水下采油树30CrMo钢/625合金异金属腐蚀机理试验研究

针对水下采油树在海水和内部流体长期作用下极易发生腐蚀的问题,借助高温高压反应釜,对流花11–1油田水下采油树的30CrMo钢/625合金的电偶腐蚀和堆焊金属腐蚀分别进行了腐蚀浸泡模拟试验,采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析仪分析了腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌和化学成分,并分析了30CrMo钢和625合金的异金属腐蚀机理。研究发现,水下采油树的30CrMo钢与625合金接触时,30CrMo钢易发生较严重的均匀腐蚀,且接触位置及堆焊焊缝处30CrMo钢存在较严重的沟槽腐蚀。水下采油树不同金属接触腐蚀的原因包括电偶腐蚀和缝隙腐蚀,堆焊修复后热影响区金相组织的不均匀性也会加剧缝隙腐蚀。研究结果表明,水下采油树应尽量避免不同金属接触形成异金属电偶腐蚀体系,修复已发生局部腐蚀失效的水下采油树时应合理选择堆焊材料并进行全覆盖堆焊,避免异金属腐蚀风险。      

海上采油树的完整性检验

采油树是海上平台油气开采中的关键设备,随着海洋石油勘探开发事业的快速发展,越来越多"三高"井设备投入生产,由于井口装置生产作业的条件"恶劣"(高温、高压、高产),对采油树的要求也越来越高.许多平台的采油树的使用年限较长,资料信息不足,且外表面有腐蚀,其能否承受后续生产所需工作压力未知.而且在运行过程中面临着腐蚀、冲蚀、...     

水下采油树关键部件的材料设计选型

我国海洋油气开采所需的水下采油树长期依赖于进口,成本高昂。文章针对水下采油树所处的深水、高温、高压、高腐蚀等应用工况,对水下采油树关键部件的基体材料、防腐材料及密封材料的相关性能进行了分析与选型,并将研究成果应用于中国南海流花11-1油田和番禺35-2/1气田采油树的国产化制造中。自主研发和设计选型的水下采油树关键部件材料,不仅达到了国际行业标准的性能指标,而且成本只有国外的1/3。     

深水水下采油树界面系统模拟测试技术分析

针对深水水下采油树处于高压、低温等严苛的海底工作环境且采油树内部流动着高温高压高腐蚀性流体的特性，形成验证井口和采油树匹配性的水下采油树-水下井口界面系统模拟测试技术。该技术通过自主化测试工桩及设计步骤，采用虚拟装配和集成测试实现水下采油树与水下井口密封性能、连接界面物理匹配、倾斜测试等的检验，保障采油树海上安装时的可靠性。技术成果成功运用于国内多个气田项目采油树SRT接收测试，具有广阔的发展空间和应用前景。     

深海卧式采油树阴极保护研究与应用

电化学腐蚀是长期浸泡在海水中的水下采油树最主要的失效形式之一,而阴极保护是深海卧式采油树最主要的保护手段,牺牲阳极的阴极保护在深海卧式采油树保护上更具有优势。根据牺牲阳极自放电测试、阴极保护参数模拟和实体结构建立的电位模型,采用“标准设计+计算机模拟”的方式,设计了深海卧式采油树阴极保护技术方案,并通过保护电位分布模拟计算和降低输出电流等方法完成了方案优化,测试结果表明:设计方案比较合理、防腐蚀效果良好。     

深水水下采油树系统完整性测试技术分析

针对深水区域的高压环境和复杂的地质条件，水下采油树安装时压力系统的完整性难以判断的问题，建设并形成了自主的水下采油树完整性测试技术。该技术通过自主化水下采油树完整性测试设备方案及测试步骤，提升水下采油树气密测试压力等级至10000psi，扩大移动式气压试验单元压力范围为50～22500psi，实现水下采油树在海底生产过程工况模拟，确保水下采油树保持压力系统完整状态入水安装。技术成果广泛应用于深水气田勘探开发钻完井工程中，有力保障了深水油气田安全高效开发。     

电潜泵式水下采油树油管挂工程设计方法研究

针对300 m水深,设计压力为34.5 MPa,设计温度为-18℃～121℃的电潜泵式水下采油树中的油管挂。考虑油气介质流动阻力、水合物产生条件及介质腐蚀的影响,遵循API 17D/ISO 13628-4《水下井口装置和采油树系统》及ASMEⅧ-1《锅炉与压力容器规范》、GB150-98《钢制压力容器》中高压容器的设计要求,设计电潜泵式水下采油树油管挂的结构,形成电潜泵式水下采油树油管挂生产通道直径、名义壁厚的工程设计方法。利用ABAQUS软件,对所设计的油管挂在正常生产工况下的整体结构强度进行校核,校核结果表明此方法设计的油管挂强度满足设计要求。     

井下摄像检查系统

美国EV Offshore公司新近研制成功一种井下、水下和修井摄像检查系统。目前，它已被用于北海Brechin油田的生产井。当油井水下完井时，水下采油树油管挂上方收集的岩屑，会妨碍内部采油树罩的正确安装，用刷子清洗可除去采油树内的岩屑。     

水下采油树应用技术发展现状

研发水下采油树的关键在于能否通过相关标准规范所要求的压力循环测试、高低温循环测试、载荷循环测试及外部高压测试等。在介绍水下采油树相关标准规范的基础上,分析了水下采油树的结构类型及结构演变,简述了水下采油树各控制系统类型的特点,分析了采油树、油管挂、内树帽的安装管柱及安装方法。指出超深水和超高温高压的水下采油树是水下采油树未来的发展方向。卧式采油树可用浮式钻井装置的钻柱或用工程船的大吨位吊机的钢丝进行安装。水下采油树的模块化设计可缩短采油树的供货周期,跨接管式电泵增压系统、跨接管式流量计和高完整性压力保护系统等新工艺技术的出现,将有利于降低水下采油树和水下开发项目的综合成本。所得结论可为水下采油树的设计和应用提供参考。     

流花11-1油田水下采油树测试方法研究

为了对新服役和维修后再役的水下采油树进行性能测试,对水下采油树系统结构和工作原理进行了研究,参照API相关标准及水下采油树工厂验收测试步骤,结合流花11-1油田水下采油树的特点,制定了一套水下采油树测试方法和流程。水下采油树测试项目包括:水下采油树本体测试、密封轴套测试、油管挂测试、采油树帽测试及采油树系统功能联合测试。测试过程中判断保压效果的标准是没有明显的泄漏,且在规定的保压时间内压降不应超过初始压力的3%。该测试方法的制定对于解决国内油田水下采油树的检测维修问题具有重要的现实意义,对国内水下生产系统及相关水下生产设备的发展具有重大的推动作用。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.