马铃薯变性淀粉对马铃薯-小麦混粉糊化特性的影响及其在马铃薯面条中的应用~1

采用主成分分法(PCA)分析了3种马铃薯变性淀粉对马铃薯-小麦混粉糊化特性的影响,将配粉糊化得分与变性淀粉种类和添加量进行了回归拟合,采用方程模型预测配粉制备的马铃薯面条的蒸煮品质。结果表明:3种马铃薯变性淀粉对混粉糊化的峰值黏度、崩解值、恒温阶段开始黏度和糊化温度的影响较大。且羟丙基淀粉对峰值黏度、恒温阶段开始黏度和崩解值影响的差异显著(P0.05),醋酸酯淀粉和氧化淀粉对崩解值影响的差异显著(P0.05)。采用回归方程预测配粉加工后马铃薯面条的蒸煮特性,当配粉糊化规范性综合得分0.95时,制备的马铃薯面条蒸煮指标均能达到质量要求。     

马铃薯淀粉糊化和凝胶特性与马铃薯粉品质的关系

为了研究马铃薯粉生产过程中原料淀粉的糊化和凝胶特性对马铃薯粉品质的影响,通过快速黏度分析仪和质构仪对6种不同的马铃薯淀粉的糊化和凝胶特性进行了测定,并对这些特性之间的关系,以及这些特性与马铃薯粉品质之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:马铃薯淀粉的糊化特性和凝胶特性之间存在密切关系,且糊化和凝胶特性与鲜湿马铃薯粉品质密切相关。淀粉的糊化特性与马铃薯粉的感官品质和断条率存在显著关性,按显著程度(r值大小)排序依次是:回生值谷值黏度峰值黏度最终黏度崩解值糊化温度。淀粉的凝胶特性对马铃薯粉的感官品质和断条率存在显著相关性,按显著程度(r值大小)排序依次是:咀嚼性凝胶强度、黏性硬度回复性弹性。在鲜湿马铃薯粉的生产过程中,可以采用马铃薯淀粉的回生值、凝胶的咀嚼性、黏性和凝胶强度作为原料的衡量标准。本研究为马铃薯粉生产的原料选取和品质改善提供了理论参考。     

影响马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯黏度特性的因素研究

通过测定变性淀粉的Brabender黏度特性,研究了马铃薯淀粉(PS)品质(依黏度指标分为优级粉、一级粉和合格粉三级)、磷酸酯化程度、羟丙基醚化程度、产品电导率对马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯(HPSP)黏度特性的影响。实验结果显示:(1)马铃薯淀粉的品质对糊化温度和峰值黏度有较大影响,以优级品为原料制备的羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的糊化温度最低,峰值黏度最高;(2)轻度磷酸酯化的羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯具有较高的峰值黏度和冷黏度,随着磷酸酯化程度的提高,马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的糊化温度增高,峰值黏度降低;(3)羟丙基醚化对马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的黏度值影响较小,随羟丙基含量的升高,糊化温度明显降低,峰值黏度和冷黏度则略有上升;(4)随着马铃薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯电导率的降低,产品的糊化温度降低,峰值黏度和冷黏度升高。     

苹果果胶改善马铃薯淀粉的糊化和流变特性

马铃薯淀粉黏度高、热稳定性差和抗剪切性能低的特点使其在食品加工中的应用受到限制。该研究将马铃薯淀粉与苹果果胶复配，制备不同果胶质量分数的淀粉-果胶体系，考察苹果果胶对马铃薯淀粉的糊化和流变特性的改善作用。结果表明添加苹果果胶显著降低了马铃薯淀粉的峰值黏度（4 400 cP至849 cP）、谷值黏度（1 210 cP至141 cP）、终值黏度（1 639 cP至941 cP）和崩解值（3 157 cP至208 cP），增加了峰值时间（4.93 min至9.71 min）和糊化温度（65.15 ℃至68.87 ℃）。同时，苹果果胶降低了马铃薯淀粉糊的稠度系数K（41.18 Pa•sn至15.23 Pa•sn），增加了流体指数（0.41至0.52）和抗剪切能力。总之，相比于纯马铃薯淀粉，马铃薯淀粉-苹果果胶体系具有更低的黏度，更好的热稳定性、抗老化特性和抗剪切能力，因此苹果果胶有效改善了马铃薯淀粉的糊化和流变特性。     

小麦阿拉伯木聚糖对鲜湿面条品质的影响

从小麦麸皮中提取阿拉伯木聚糖,将其添至鲜湿面条中,通过测定面筋蛋白的流变特性,淀粉的糊化特性,面条的蒸煮及质构特性等,分析添加不同质量分数的小麦阿拉伯木聚糖(WBAX)对鲜湿面条品质的影响.结果表明:添加WBAX对面筋蛋白形成有弱化作用,随着WBAX添加量的增加,面粉中淀粉糊化的峰值黏度和终值黏度增加,糊化过程的崩解值...     

