,研究了颗粒沉降阶段、运动轨迹偏离阶段和碰撞阶段中颗粒运动特征参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:颗粒当量直径均值为0.092 mm,颗粒经短暂加速后便达到沉降末速,颗粒沉降末速随颗粒当量直径和密度的增大而增大。气泡会影响颗粒的运动轨迹,同一初始沉降区间内,竖直方向上煤样轨迹偏离点到气泡的距离随煤样密度的增大而减小。静水条件下颗粒和气泡碰撞角的主分布区间为20°～50°,且碰撞区间和颗粒集中分布区间随初始沉降区间向外扩展而扩展。颗粒和气泡的碰撞角小于50°时,碰撞点处颗粒速度减小比例随碰撞角增大近似直线减小,碰撞角大于50°时,碰撞点处颗粒速度减小比例趋于平稳,低密度颗粒的速度减小量大于高密度级颗粒的速度减小量,然而差异并不明显。理论计算发现,颗粒初始沉降位置距气泡中轴较近时理论碰撞速度较小,且颗粒理论碰撞速度随颗粒初始沉降位置向外扩展而增大,与试验规律较为吻合。     

Detachment of coarse composite sphalerite particles from bubbles in flotation: Influence of xanthate collector type and concentration

The force required to detach sphalerite ore particles from air bubbles has been measured in flotation concentrates, for particles in the size range of 150–300 μm and 300–600 μm with different degrees of liberation. An electro-acoustic vibrating apparatus, that produces typical force conditions experienced in a flotation cell, was used to measure particle–bubble detachment as a function of the vibrational acceleration. Sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) and potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) collectors were used in flotation, at different concentrations. At a fixed frequency of 50 Hz, the maximum vibrational amplitude at which a particle detaches from bubble was used to calculate the particle detachment force. It was shown that changes in surface hydrophobicity (contact angle), due to variations in reagent conditions have significant impact on particles detaching from bubbles. On average, detachment of particles from oscillating bubble correlated well with xanthate concentration and hydrocarbon chain length of xanthate ions. Particles (300–600 μm) with high contact angle obviously required higher force to detach from bubbles than similar particles with lower contact angle. This correlated well with the flotation response at the different reagent conditions. SEM analysis of particles after detachment showed that fully liberated particles attached to bubbles more readily and also gave higher detachment force than composite particles. Moreover larger detachment forces were observed, on average, for particles with irregular shape compared to particles with rounded shape of the same size range.     

无烟煤颗粒对浮选体系中气泡运动及兼并行为的影响

为探究颗粒浓度及粒度对浮选体系中气泡运动及兼并行为的影响,以无烟煤颗粒为研究对象,采用单气泡兼并行为观测系统,对不同条件下的气泡兼并行为进行了研究.试验结果表明:随着无烟煤颗粒浓度的增加,溶液的表面张力及气泡挣脱直径逐渐下降,但下降趋势逐渐变缓;随着颗粒粒度的增加,二者变化趋势不明显;气泡的运动速度随着颗粒粒度和浓度的...     

高质量浓度曲拉通X-100对煤泥浮选的抑制效应及机理

表面活性剂在煤泥浮选领域中应用广泛,且表面活性剂常被用于煤泥浮选促进剂,本文从另一个方面探究了表面活性剂在过量的情况下对煤泥浮选的抑制效应及其机理。以低灰煤粒和表面活性剂曲拉通X-100为研究对象,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征曲拉通X-100在煤表面的吸附状态,静态接触角测定仪测定曲拉通X-100对煤表面疏水性的影响,并探究了不同质量浓度曲拉通X-100液滴在煤粒表面的润湿与铺展情况,采用诱导时间测量仪分析不同质量浓度曲拉通X-100水溶液中的气泡与煤粒的黏附情况,最后通过紫外分光光度计定量表征浮选槽中残留曲拉通X-100质量浓度与不同浮选时间下浮选结果的对应关系。结果表明:高质量浓度曲拉通X-100会抑制煤粒上浮,随着浮选试验的进行,曲拉通X-100质量浓度逐渐降低,低质量浓度曲拉通X-100会促进煤粒被上浮气泡黏附而浮出;高质量浓度曲拉通X-100能够在煤粒表面发生有效吸附,该吸附属于物理吸附,且在一定程度上提高了煤表面的疏水性;高质量浓度曲拉通X-100水溶液更容易润湿煤表面,从而减缓了气泡-煤粒黏附过程中的液膜薄化与破裂速率;在高质量浓度曲拉通X-100水溶液中,气泡表面因罩盖有曲拉通X-100分子,导致气泡表面发生改性,难以与煤粒发生有效黏附。高质量浓度曲拉通X-100主要通过对气泡改性,以及减缓气泡与煤粒碰撞-黏附过程中的液膜薄化-破裂速率来抑制煤粒的浮选。     

Validation of the generalised Sutherland equation for bubble–particle encounter efficiency in flotation: Effect of particle density

Bubble–particle encounter interaction is the first step of the particle collection by rising air bubbles in flotation and has been predicted based on the potential flow condition by Sutherland and others, leading to the approximate generalised Sutherland equation (GSE). In this paper, the bubble–particle encounter interaction with the potential flow condition has been analysed by solving the full motion equation for the particle employing a numerical computational approach. Together with other inertial forces, the gravitational forces were fully included in the motion equation. The numerical results were compared with the GSE models for the encounter efficiency. The effect of particle density on the encounter interaction was very significant and could counterbalance the “negative” effect of the inertial forces on the particle interaction with air bubbles with a mobile surface under the potential flow condition. For the typical particle size range used in flotation, significant deviation of the Sutherland approximate models from the numerical results due to the particle density effect and gravitational forces was observed.     

CFD modelling of bubble–particle collision rates and efficiencies in a flotation cell

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling of a Denver-type flotation cell has been performed. Bubble–particle collision rates in different parts of the cell have been calculated from the local turbulent velocities, and the size and number concentrations of bubbles and particles obtained from CFD modelling. The probability of collision due to streamline effect of fine particles moving around the bubble has also been estimated. The local attachment rate based on the collision rate and collision probability is then calculated and found to decrease as particle size decreases. This is consistent with the decrease in flotation recovery of fine particles as observed in flotation practice. The magnitudes of the collection rate constants obtained from CFD modelling indicate that transport rates of the bubble–particle aggregates to the froth layer may contribute quite significantly to the overall flotation rate in plant-scale equipment.