丁羟推进剂RDX填料表面包覆对其安全性能的影响研究

为了降低HTPB/RDX复合推进剂的机械感度,以一种高聚物(HP-2)为主要包覆剂,采用相分离法对其RDX填料进行了表面包覆.通过SEM、XPS及粒度分析仪对样品的包覆效果进行了表征,对包覆前后样品及推进剂的撞击感度、摩擦感度和热安定性进行了测试和分析.结果表明:和未包覆的RDX相比,经过适当包覆的样品撞击感度和摩擦感度都得到了明显降低,撞击感度特性落高升高了15.1cm,摩擦感度爆炸概率由92%降低到24%.采用这种表面包覆过的RDX制得的推进剂的撞击感度和摩擦感度也明显降低,撞击感度特性落高由51.04cm升高到62.24cm,摩擦感度爆炸概率由100%降低到72%.并对高聚物HP-2包覆的降感机理进行了分析.     

键合剂与固体填料RDX的界面相互作用研究

选用含有不同CN基团数目的键合剂对固体填料黑索今(RDX)进行表面包覆,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜㈣、光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(FMIR)技术研究了键合剂(LBA)对固体填料RDX的包覆效果及其相互作用机理.实验表明:键合剂可以有效包覆RDX,所选用的键合剂分子与RDX之间能够通过氢键、诱导效应等次价键力形成有效粘接.     

海因/三嗪类复合键合剂包覆黑索今的研究

采用水-溶液悬浮法,对海因/三嗪类复合键合剂包覆RDX进行了实验研究.通过L9(34)正交实验研究了反应时间、反应温度、键合剂用量和搅拌速度对包覆度的影响规律,并利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS )、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、感度实验等对包覆后的RDX进行表征.正交实验确定的最佳包覆条件: 10 g RDX,反应时间90 min,反应温度50 ℃,键合剂用量0.3 g, 搅拌速度700 r·min-1,包覆度达87%.包覆后RDX表面明亮有光泽,包覆厚度约为0.2 μm.红外光谱中NO2基团的吸收峰红移22 cm-1至1510 cm-1,且吸收带展宽.热分解峰温升高0.4 ℃,撞击感度特性落高提高4.5 cm.     

高氯酸铵的包覆降感与应用研究

为降低高氯酸铵(AP)的感度,以石蜡(wax)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)等为钝感包覆剂对AP进行了表面包覆。通过接触角、表面能的测试验证了wax及TPU等材料包覆AP的可行性,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对包覆效果进行了表征,并测试和对比了AP包覆前后的机械感度;研究了氧化剂AP与黑索今(RDX)间的耦合作用,探索研究了包覆AP在典型浇注高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)中的应用前景。结果表明,wax可完整包覆AP,使其撞击感度由100%降至4%,摩擦感度由100%降低到24%;用wax包覆AP时,在非水介质Novec 7200中的包覆度比在AP饱和水溶液的好,撞击感度和摩擦感度降至0,降感作用更好。氧化剂AP与RDX间存在相互作用,可通过包覆钝感剂的方法减小或消除彼此之间的耦合作用;将包覆降感AP应用于典型浇注PBX配方(仿AFX-757)后,其摩擦感度由82%降至0%、慢速烤燃试验的爆响温度高出17℃、爆响时间增加14 min,显著提高了配方的安全性能。     

高品质HMX的包覆降感技术

为进一步降低高品质HMX的感度,采用石蜡(W)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)等材料为钝感包覆剂,对高品质HMX(D-HMX)进行了表面包覆.先通过测试接触角、计算表面能验证了W及TPU等材料包覆D-HMX的可行性.用SEM、XPS对包覆效果进行了表征,对包覆前后样品的机械感度进行了测试和对比.结果表明,W及W与TPU的复合可对D-HMX进行完整的包覆,使D-HMX的撞击感度由80％降低16％,而摩擦感度由72％进一步降低到4％,获得钝感复合炸药粒子;W在非水介质Novec7200中对D-HMX的包覆度更高,撞击感度降至0％,降感作用更好.     

HMX/LBA-603核/壳型复合材料的制备

用水溶液-悬浮法制备了HMX/LBA-603核/壳型复合材料.通过LBA-603(配位键合剂)与HMX分子的-NO2基团的诱导效应,LBA-603可以在HMX表面形成一层粘附层,达到对HMX的包覆作用.对原料HMX和制得的核/壳型复合材料进行撞击感度试验和爆发点测试,结果表明,LBA-603可以在HMX表面形成坚韧的包覆层,钝感效果明显;爆发点略有降低;在键合剂含量相同的情况下,制备温度是影响包覆效果的主要因素.     

钝化黑索今薄膜及其感度的研究

炸药黑索今和钝感剂硬脂酸按一系列比例，用PVD技术研制成钝化黑索今炸药薄膜。通过试验和理论分析对钝化黑索今薄膜的结构做了研究，同时还研究了钝化黑索今薄膜的撞击感度和摩擦感度，得出了钝化黑索今薄膜的结构状况、撞击感度和摩擦感度结果，找出了钝感剂硬脂酸的最佳添加量。     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛包覆氯酸钾及其安全性研究

为了提高氯酸钾的安全性,采用液相分离法,用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛对氯酸钾进行表面包覆。通过光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对包覆效果进行了表征,采用绝热加速度量热仪器(ARC)、撞击感度仪、摩擦感度仪对包覆前后氯酸钾的安全性进行了比较。结果表明:聚乙烯醇缩丁醛对氯酸钾的包覆度可达到95.13%;与未改性的比,含改性氯酸钾的烟火药剂初始放热温度提高了36.08℃、最大压力减小了0.63 MPa.g-1,摩擦感度降低了64%,撞击感度降低了72%。含改性氯酸钾的烟火药剂安全性明显改善。     

固体FAE药剂感度试验研究

通过工业黑索今和固体FAE药剂的感度试验,研究了不同钝化条件下,工业黑索今和固体FAE的撞击感度和摩擦感度。研究发现:用石墨钝化工业黑索今,感度先升高后降低,钝化后的固体FAE撞击感度和摩擦感度均有所降低。此研究结果对FAE配方研究和使用起到一定的指导作用。     

黑火药的防潮包覆技术研究

采用表面包覆法,从材料选择、含量匹配、工艺参数优化等方面研究黑火药的包覆技术,利用扫描电镜对包覆后药粒的微观形貌进行了表征,并就包覆前后黑火药的感度和燃烧性能进行了对比研究,结果表明GZ-1型硅脂在黑火药表面形成均匀、完整的包覆层;包覆后点火药的吸湿性降低了58%,撞击感度、摩擦感度和静电感度分别降低了60%、57%和56%,而火焰感度、输出性能与包覆前的药剂相当.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.