藜麦全粉对面条品质的影响

以小麦粉为原料,将藜麦全粉以不同比例添加到面粉中制备面条,对面粉的粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性及面条的品质特性进行研究。结果表明:随着藜麦全粉添加量的增加,混合粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、最小黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、回生值降低,面团的吸水率、弱化度增加,面团的拉伸能量、延伸度下降,藜麦面条的蒸煮损失率变大、断条率增加,硬度和咀嚼性增加、弹性减小。用藜麦粉代替面粉会降低面团的加工性能和面条品质。     

小麦粉中的淀粉对其糊化特性的影响

从小麦粉中提取淀粉、直链和支链淀粉,再将其按不同的梯度添加到原小麦粉中去,用RVA来测定其粉糊化特性,以此来研究同源小麦淀粉、直链和支链淀粉对其糊化特性的影响规律。随着淀粉或支链淀粉添加量的增加,小麦粉糊化时的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、衰减值和峰值时间都出现了上升的趋势,而糊化温度则表现为降低趋势。随着直链淀粉添加量的增加,小麦粉糊化时的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、衰减值、峰值时间和糊化温度都出现了下降的趋势。     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

马铃薯淀粉添加量对混合粉面团特性及发酵面条消化性的影响

为促进马铃薯主食化战略,本文通过添加不同含量的马铃薯淀粉,对面团特性及发酵面条的蒸煮特性、质构特性及消化特性等指标进行测定,探究马铃薯淀粉添加量对其的影响。结果显示：随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加（0%～55%）,混合粉的糊化起始温度降低,热焓值增加,终止温度无明显变化;混合粉面团的吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均呈下降趋势,使得发酵面条的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均显著下降（P<0.05）。模拟淀粉体外消化发现淀粉水解速率随马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加而升高,与对照组相比,添加马铃薯淀粉后血糖生成指数预测值显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：马铃薯淀粉添加量为45%时,混合粉面团及发酵面条的糊化、质构特性和消化特性较好。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响

研究2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG-M和TG-B)对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响。结果表明,这2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉的糊化温度影响不显著;随TG-M添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值变化不显著;随TG-B添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值呈递增的趋势;添加谷氨酰胺转胺酶能改善面条的质构特性,TG-M与TG-B对面条质构特性的影响没有明显差异;TG-M和TG-B在面条中的添加量不应超过0.5%。     

Dehydration of potato

Drying behaviour of potato in a natural convection, solar dryer was investigated. In drying experiments conducted at low air velocity, as found in the solar dryer, it was shown that air flow conditions are of critical importance for drying behaviour. As a result of the presence of extensive, external mass transport resistances in deep bed drying, the air flow behaviour of the bed was more important than the drying behaviour of the single pieces. Thus, for deep bed solar drying, 10x10 mm french cut potatoes dried faster than 5 mm slices. (This result was opposite to that found for drying in thin layers). Drying time was noted to increase less rapidly than bed depth increased, so overall dryer productivity increased with increasing bed depth, within the constraint that drying be completable in 1 day.     

Characteristics of acetylated and enzyme-modified potato and sweet potato flours

The properties of modified potato and sweet potato flours have been determined by incorporating acetyl groups (acetylation) and by treating with glucoamylase (enzymatic modification). Fractionation studies on Sepharose CL-2B showed that the content of high molecular weight fraction decreased, with a proportionate increase in the lower molecular weight carbohydrate fraction, whereas FT-IR indicated changes in crystallinity of the modified starches. The data showed that the degradation of starch is dependent on the type of modification which, in turn, determined its crystallinity and digestibility. The swelling power and solubility patterns of modified flours indicated a greater degree of associative forces in the starch granules. Scanning electron microscopy revealed indentation on acetylated starch granules, and the granules appeared as bunches/clusters, whereas surface erosion was observed in the enzyme-treated samples. The presence of substituent groups in acetylated flour influenced digestibility inversely, whereas improved digestibility was observed in enzyme-modified samples.     

马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉在酸奶中的应用

本文研究的马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉成为酸奶的重要添加剂,会起到增加黏稠度,增强滑爽感,增加乳固形物和防止乳清分离作用,具有类脂质地,黏稠度稳定,添加工艺简单,跟其它亲水胶类比较成本低等优点.此种交联酯化淀粉是专门为酸奶量身定做的一种化学变性淀粉,可以耐酸奶的加工条件和运输贮存过程对酸奶的破坏.通过不同程度的变性淀粉和不同来源的变性淀粉的应用实验证明此种马铃薯变性淀粉的优越性.     

Physical properties of acetylated and enzyme-modified potato and sweet potato flours

ABSTRACT:  Textural profile, pasting behavior, gelatinization characteristics, sedimentation volume, and gel consistency of acetylated (Ac) and enzyme (glucoamylase)-modified (EM) potato and sweet potato flours have been investigated to determine their suitability in products such as baked goods, soup, and pudding. Dough hardness of Ac and EM samples was significantly higher than their native samples ( P < 0.01). Dough cohesiveness of modified potato did not change, while it decreased in modified sweet potato. With increase in moisture, textural properties of modified samples, in general, showed reduced values. Rapid Visco Analyser showed least pasting viscosities of Ac flours due to restricted swelling of starch granules while EM flours exhibited high viscosities. Acetylated samples showed reduced gelatinization temperature (GT), and enthalpy (ΔH) compared to native samples, whereas enzyme-treated samples showed no significant changes in GT, indicating their comparable crystallinity values with those of native samples. Modified flour samples had lower sediment volumes and gel consistency, and the gel consistency of EM flour correlated with its cold paste viscosity.     

马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉在酸奶中的应用

本文研究的马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉成为酸奶的重要添加剂,会起到增加黏稠度,增强滑爽感,增加乳固形物和防止乳清分离作用,具有类脂质地,黏稠度稳定,添加工艺简单,跟其它亲水胶类比较成本低等优点.此种交联酯化淀粉是专门为酸奶量身定做的一种化学变性淀粉,可以耐酸奶的加工条件和运输贮存过程对酸奶的破坏.通过不同程度的变性淀粉和不同来源的变性淀粉的应用实验证明此种马铃薯变性淀粉的优越性.     

Valorisation of potato wastes

Potato processing industry has a high degree of discarding, which currently has low added value being used primarily for animal feed. However, potato wastes offer a broad range of interesting components such as antioxidants, starch, protein or fibre with potential applications in the food and non-food industries. The recovery of these high valuable fractions using efficient multistage and multiproduct processes could be of great interest. This short review provides a general overview on the integral valorisation of potato wastes, offering an updated vision of the main residual parts generated during potato harvesting and processing, the high valuable obtained components focusing on the bioactive ones and the potential of the emerging extraction techniques over conventional ones. In addition, innovative applications are discussed to highlight the scientific and applied interest of these underutilised and undervalued fractions and to emphasise the integral valorisation of raw materials.     

在马铃薯之乡推土豆新菜

土豆在我国不同的地方有许多不同的叫法,像山药蛋、地蛋、山芋、洋芋、洋山芋、洋番薯、薯仔等。土豆的中文学名应当叫"马铃薯",它是茄科茄属一年生草本植物,其块茎专供食用,它与玉米、小麦、稻谷和燕麦一起被称作世界上的五大农作物。     

辽宁省主栽品种马铃薯块茎和马铃薯全粉的品质分析

以辽宁省主栽的11个品种马铃薯块茎为原料,采用捣碎制泥工艺生产马铃薯颗粒全粉,测定其原料品质指标(总淀粉、蛋白质、还原糖、脂肪、粗纤维和氨基酸)和颗粒全粉功能性指标(碘蓝值、透光率、冻融稳定性、持水和持油性)。结果表明:11个马铃薯品种的淀粉含量为67.9%~73.4%,其中大西洋、919淀粉含量高,早大白和克23淀粉含量低;蛋白质含量差异较大,其中富金、尤金蛋白质含量高,中5蛋白质含量最低;还原糖含量差异也较大,BQ25和大西洋含量较低,克23还原糖含量较高;脂肪含量差异不大;大西洋粗纤维含量较低,克23粗纤维含量较高。异亮氨基酸、苯丙氨基酸+酪氨酸含量11个品种均高于世界卫生组织(WHO)的“必需氨基酸模式标准”,相对其他氨基酸,33、大西洋、夏波蒂和中5的氨基酸含量较高。11种马铃薯全粉的游离淀粉率差异不大。但是透光率差异很大,919的透光率最大,BQ25和大西洋的透光率较小。富金、克23和33的析水率较高,BQ25和大西洋析水率低。11种马铃薯全粉的持水能力为7.3~8.1 g/mL,持油能力为7.6~8.6 g/mL。     

马铃薯熟泥添加量对挂面品质的影响

为简化马铃薯挂面生产工艺,研究利用马铃薯熟泥代替水制作马铃薯小麦挂面,添加马铃薯熟泥(水分含量81.11%)从65 g到85 g至200 g小麦粉中,探讨马铃薯熟泥添加量对挂面品质的影响。结果表明:随着混合面团中熟泥的增加,马铃薯面条的煮熟增重率和烹调损失率均呈上升趋势;L*值降低,a*值、b*值升高;马铃薯小麦挂面的断裂距离先升高后降低,断裂强度、坚实度和剪切功均呈下降趋势。     

紫薯酸奶发酵工艺优化研究

以牛乳和紫薯为原料制备紫薯酸奶.通过菌种驯化,原料配比和发酵条件优化等试验,确定最佳工艺条件:紫薯浆比例1:4,紫薯奶配比4:6,蔗糖添加量7%,接种量6%,发酵温度44 ℃,发酵时间5.5 h.产品具有紫薯特有的风味.